Effect Of Extraction Solvents Research Articles

Effect of extraction solvent on total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of flower bud and foliage of Calligonum polygonoides L.

Effect of extraction solvent on total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of flower bud and foliage of Calligonum polygonoides L.

Identification of bioactive cytotoxic compound of red button ginger extracted by solvent fractionation

The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Costus woodsonii was previously investigated in our lab. The present study investigated the cytotoxic activity of different plant parts and to identify the bioactive compound(s). MTT assay showed that among different plant parts, rhizome extract exhibited the strongest activity (IC50 of 48 hr treatment: <75.8 µg/ml) against all cell lines tested. Using C18 column chromatography, the isolated compound from rhizome, which demonstrated potent cytotoxic activity (IC50 ≤ 2.4 ± 0.2 µg/ml) against oral squamous cell carcinoma was shown to be dioscin by HPLC, LCMS-MS, and NMR analyses. Our findings also showed that dioscin could be a potential treatment for cisplatin-resistant OSCC and C. woodsonii could serve as a potential commercial source for dioscin. Practical applications Different plant parts of Costus woodsonii have long been used traditionally for medicinal application in water decoction. Nonetheless, the bioactivity study on this plant is scarce. In order to exploit different plant parts of C. woodsonii more scientifically and efficiently for commercial purpose, the present study serves as an important work in understanding the cytotoxic activity of each different parts. This study also provides insight on the effect of extraction solvent on the cytotoxic potential of the selected plant parts. Sequential solvent extraction of rhizome extract followed by fractionation revealed the presence of dioscin, an industrially important steroidal saponin. Overall, this study demonstrated that the rhizome of C. woodsonii may act as a potential source of dioscin.

Effects of extraction solvent and time on the oil yield, total phenolic content, carotenoid and antioxidant activity of Australian chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) oil

The oil yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total carotenoid content (TCC) and antioxidant activity of Australian chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) oil under solvents polarity and extraction times were studied. The chia seed oils were obtained by using organic solvents in the Soxhlet method with different extraction times including acetone 4 hrs (A4), acetone 8 hrs (A8) and hexane 8 hrs (H8) as a control. The oil yield for the control sample (36.1%) showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) higher than A4 (33.53%) and A8 (33.73%). TPC for chia seed oil (A4) was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than A8 and H8. Meanwhile, chia seed oil (A8) contained the highest TCC over A4 and H8. The antioxidant activity of chia seed oil was determined by DPPH (2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity, FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay), BCBA (Beta-carotene bleaching assay) and TBA (Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition Assay), respectively. Chia seed oil obtained by acetone extraction for 4 hrs revealed higher antioxidant capacities (DPPH, BCBA and TBA) compared to chia seed oils from A8 and H8. However, chia seed oil (H8) showed the lowest total (phenolic and carotenoid contents) and antioxidant capacities. The correlation between the antioxidant content and the antioxidant activities were conducted to determine their relationship. TPC and TCC were strongly correlated with BCBA (r = 0.999) and TBA (r = 0.997). The results found Australian chia seed oil extracted by acetone for 4 hrs (A4) had higher contents of phenolic and antioxidant activity than control (H8) due to high polarity of acetone to the antioxidant compounds. In conclusion, acetone can be applied as an alternative extraction solvent to increase the total phenolic and carotenoid contents as well as antioxidant activity of Australian chia seed oil.

Effect of extraction solvent on phenolic composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of skin and pulp of Tunisian red and yellow–orange Opuntia Ficus Indica fruits

Effect of extraction solvent on phenolic composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of skin and pulp of Tunisian red and yellow–orange Opuntia Ficus Indica fruits

Effect of extraction solvents on the oxidative stability of chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) oil stored at different storage temperatures

