Effects Of Green Space Research Articles

Linear green space visual and functional analysis of the impact on the quality of the streets, sample Keshavarz

Green spaces as part of the urban fabric by several environmental benefits, social-psychological, economic, aesthetic and functional urban sustainability that leads to stability and coherence to space, quality of life and enhance urban livability. Since human and social interaction is the main street, so the street in terms of visual quality and performance management of green spaces to improve the very important. Descriptive study using a survey of green spaces impact on the visual quality and performance Boulevard farmer is measured. With regard to measures such as research and the study of literature in the field of visual and functional design and a questionnaire among 151 people who regularly have access Boulevard farmers were distributed. The findings suggest that the effects of green space on the farmer with the T 541/8 Boulevard visual qualities and its impact on the quality of performance by the T 930/2 Confirmed Boulevard. The green space both visual quality and performance quality Keshavarz impact.

Green spaces and environmental noise perception

Abstract Physical reduction of noise exposure is no longer considered the only preventive approach towards noise mitigation. Urban green spaces constitute an important factor in ameliorating the negative perception of noise in cities. The aim of this study was to explore the associations between several objective and self-rated indicators of interaction with green spaces and noise perception. In a small scale cross-sectional survey of residents of Plovdiv, Bulgaria we collected data on noise sensitivity (NS), noise annoyance (NA) and several green space variables. A conceptual mediation model in which the effects of green spaces on NA were hypothesized to be mediated through NS was tested. While most green space variables had significant indirect effects on NA, the only one having a significant total effect was distance to the nearest green space; that is, living closer to a green space was associated with lower NA. It seemed that while the other aspects of interaction with green spaces could reduce the susceptibility to noise, they could not do so for NA. In conclusion, interaction with green spaces had a beneficial impact on noise perception, but we still lack hard evidence regarding the mechanisms underlying these effects.

Does greener mean thinner? Associations between neighbourhood greenspace and weight status among adults in England

To investigate associations between neighbourhood greenspace and weight status, and to explore the contribution of physical activity to these associations. Cross-sectional observational study over two time-periods. Participants were adults (aged 18 years+) in from a nationally representative sample of the English population for the time periods 2000-2003 (n=42,177) and 2004-2007 (n=36,959). Weight status was defined as body mass index (BMI) category according to WHO classification. Neighbourhood greenspace was measured using the Generalised Land use Database for England that defines greenspace as parks, open spaces and agricultural land, excluding domestic gardens. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate associations between neighbourhood greenspace and BMI and, in eligible sub-samples, to investigate the contribution of total physical activity to these. All models were adjusted for age, sex, social class, economic activity, neighbourhood income deprivation and urban/rural status. In 2000-2003 there was a counterintuitive association between greenspace and BMI. Residence in the greenest areas was significantly associated with increases in overweight (12%) and obesity (23%). In 2004-2007, there was a small protective effect of greenspace for those living in the greenest areas, but this was not statistically significant. Markers of total physical activity did not attenuate associations. Tests for interactions with urban/rural status confirmed that significant associations between neighbourhood greenspace and obesity were only present in urban areas in 2000-2003. Better evidence for the utility of greenspace in the prevention of weight gain is required before greenspace interventions are developed.

A Spatial Autocorrelation Approach for Examining the Effects of Urban Greenspace on Residential Property Values

This paper presents spatially explicit analyses of the greenspace contribution to residential property values in a hedonic model. The paper utilizes data from the housing market near downtown Los Angeles. We first used a standard hedonic model to estimate greenspace effects. Because the residuals were spatially autocorrelated, we implemented a spatial lag model as indicated by specification tests. Our results show that neighborhood greenspace at the immediate vicinity of houses has a significant impact on house prices even after controlling for spatial autocorrelation. The different estimation results from non-spatial and spatial models provide useful bounds for the greenspace effect. Greening of inner city areas may provide a valuable policy instrument for elevating depressed housing markets in those areas.

