Effects Of Exchange Rate Uncertainty Research Articles

Effect of exchange rate uncertainty, energy prices and sectoral spending on agriculture value added, household consumption, and domestic investment

The agricultural value chain is underpinned by the interdependence of agricultural value added, household consumption and domestic investment. Understanding the complex interactions between these microeconomic outcomes and the uncertainties in the macroeconomic variables of exchange rates, energy prices and sectoral spending remains under-researched. Therefore, this study examines the impact of exchange rate, energy prices and sectoral spending on agricultural value added, household consumption and domestic investment in Nigeria from 1981 to 2020. Using Kernel regularized least squares (KRLS), the results show that the average pointwise marginal effects of exchange rate and agricultural spending are positive, while the average pointwise marginal effect of energy price is significantly negative for the agricultural value-added model. The results also show that the exchange rate, energy prices and agricultural expenditure all have a positive effect on household consumption. Regarding domestic investment, the effect of the exchange rate is positive and statistically insignificant, while the effects of energy prices and agricultural expenditure are negative and statistically significant. The study recommends the need to strengthen the social safety nets currently in place in Nigeria to support households that are vulnerable to exchange rate fluctuations. In addition, incentives should be given to households and farmers to help use renewable energy sources such as solar or wind power for agricultural activities. Also, investment in value chains and agribusiness initiatives should be encouraged rather than just in crop production.

Exchange rate volatility and India-US commodity trade: evidence of the third country effect.

The relationship between trade flows and exchange rate uncertainty is still being debated in academic circles while examining the effects of exchange rate uncertainty on India's bilateral trade flows, prior research disregard the "third-county" effect. This study investigates the effect of third-country risk on the amount of India-US commodity trade using time series data for 79 Indian commodity export and 81 Indian commodity import businesses. The results show that the volume of trade in a select few industries is considerably impacted by third-country risk in terms of dollar/yen and rupee/yen. According to the findings, rupee-dollar volatility affects 15 exporting industries in the short run and 9 industries in the long run. Similarly, the third country effect demonstrates that Rupee-Yen volatility affects 9 Indian exporting industries both in the short and long run. The results show that rupee-dollar volatility tends to have a short-term impact on 25 importing industries and a long-term impact on 15 sectors. Similar to this, the third country effect demonstrates that Rupee-Yen volatility tends to have an impact on 9 Indian importing industries over the short and long term.

Exchange rate uncertainty and the connectedness of inflation

In this study, we examine the connectedness of exchange rate uncertainty and inflation. In an economy with a flexible exchange rate, price rigidities can lead importers to carry exchange rate risk and they impose a premium for the risk they face by increasing consumer prices. This pricing behavior provides a channel between exchange rate uncertainty and overall price level. We empirically analyze the impact of exchange rate uncertainty on inflation by using panel data from 149 countries over the period 1980–2017. The estimation results point that the uncertainty of the exchange rate has a significant and positive effect on inflation. We also show that effect of exchange rate uncertainty on inflation is nonlinear. As the exchange rate uncertainty increases, the size of its effect on inflation decreases. Moreover, the degree of exchange rate pass-through and the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on inflation differ among country groups and their effects on inflation have decreased through time.

Exchange Rate and Trade Balance in Nigeria: Testing for the Validity of J-Curve Phenomenon and Marshall-Lerner Condition

This study examined the validity of the J-Curve Phenomenon and Marshall-Lerner Condition in the Nigerian context using data from 1982-2020. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bounds test method of cointegration was employed for the analysis of short-run and long-run effects of exchange rate uncertainty on the trade balance. The long-run result endorsed the validity of the Marshall-Lerner Condition in Nigeria. Thus, a depreciation of the Naira improves the trade balance in the long run. However, the results of the short-run dynamics revealed that there is no J-Curve phenomenon in Nigeria. The study recommends diversification of exports to improve the performance of Nigeria’s non-oil exports. In addition, fiscal, monetary and exchange rate policies should be properly harmonized to tackle trade deficits. Furthermore, there should be more investment in Research and Development in Nigeria to improve the value of goods exported and the competitiveness of its exports in the arena of international trade.

On the asymmetric effects of exchange rate uncertainty on China’s bilateral trade with its major partners

Following recent advances in asymmetric impact of exchange rate volatility on trade flows, we assess the symmetric and asymmetric effects of exchange rate volatility on China’s bilateral trade with each of its 21 trading partners. We find symmetric effects in only a few bilateral trade models. However, the asymmetric analysis which required using nonlinear models revealed short-run asymmetric effects in almost all export and import demand models and log-run significant asymmetric effects in 50% of the models. In almost all models, while increased volatility was found to hurt Chinese trade, decreased volatility was found to boost them, implying that stable exchange rate is beneficial for China’s trade.