This study consists of two parts. The first part is to identify the fatty acid composition of chia seed oils obtained by Soxhlet method using acetone and hexane as extraction solvents with different extraction times including acetone 4 hrs (A4), acetone 8 hrs (A8) and hexane 8 hrs (H8) as a control. Next, the oxidative stability and antioxidant activity of chia seed oils stored at different temperatures (25°C and 40°C) for 18 days were evaluated. From the study, chia seed oil (A8) had the highest content of α-linolenic acid (67.79%) with significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) followed by other oil samples that were extracted using acetone and hexane for 4 hrs (67.54%) and 8 hrs (66.38%), respectively. The oxidative stability of chia seed oil was determined by peroxide value, p-anisidine value and TOTOX value. The results revealed that chia seed oils stored at room temperature (25°C) had higher oxidative stability compared to oil samples stored at 40°C. Elevated temperature strongly affected lipid oxidation. The control sample had higher oxidative stability than acetone-extracted chia seed oils. Meanwhile, antioxidant activity using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity test was also carried out. Antioxidant activity of chia seed oil extracted by acetone had higher radical scavenging activity inhibition (p &lt; 0.05) than the control sample at both temperatures (25°C and 40° C).The results confirmed that chia seed oil obtained by acetone had higher polyunsaturated fatty acids and lower oxidative stability than hexane. In conclusion, chia seed oil extracted by hexane showed better oxidative stability at different storage temperatures.

Effects of extraction solvent on gas chromatographic quantitation of BHT and BHA in chewing gum

In this study, a simple and rapid method was developed for the determination of BHT (2,6-di-t-butyl-p-hydroxytoluene) and BHA (t-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole) in chewing gum using solvent extraction combined with gas chromatography. The results showed that among seven types of extraction solvent, diethyl ether was the best, as chewing gum dissolved and dispersed in diethyl ether, gave the highest yield of BHT and BHA from chewing gum. Recovery studies were performed on chewing gum, spiked with both BHT and BHA at 100-200μg/g each. The recoveries of both BHT and BHA were 99-101% (CV: 1.5-3.2%) and 94-99% (CV: 7.1-8.6), respectively. The coefficients of variation were less than 8.6%. Fifteen chewing gum samples were analyzed by the current method. Both the BHT and BHA contents were found to be 0-296 μg/g and 0-133 μg/g, respectively. After chewing for 15 min, 70% of the total soluble compounds and 50% of BHT and BHA were released from chewing gum.

Effect of extraction solvents on antioxidant and wound healing properties of Carica papaya leaves extract

Carica papaya is a well-known plant that has been reported to exert various pharmacological activities including antioxidant and wound healing properties. However, to date, the lack of scientific evidence has been explored on the efficiency of the solvents towards C. papaya extract as a potential wound healer. The selection of proper extraction solvent plays a pivotal role in extracting the bioactive compounds from the plant. Therefore, the present study was aimed to examine the effect of three types of extraction solvents (methanol, ethanol and aqueous) on the antioxidant activity and wound healing potential of C. papaya leaves. In this study, the effect of different solvents of C. papaya leaves extracts were determined through 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, cytotoxicity assay and scratch migration assay on Human Skin Fibroblast cells (HSF1184). The result showed that the methanolic extract of C. papaya possessed a significant antioxidant activity as compared to ethanol and aqueous extract. The result also demonstrated that methanolic extract significantly stimulates the highest migration rate of HSF1184 cell at a concentration of 3.9 µg/mL, 7.8 µg/mL and 15.6 µg/ mL (p  0.05) after 48 hrs with no cytotoxicity observed at the concentration lower than 1000 mg/mL as compared to other solvents. HPLC analysis of methanol extract identified the presence of two flavonoids (catechin, quercetin) and two phenolic acids (caffeic acid, cinnamic acid). The findings suggest that the methanolic extract of C. papaya is effective in fighting free radicals and it has good wound healing activities. It also has the potential to be further explored for its medicinal values owing to the abundance of bioactive compounds from the extract.

Effect of extraction solvents on fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties of Tecoma stans seed oils

Recently, there has been renewed interest in researching valuable seed oils because of their economic importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different extraction solvents on the quality of extract oils. Tecoma stans var. velutina seed oil (TSSO) was extracted using hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethanol as solvents. The results showed that TSSO contained a high content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), including palmitoleic and petroselinic acids. The content of palmitoleic and petroselinic acids were significantly affected by the solvent type. Moreover, the total tocopherol and tocotrienol content were significantly higher in oil extracted with ethanol. The oxidative stability index (OSI) values were higher in oil extracted with hexane at different temperatures. The results were compared with findings based on T. stans var. stans seed oil cultivated in Saudi Arabia to evaluate the effect the plant variety and of location and climatic conditions on TSSO composition.