Evaluation method of the ecological benefits of urban green spaces and application conditions

The importance of ecological benefit analyses about green space systems has been widely discussed on the basis of a perceived bias towards the landscaping effect of green spaces to be built in urban areas as opposed to the perception of comprehensive ecological benefits of designed plant communities. Given the basic principle of ecological benefit analyses and evaluation methods widely applied today, the methodology to calculate ecological benefits and to model the expansion of urban green spaces by CITYgreen 5.0 and its conditions for application were explored. We propose that aerial images can be substituted by AutoCAD graphics of a green space containing detailed information of plant dispositions by digitizing the key features during the working process in order to evaluate the ecological benefits quickly and to offer proper guidance to the establishment of small scale green spaces in urban areas. The theoretical foundation, potential application range and prospects for extension of the method are introduced by using the analysis of ecological benefits of the green spaces on the campus of Southwest Forestry College, Kunming, as an example.

Vitamin G: effects of green space on health, well-being, and social safety

BackgroundLooking out on and being in the green elements of the landscape around us seem to affect health, well-being and feelings of social safety. This article discusses the design of a research program on the effects of green space in the living environment on health, well-being and social safety.Methods/designThe program consists of three projects at three different scales: at a macro scale using data on the Netherlands as a whole, at an intermediate scale looking into the specific effect of green space in the urban environment, and at micro scale investigating the effects of allotment gardens. The projects are observational studies, combining existing data on land use and health interview survey data, and collecting new data through questionnaires and interviews. Multilevel analysis and GIS techniques will be used to analyze the data.DiscussionPrevious (experimental) research in environmental psychology has shown that a natural environment has a positive effect on well-being through restoration of stress and attentional fatigue. Descriptive epidemiological research has shown a positive relationship between the amount of green space in the living environment and physical and mental health and longevity.The program has three aims. First, to document the relationship between the amount and type of green space in people's living environment and their health, well-being, and feelings of safety. Second, to investigate the mechanisms behind this relationship. Mechanisms relate to exposure (leading to stress reduction and attention restoration), healthy behavior and social integration, and selection. Third, to translate the results into policy on the crossroads of spatial planning, public health, and safety. Strong points of our program are: we study several interrelated dependent variables, in different ordinary settings (as opposed to experimental or extreme settings), focusing on different target groups, using appropriate multilevel methods.

New Directions: The growing urban heat and pollution ?island? effect?impact on chemistry and climate*1

The effect of green space in improving the air quality and thermal comfort of urban canyons has been investigated in many pieces of research. However, most were limited regarding the date, the experiment's duration, or the phenomenon under investigation. This study investigates different greenery patterns(type and position) in urban canyons and their effects on air pollution and thermal comfort to find optimal overall patterns.The effect of patterns in seasons, different urban canyons ratios, and greenery's aesthetical, cultural, and social aspects was considered. Numerical simulations and wind flow modeling were performed in the ENVI-met software. The results show that coniferous trees on sidewalks have the weakest, and Deciduous trees in the median strip alone can have the most favorable effect on improving air quality and thermal comfort in different seasons. Moving deciduous trees from the sidewalks to the median strip has reduced air pollution by 67% in summer and 54% in winter at the pedestrian level.

A study on surface temperature patterns in the Tokyo Metropolitan area using ASTER data

This study reports the surface temperature patterns of the Tokyo Metropolitan area using ASTER surface temperature products. The product is an image processed by applying temperature-emissivity separation to atmospherically corrected infrared thermal radiance of the land surface, then converted to surface temperature by using Planck’s function. Daytime and nighttime observation in a cold season and a warm season were used in this study. As the result, 1) contrast between urban and suburban areas, 2) extraction of heating areas in urban area, 3) measurement of cooling effect of green space were achieved.

Geometry and orientation aspects in passive cooling of canyon streets with trees

As streets usually cover more than a quarter of the urban area, canyon street morphology plays an important role in creating the urban climate. It directly influences the air temperature, moisture and wind flow within the streets as well as the urban surrounding area and has been the topic in several urban climatology studies. Recently, studies based on the street cluster thermal time constant (CTTC) model have been carried out by the authors with a view to assessing the thermal effects of alternative architectural designs of the flanking buildings and inner courtyards. The effect of green spaces, especially that of shade trees which plays a significant role in solar radiation penetration, has not yet been considered. In the CTTC model, passive cooling of the street by solar heating attenuation is governed mainly by the street orientation and its geometry as measured by the aspect ratio of flanking buildings height to street width. The tree shading coverage largely offsets the contribution of these two factors. Moreover, significant thermal effects are provided by the tree canopy, in addition to the direct solar radiation. Accordingly, adjustments are called for in the currently used canyon street models. The present paper discusses the geometry and orientation aspects of the canyon street climate and how these aspects are affected and can be reconciled in the presence of shade trees. Some consequences of environmental design of urban spaces and their effects on outdoor thermal comfort are also considered.