The effect of exchange rate uncertainty on employment in South Africa’s manufacturing sector

PurposeThe main purpose of this study is to investigate the symmetric and asymmetric effects of exchange rate uncertainty on employment in South Africa’s manufacturing sector over the period 1985Q1–2019Q2.Design/methodology/approachJorda’s (2005) local projection method is employed and following Koop et al. (1996); generalized impulse response functions are generated to see the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on employment in South Africa’s manufacturing sector.FindingsThe results show that exchange rate uncertainty affects negatively and significantly employment in South Africa’s manufacturing sector. Employment also responds negatively and significantly to export shock. Inflation and output shocks, however, positively and significantly affect employment on impact. Asymmetric responses of employment to exchange rate uncertainty are also found in this study. While high exchange rate uncertainty leads to a reduction in employment, low exchange rate uncertainty brings an increase in employment in South Africa’s manufacturing sector.Originality/valueThis research adds to the scarce empirical literature on the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on employment in South Africa’s manufacturing sector by incorporating mainly non-linearities into the model.

Exchange rate uncertainty and cereals exports: A panel VAR approach

This paper empirically investigates the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on cereals export flows for a broad sample of 75 countries during the 2010/01 - 2016/12 period. To do this, we first estimate the exchange rate volatility, and then, we estimate the cereals export demand by using a panel data model with autoregressive vectors (P-VAR). This strategy of analysis is applied over different groups of countries, which are obtained by cluster analysis based on the level of exchange rate volatility and the volume of cereals exports. The empirical results suggest a significant negative effect of exchange rate uncertainty on cereals exports in countries characterized by high and persistent exchange rate volatility or high volume of cereals exports.

Effect of exchange rate uncertainty on bilateral trade performance in SAARC countries: a gravity model analysis

PurposeExchange rate uncertainty leads to an indecisive environment for imports and exports that would condense international trade, foreign direct investment, trade earnings, trade volumes, economic growth and welfare. This study aims to examine, empirically, the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on bilateral trade performance, focusing on eight SAARC member economies using the popular modified gravity model of trade.Design/methodology/approachThe paper includes eight SAARC members – Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka panel data set over the period 2005–2018. The authors consider both standardized value (standard deviation) and conditional variance model to determine volatility of exchange rate. Primarily, ordinary least squares, random effects and fixed effects estimation techniques are employed to investigate the impact of exchange rate volatility. Endogeneity and robustness of the findings have been tested using the simultaneity-adjusted model and dynamic panel data two-step system GMM estimation techniques.FindingsEmpirical findings endorse the view that exchange rate volatility lowers trade flows in the SAARC regions. However, this adverse effect of exchange rate uncertainty on trade is pretty small. The negative correlation between exchange rate volatility and bilateral trade remains consistent and significant after controlling of simultaneous causality, autocorrelation, year effects, country-pair heterogeneity and endogeneity irrespective of panel data estimation techniques and different measures of volatility.Originality/valueThe present paper is original work.

The impact of exchange rate uncertainty on exports: a panel VAR analysis

espanolResumen: En este articulo analizamos el impacto de la incertidumbre del tipo de cambio sobre los flujos de exportaciones en un panel de 27 paises durante el periodo 1994/01-2014/12. Para ello, aplicamos un enfoque de vectores autoregresivos con datos panel. Dividiendo el panel en dos subgrupos que incluyen economias exportadoras de manufactureras y economias exportadoras de productos basicos, observamos un efecto diferencial de la incertidumbre del tipo de cambio sobre las exportaciones. Esta incertidumbre tiene un impacto negativo en los paises exportadores de manufacturas, pero no afecta de forma significativa a los paises exportadores de productos basicos. Este resultado parece explicarse por las caracteristicas economicas de los paises, las cuales involucran la flexibilidad o rigidez del ajuste de las exportaciones a la incertidumbre del tipo de cambio. EnglishAbstract: In this paper we analyze the impact of exchange rate uncertainty on export flows among a panel of 27 countries throughout the 1994/01-2014/12 period. In order to do this, we apply a panel vector autoregressive model approach. By dividing the panel into two subgroups that involve manufacturing-exporting and commodity-exporting economies, we observe a different effect of exchange rate uncertainty on exports. This has a negative impact in manufacturing-exporting countries, but does not affect commodity exporting countries. This result appears to be explained by countries’ economics characteristics, involving the flexibility or rigidities of the export adjustment arising exchange rate uncertainty.