Effect of Extraction Solvents on Total Phenolic Contents and in vitro Antioxidant Activity of the Leaves of Lippia adoensis var. Koseret Sebsebe

Lippia. adoensis var. koseret is an endemic herb to Ethiopia and is traditionally used as food flavoring and traditional medicine. This paper reported the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and in vitro antioxidant activity of various extracts from the dried leaf of this herb. Aqueous: methanol (20:80, v/v) extract contained highest amount of total phenolic (67.61 ± 9.89 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g). Total flavonoid contents were highest in acetone extract (25.24 ± 0.43 mg of quercetin equivalent/g). An increase in the extracted concentration resulted in an increase of antioxidant power for all the extracts. The aqueous: methanol (20:80, v/v) extract showed highest DPPH radical scavenging (IC 50 = 10.96 ± 0.42 mg/ml) iron reducing power (IC 50 = 123.97 ± 3.23 mg/ml), total antioxidant activity (105.32 ± 10.67 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g), and iron chelating activity (IC 50 = 81.31 ± 15.94 mg/ml) than other four solvents used. Total phenolics well correlated with DPPH (R 2 = 0.88, p < 0.05) and Ferric reducing power (R 2 = 0.77 p < 0.05). Whereas, total flavonoid content well correlated with total antioxidant (R 2 = 0.73 p < 0.05). The study showed the antioxidants activities of the crude extract were variable when extracted by different solvents indicating a high potential to be used as natural antioxidants in preventing various oxidative stresses and as food preservatives. Keywords: Antioxidant; α- Amylase; Phenolic compounds; Herbs; Lippia adoensis var . koseret DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/94-04 Publication date: February 29 th 2020

Effects of Extraction Solvents on the Antioxidant and Phytochemical Activities of Manihot Esculenta Leaves

Background: Plants contain diverse phytochemicals with different solubility levels, depending on their molecular charges and polarity. This study was conducted to examine the effects of three extraction solvents in their pure and aqueous forms: absolute petroleum ether, acetone and ethanol on the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activities of Manihot esculenta leaves extracts. Methods: The preliminary phytochemical investigations were performed, using standard procedures. The in vitro antioxidant properties were estimated by: 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryl-Hydrazyl (DPPH), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and Ferric Thiocyanate (FTC). Results: The phytochemical analyses revealed the occurrence of an array of compounds: alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, tannin phenols, saponins and anthraquinones, the concentration of which varied with the solvent type. A considerable presence of all phytochemicals was found in the aqueous ethanol. The extracts from pure solvents were much less effective against DPPH synthetic radical than those 50% diluted. The petroleum ether extract provided the least antiradical activity, while the aqueous ethanol was the richest. The scavenging effect of the extracts on H2O2 varied in this order: 50% ethanol &gt; absolute ethanol &gt; ascorbic acid &gt; 50% acetone &gt; absolute acetone &gt; 50% petroleum ether &gt; absolute petroleum ether. Similarly, the results of the FRAP and FTC methods agreed largely with those of the DPPH and H2O2. Thus, the results of antioxidant activity positively correlated with the phytochemical results, with the aqueous ethanol showing the maximum activity overall. Conclusion: The results indicated that the extraction solvents considerably affected the phytochemical contents and the antioxidant activities of the tested extracts. These extracts can potentially serve as the alternative sources of natural antioxidant preparations.

Effect of extraction solvent on total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of soursop seeds (Annona muricata L.)

Soursop (Annona muricata L.), a plant native to South America, is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In this study, extract of A. Muricata was obtained using various solvents including distilled water, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform. Total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content and the antioxidant activity of A. muricata seed extracts were investigated using various in vitro assays. The highest extraction yield (23.60%) was obtained by using chloroform. The extract obtained by ethanol showed the highest total polyphenol content (282.71 ± 8.64 mg GAE/100g DW) and the highest flavonoid content (86.57 ± 3.20 mg QE/100g DW). The same extract also exhibited the highest DPPH (341.57 ± 6.90 AAE/100g DW), ABTS (382.20 ± 9.71 mg AAE/100g DW) radical scavenging activity and FRAP (369.84 ± 7.96 mg AAE/100g DW). These results indicate that A. muricata can be used in dietary applications with the potential to reduce oxidative stress.