Thermal Effect of Greenspace in Urban Area

Remote sensing is perhaps the most economical method for assessing the thermal effects of urban greenspaces. Since 1984 the thermal infrared band of Landsat TM sensor provides high resolution imagery data showing surface temperature distributions. In previous studies we showed Landsat TM data clearly exhibit characteristics of lower temperature in the urban greenspaces and investigated the intensity of temperature decrease in urban greenspaces by comparing the distribution of temperature with the distribution of greenspaces classified by using remote sensing data.However as the scale of the urban components is usually smaller than the resolution of Landsat TM sensor (30m×30m), many pixels contain a mixture of cover classes. A pixel including multiple classes is called a mixel and it is very hard to classify mixels with conventional methods such as the maximum likelihood method or the cluster analysis. Therefore, the precision of the classification is restricted by the resolution of a pixel.In the present study we introduce fuzzy clustering to examine the distribution of urban greenspaces more precisely. Fuzzy clustering is based on the theory of fuzzy sets which allows fuzzy boundary of sets. Using this method it is possible to calculate the ratio of greenspaces in a mixel (hereafter we call the ratio ‘greenness’). The distribution of greenspaces as the result of fuzzy clustering is compared with the temperature distribution.As a test area, a region of 32×32 pixels in Minato-ward, Tokyo is selected from Landsat TM data of Kanto district (pass 107-row 35, acquired on Aug. 3rd, 1985). The ground truth of the greenness is calculated from the vegetation map of Minato-ward digitized by an image scanner.To evaluate the precision of fuzzy clustering we compared the ground truth of greenspaces shown in Fig. 5(a) with the result of fuzzy clustering shown in Fig. 5(b). These patterns visibly show good agreement but the greenness of a corresponding pixel is not exactly the same because of various types of errors. After the process of flattening to ease the errors, the relation between the ground truth and the result of fuzzy clustering is shown in Fig. 6. The agreement is satisfactory considering the various errors included in the original data and difficulty of the classification.To show the relation between the ratio of greenspaces and surface temperature, the distribution of surface temperature obtained from band 6 is also shown in Fig. 5(c). It seems that low temperature area generally coincides with the high greenness area.

都市の緑地保全思潮に関する研究 (その1)

Three streams of idears on“green space conservation” were appeared during the period 1915-1919. The first one is a series of tendancy originated by construction of Nleiji shrine. That is, T. Hongo completed planting method based on ecological aspects, and applied it for planting inside the forest of the Shrine. Then landscape architecture were lectured in Faculty of Agriculture of University of Tokyo.The second one was represented by Histric Spot, Beauty Spot and Natural Monument Conservation Law for which M. Miyoshi made a great effort in its establishment. Around that time Musashino Sociaty was estabtiished contributing to preservation of Metropolitan surburbs.The third one was seen in City Planning Law. That is, parks were not only regarded as one of the facilities in a city, but also regulated as scenic zones backed up by the idea on green space conservation. It was City Research Committee chaired by S. Goto that made an effort to establish the above Laws and promote the green space theory. During the period H. Ikeda's “Free Space Theory” was appeared in the technical magagin Toshi koron and its theory by T. Tamura, R. Ohya and K. Takei was also appeared in it. Moreover, K. Ohta and T. Kitamura were the first persons to use the term.“Green Space.”In Sept. of 1923, terriblily big earthquake destroyed the Kanto area resulting in burned out of 380, 000 houses and 80, 000 dead victims of it. For restoration of the Tokyo City, Research Committee submitted the large scaled reconstruction plan, however the plan was reduced in scale because of financial difficulty. Therefore, the chance to improve city circumstance by the introduction of green space was lost in spite of the social recognition concerning the effect of green space in term of prevention of disnster