Asymmetric Exchange Rate Effects on Cross-Border Freight Flows between the United States and Canada

This paper investigates possible asymmetric influences of the exchange rate on cross-border freight flows between the U.S.A. and Canada. Linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag models are used to test for the existence of long-run asymmetric effects of 1) currency appreciation and depreciation and 2) exchange rate volatility changes on trade flows by truck, rail, air, vessel, and pipeline. This paper provides evidence that both currency value and exchange rate volatility affect the U.S.–Canada freight flows in an asymmetric manner. The long-run results of the nonlinear models show that exchange rate is found to be significantly associated with the bilateral trade flows between the U.S.A. and Canada. Exchange rate volatility tends to be significantly associated with trade flows in the nonlinear models, while its effects are insignificant in most cases in the linear models. These findings suggest that the conventional linear specification may mislead the asymmetric effects of exchange rate uncertainty on cross-border freight flows. It is also found that exchange rate sensitivities of U.S.–Canada trade flows by transport mode can differ significantly from those of aggregate trade flows. The information derived from disaggregate trade data can be useful for traders and shippers to develop a long-term strategic plan for infrastructure investment and service expansion.

Consumption and exchange rate uncertainty: Evidence from selected Asian countries

AbstractWe set out to assess the effects of exchange rate uncertainty on real consumption in selected Asian countries. Consumption influences business cycles, which in turn shape short‐run monetary policy decisions. Hence, understanding factors driving consumption is appealing to policymakers. To date, few studies have analysed the effects of uncertainty on consumption. The available ones generally focus on the long‐run effects, in spite of the fact that the short‐run persistence and adjustments to equilibrium are equally relevant. Our study takes these limitations seriously by distinguishing the short‐ and long‐run effects of exchange rate uncertainty on consumption. Using a flexible dynamic panel data technique that allows long‐run effects to be homogeneous and the short‐run effects to be heterogeneous, we find that uncertainty impedes consumption in the long run. In the short run, however, the effects are immaterial. This evidence remains robust to the measure of uncertainty, asymmetric uncertainty, inflation and the global financial crisis of 2008. By decomposing uncertainty into its temporary and permanent components, we find that the latter have a stronger effect on consumption in the long run than the former. Although both components demand policy attention, the evidence suggests that policymakers should be more concerned with permanent uncertainty.

Exchange Rate Volatility and Tourism Demand in India: Unraveling the Asymmetric Relationship

This study explores the asymmetric effect of exchange rate volatility on tourism demand in India from January 2006 to April 2018. Tourism demand is captured from a twin perspective—quantity and value. While quantity is represented by foreign tourist arrival in India, earnings from foreign tourists are used to represent value. The study is unique from a methodological point of view as it makes the first ever application of the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model of Shin, Yu, and Greenwood-Nimmo (2014), in the tourism demand literature to capture nonlinearity simultaneously in the short- as well as long-run. Results of our analysis show that tourism demand in India responds asymmetrically to both nominal and real exchange rate volatility. Also, the long-run effects of exchange rate uncertainty are shown to be more damaging than the short-run effects. Our findings are fairly robust to alternative specifications.

Thailand-China commodity trade and exchange rate uncertainty: Asymmetric evidence from 45 industries

Assessing the short-run and long-run effects of exchange rate uncertainty on trade flows since 2017 has taken a new direction by engaging in asymmetry analysis. In this paper we add to this emerging literature by estimating both linear and nonlinear ARDL export and import demand models for each of the 45 industries that trade between Thailand and China. Estimates of the linear models revealed that exchange rate uncertainty has short-run effects on 22 Thai exporting and 32 Thai importing industries. However, the nonlinear model revealed that exchange rate uncertainty has short-run asymmetric effects on the trade flows of almost all industries. Short-run asymmetric effects lasted into long-run asymmetric effects in 50% of the industries.

Exchange rate uncertainty and import prices in the euro area

AbstractThis paper analyzes the effects of exchange rate uncertainty on the pricing behavior of import firms in the euro area. Uncertainty is measured via the volatility of the structural shocks to the exchange rate in a nonlinear vector‐autoregressive model framework and is an important determinant of import prices. An increase in exchange rate uncertainty is associated with a fall in prices on average, which suggests that the exchange rate risk is borne by the importers. Controlling for the origin of imports (within or outside the euro area) is important for assessing the impact of exchange rate movements on prices.