Effect of extraction solvent on total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of Cetraria islandica

Oxidative stress may lead to a number of diseases such as atherosclerosis, nephrotoxicity, liver cirrhosis, cancers, diabetes, and Alzheimer disease. Medicinal plants are an important source of antioxidants. Therefore, the antioxidant potential of Cetraria islandica was evaluated in this work. The coarse powder of leaf of Cetraria islandica was extracted in Soxhlet apparatus, with ethanol (90%) and ethanolic extract of Cetraria islandica (EECI) was further processed for phytochemical screening, total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and various in vitro antioxidant assays. The phytochemicals present in EECI were glycosides, carbohydrates, triterpenoids, proteins and amino acids, gums and mucilages, and flavonoids. The content of extractives was 8.3 mg/ml for Cetraria islandica еxtract 70%. The content of polyphenolic compounds in terms of per head acid was the highest for the sample of 70% and amounted to 0.586 mg/ml, and the content of flavonoids per standard solution quercetin - 0,012 mg/ml - also for 70% extract. By DPPH, the percentage of radicals of absorbing activity for 70% of the extract was 86%, and the antiradical activity of 0,417, indicating a sufficiently high rate of Cetraria islandica antioxidant activity at such a concentration of ethanol. The tested extracts showed next results by FRAP assay: 486 μmol/L (EE96) 135 μmol/L (EE70) and 158 μmol/L (EE40). ABTS method showed the highest result of the extract of Cetraria islandica 40%. The obtained results confirmed the high potential of the extracts as a source of phenolic compounds, in particular flavonoids.

Study on the migration of bisphenols from plastic food contact materials to food simulants

A rapid method for the detection of bisphenols was established by ultra performance convergence chromatography (UPC2). The migration rules of bisphenols in four different simulants including of pure water, acetic acid, ethanol and isooctane were first studied, and the effect of extraction solvent on recovery of bisphenols in aqueous simulants was also investigated. Furthermore, the influence of extraction solvent on recovery of bisphenols in aqueous simulants was discussed, and the relationship between migration amount of bisphenols and food simulants, migration time, migration temperature and other factors were explored. The experimental results showed that toluene exhibited the optimal extraction efficiency for bisphenols in aqueous simulants; bisphenols presented the most obvious migration in fatty food simulants; the migration amount of bisphenols increased with the extension of time; the migration rate and amount of bisphenols also enhanced with the increment of contact temperature.

Effect of extraction solvent on total flavonoid content of andaliman fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC)

Hypertension is a disease where blood pressure increases chronically beyond normal limits. Hypertension needs to be watched out because it includes asymptomatic diseases and can cause complications. One alternative treatment for hypertension that has been proven effective in the pharmaceutical industry is the use of ACE-I (Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme Inhibitors). At present, ACE-I synthesis has been produced commercially as an antihypertensive drug, for example captopril, enalapril, alcacepril, and lisinopril. However, there are many studies that show the existence of ACE-I synthesis side effects for its users, both physiological and non-physiological effects such as coughing, angioedema, and disorders in pregnancy. ACE-I obtained naturally is safer than ACE-I synthesis. Research on ACE-I activity from natural ingredients is still very limited. Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) or better known as Batak Pepper has the potential as a natural source of ACE-I. Natural ACE-I in Andaliman can be obtained from the flavonoid content of Andaliman fruit extract. The purpose of this study was to determine total flavonoid content in andaliman fruit by comparing the types of solvents used for extraction. The solvents used were N-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water. The extraction results were then compared using a completely randomized design (CRD) to determine the success of this study.&#x0D; Keywords: Antihypertensive, flavonoids, flavonoid, Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC&#x0D; &#x0D; ABSTRAK&#x0D; &#x0D; Hipertensi adalah penyakit di mana tekanan darah meningkat secara kronis di luar batas normal. Hipertensi perlu diwaspadai karena termasuk penyakit tanpa gejala dan dapat menyebabkan komplikasi. Salah satu pengobatan alternatif untuk hipertensi yang telah terbukti efektif dalam industri farmasi adalah penggunaan ACE-I (Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme Inhibitors). Saat ini, sintesis ACE-I telah diproduksi secara komersial sebagai obat antihipertensi, misalnya captopril, enalapril, alcacepril, dan lisinopril. Namun, ada banyak penelitian yang menunjukkan adanya efek samping sintesis ACE-I bagi penggunanya, baik efek fisiologis dan non-fisiologis seperti batuk, angioedema, dan gangguan pada kehamilan. ACE-I yang diperoleh secara alami lebih aman daripada sintesis ACE-I. Penelitian tentang aktivitas ACE-I dari bahan-bahan alami masih sangat terbatas. Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) atau lebih dikenal dengan sebutan Batak Lada berpotensi sebagai sumber alami ACE-I. ACE-I alami di Andaliman dapat diperoleh dari kandungan flavonoid dari ekstrak buah Andaliman. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan total flavonoid dalam buah andaliman dengan membandingkan jenis pelarut yang digunakan untuk ekstraksi. Pelarut yang digunakan adalah N-heksana, etil asetat, etanol, dan air. Hasil ekstraksi kemudian dibandingkan dengan menggunakan desain acak lengkap (CRD) untuk menentukan keberhasilan penelitian ini.&#x0D; Kata kunci: Antihipertensi, flavonoid, flavonoid, Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC

Low-density lipoprotein-antioxidant flavonoids and a phenolic ester from Plectranthus hadiensis var. tomentosus

To investigate the effects of extraction solvents and drying methods on Plectranthus hadiensis var. tomentosus quality, eight compounds were isolated and the content of active compounds with their antioxidant activities were compared. Compounds 1 and 2 were known antioxidants, whereas the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-antioxidant activities of compounds 3, 5, 6, and 7 are reported for the first time, with IC50 values of 2.5, 3.8, 22.8, and 53.7 μM, respectively. Our analysis of 30‒95% ethanol extracts from freeze- and air-dried leaves and stems revealed a relationship between extract composition and antioxidant activity. The 95% ethanol extracts of freeze-dried stems (FDS) exhibited highest phenolic and flavonoid content, which were 1.40 and 2.67 times, respectively, greater than those of air-dried stems (ADS), and very high LDL-antioxidant and DPPH radical scavenging activities, which may have resulted from the phenolic ester rosmarinic acid (2), a major component of FDS extracts and potent antioxidant. In contrast, the 95% ethanol extracts of ADS exhibited relatively low antioxidant activity, possibly owing to the low antioxidant activity of the main components ayanin (7) and (+)-plectranthone (8). These results are important for the development of P. hadiensis var. tomentosus as an effective natural antioxidant material.

Combined Approach for Determining Diuron in Sugarcane and Soil: Ultrasound‐Assisted Extraction, Carbon Nanotube‐Mediated Purification, and Gas Chromatography–Electron Capture Detection

Diuron is a urea herbicide that is frequently detected in surface water, groundwater, and marine waters. However, there are few methods or guidelines reported on ensuring the quality of sugarcane and soil. In this study, a method was developed for detecting diuron to ensure the quality and safety of food and sugar. Mass spectrometry was used to identify 3,4-dichloroaniline as a marker for the thermal decomposition of diuron, and thus, as a representative component for quantitative diuron analysis. This approach can be used to rapidly detect trace amounts of diuron. In addition, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and carbon nanotube column purification were used in conjunction with gas chromatography-electron capture detection to detect diuron. The method was then evaluated for its accuracy, detection limit, and viability. The effects of extraction solvent, ultrasound time, and ultrasound power on the extraction efficiency of the analyte from sugarcane and soil were also investigated. The efficiency and optimum conditions of UAE were examined through single-factor experiments and Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimal extraction conditions were identified as follows: acetonitrile as the extraction solvent, extraction temperature of 27°C, extraction time of 3.4min, and ultrasound power of 70 W. Under these conditions, high linearity was achieved for diuron concentrations of 0.01 to 5.0 mg/L, and the purification correlation coefficient was consistently greater than 0.998. Hence, gas chromatography, combined with UAE and BBD, offers superior efficiency extraction, which is sufficiently accurate and precise for pesticide residue analysis. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: We developed an accurate and cost-effective method for detecting diuron (a commonly used herbicide) in soil and sugar samples. We performed experiments to determine the optimum detection conditions for our method. This method can be used for online monitoring of sugar manufacturing processes to ensure food safety and quality.

Effect of extraction solvent on the phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity of Ramon nut (Brosimum alicastrum)

Ramon nut (Brosimum alicastrum) is a vegetable product of significant importance in the Mayan culture given that it is a part of their diet; however, it has not yet been fully studied. The effect of seven solvent systems on the content of total phenolic compounds (TPC), extraction yield, total flavonoids (TF) and antioxidant activity was evaluated and the content of individual phenolic compounds of Ramon nut was analyzed by HPLC. The results reveal that the type of solvent and its polarity has a significant effect on the extraction of antioxidants and on the quantitative analysis of the Ramon nut. Of all the solvents used, the ethanol/water extract (1:1, v/v) (S6) was identified as the most efficient solvent in the extraction process, with a higher TPC content, greater antioxidant activity (with the reduction power assay) and a higher content of gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and vanillic acid. A high correlation was found between TPC and TF vs antioxidant activity, suggesting the possible contribution of the phenolic compounds in the antioxidant activity of the Ramon nut. The Ramon nut extraction with S6 reduced the TBARS content of cooked hamburger meat, stored at 4 °C for 14 days.

Effects of Some Extraction Solvents on the Antioxidant Properties of Strawberry Fruit

In this paper, antioxidant activity of strawberries extracted with different solvents was investigated since they are consumed by people due to their anticancer, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-neurodegenerative properties. For this purpose, different acidified extraction solvents such as water (ES1), acetone (ES2), acetonitrile (ES3), methanol (ES4) and ethanol (ES5) were used in extraction process of strawberries. The effects of different extraction solvents on the antioxidant activity were evaluated by measuring the reducing power, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC). Experimental results indicated that the obtained data varied with different extraction solvents. All antioxidant activity assay results showed that the highest results were obtained with acetone extracts.

Effect of Extraction Solvents on Rheological Properties of Recovered Asphalt Binders

This study examined the effect of three extraction solvents [trichloroethylene (TCE), toluene, and nPB] on the rheological properties of recovered asphalt binders when used with four binders of different performance grades (PG 58-28, PG 64-22, PG 64-28, and PG 70-22) that have been subjected to various levels of aging (unaged, short-term aged, and long-term aged). A dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) was used to characterize the viscoelastic properties of the original and recovered binders at high and intermediate temperatures, whereas a bending beam rheometer (BBR) was used to evaluate the rheological behavior at low temperatures. The test results showed a significant reduction in the dynamic shear modulus (G*) and a slight increase in the phase angle when TCE was used, with recovered to original G* ratios ranging between 30% and 75%. On the other hand, Toluene and nPB did not follow a clear trend for either G* or phase angle. In general, toluene resulted in recovered G* values within 20% of the original, whereas nPB resulted in recovered G* values within 40%. By comparing the high-temperature and low-temperature continuous PGs of the original and recovered binders, it was observed that toluene resulted in a minor change in both PGs, whereas the effect of TCE and nPB was more pronounced, especially on the low-temperature PG.

Effect of extraction solvents on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of Berberis orthobotrys Bienerat ex C.K. Schneider

Berberis orthobotrys Bienerat ex C.K. Schneider (BOB) is broadly utilized as a medicinal plant in Asia. In present work, various solvents (water, methanol, ethanol) were used as solvent in the extraction of BOB. Then, total phenol, flavonoid and tannin contents of dried BOB were investigated. Additionally, in vitro and antioxidant capacities and antibacterial and antifungal activities of different solvent extracts were also evaluated. The extract obtained by 80% methanol had the maximum amount of total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents, while, the minimum amount of these compounds were obtained for aqueous extract of BOB. It was found that the anti-DPPH radical activity and reducing power of methanolic extract were higher than other samples. The effect of BOB extract on the oxidation of sunflower oil demonstrated that BOB can inhibit the oxidative reactions. The evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities of different BOB extracts exhibited that methanolic extract had significant inhibition activity against tested bacteria and fungus. In conclusion, BOB can be used as a potential source of natural antioxidant and antibacterial agent for food and pharmaceutical systems.