The Effect of Exchange Rate Uncertainty on International Trade: The Role of Financial Frictions

This paper studies the role of financial frictions in explaining the heterogeneous effect of exchange rate uncertainty on international trade. Empirically, exports in industries in which firms have less tangible capital or rely more heavily on external finance decrease more in times of high uncertainty. However, the marginal effect of financial constraints depends on the relative size of exporters within a sector. A heterogeneous-firm model of financially-constrained exporters rationalizes the empirical findings even in the absence of risk aversion. In the model, exchange rate uncertainty affects firms by increasing the interest rates they need to pay. Lenders are concerned with the exchange rate because it affects the exporting firms' revenues and their ability to repay their loans. The calibrated model shows that providing additional collateral to financially-constrained firms lessens the reduction in exports due to uncertainty, but has limited effects.

Analyzing exchange rate uncertainty and bilateral export growth in China: A multivariate GARCH-based approach

Dramatic changes to exchange rate policy for the world's largest exporter have arguably ushered in the optimal environment for studying the effects of exchange rate uncertainty on trade. This study builds on the recent literature by using an extremely general model that measures volatility using the flexible multivariate DCC-GARCH model to analyze the impact exchange rate uncertainty has on bilateral export growth for China's ten largest export markets. All model parameters are estimated simultaneously and lagged values of uncertainty are included for a full year, where significant effects are found. The more general methods potentially overcome issues associated with inefficient two-step methods and the assumption that volatility impacts are close to instantaneous. Using a comprehensive sample that spans 1994–2017, the paper presents evidence that exchange rate uncertainty has no impact on trade with the United States, which strongly contrasts a robust finding of trade deterring impacts for almost all remaining countries. The unifying methodology is also used to analyze nominal uncertainty itself. Here, it is found that Chinese inflation may be a positive contributor to risk in an environment where many exogenous events, such as the Asian currency crisis, are associated with periods of heightened yuan uncertainty.

On the Asymmetric Effects of Exchange Rate Volatility on Trade Flows: Evidence from Africa

ABSTRACTA glance through the literature on the effects of exchange rate uncertainty on the trade flows reveals that African countries have received the least attention. We consider the response of exports and imports of 13 African nations to a Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH)-based measure of exchange rate uncertainty. Like previous research, when we used linear models in which the effects are assumed to be symmetric, we found significant long-run effects in almost one-third of the countries in our sample. However, when we shifted to nonlinear export and import demand models, we found significant long-run effects of exchange rate uncertainty on trade flows of almost all countries. These effects were asymmetric in nature.

Exchange rate volatility and commodity trade between the U.S. and the Philippines

ASEAN, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, was founded in 1967 and the Philippines is one of the founding members. Since it relies upon floating exchange rates, its trade flows could be affected by uncertainty introduced by such rates. Previous studies used aggregate trade flows of the Philippines with the rest of the world and did not find any significant effects of exchange rate uncertainty on its trade flows. Suspecting that those studies suffer from aggregation bias, in this paper we concentrate on its trade flows with its major partner, the U.S., and disaggregate these flows by commodity. We then investigate the sensitivity of 133 U.S. exporting industries to the Philippines and 64 U.S. importing industries from the Philippines to exchange rate uncertainty. We find that almost half of the commodity flows are affected in the short-run. The short-run effects last into the long run in 50 % of the affected industries.

International Firm Investment under Exchange Rate Uncertainty*

This article develops a real options theory to examine the effects of exchange rate uncertainty on foreign direct investment. Firms face a choice between participating in foreign markets through exports or investing abroad to relocate production. The model predicts that the most productive firms invest abroad when exchange rate volatility is low and export otherwise, whereas the least productive firms invest abroad when volatility is high. Aggregation over heterogeneous firms produces a negative and nonlinear relation between exchange rate uncertainty and total international investment. An analysis of eighty-four developed and emerging economies over the 1996–2012 period provides empirical support for the model’s predictions.

Exchange rate uncertainty and international portfolio flows: A multivariate GARCH-in-mean approach

This paper examines the impact of exchange rate uncertainty on different components of net portfolio flows, namely net equity and net bond flows, as well as their dynamic linkages. Specifically, a bivariate VAR GARCH-BEKK-in-mean model is estimated using bilateral monthly data for the US vis-à-vis Australia, Canada, the euro area, Japan, Sweden, and the UK over the period 1988:01-2011:12. The results indicate that the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on net equity flows is negative in the euro area, the UK and Sweden, and positive in Australia. The impact on net bond flows is also negative in all countries except Canada, where it is positive. Under the assumption of risk aversion, the findings suggest that exchange rate uncertainty induces a home bias and causes investors to reduce their financial activities to maximise returns and minimise exposure to uncertainty, this effect being stronger in the UK, the euro area and Sweden compared to Canada, Australia and Japan. Overall, the results indicate that exchange rate or credit controls on these flows can be used as a policy tool in countries with strong uncertainty effects to pursue economic and financial stability.