Effect Of Electron Beam Irradiation Research Articles

Comparative investigation of the effects of electron beam and X-ray irradiation on potato starch: Structure and functional properties

Electron beam (particle radiation) and X-ray (electromagnetic radiation) without radioisotope in the application of material modification have received increasing attention in the last decade. To clarify the effect of electron beam and X-ray on the morphology, crystalline structure and functional properties of starch, potato starch was irradiated using electron beam and X-ray at 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 kGy, respectively. Electron beam and X-ray treatment increased the amylose content of starch. The surface morphology of starch did not change at lower doses (< 5 kGy), but starch granules were aggregated with the increase of doses. All treatments decreased crystallinity, viscosity and swelling power but increased solubility and stability properties. The effects of electron beam and X-ray on the starch had a similar trend. Unlike X-ray, electron beam destructed the crystallinity of starch to a lesser extent, thereby increasing thermal stability and freeze-thaw stability. Furthermore, X-ray irradiation at higher doses (> 10 kGy) resulted in outstanding anti-retrogradation properties of starch compared with electron beam treatment. Thus, particle and electromagnetic irradiation displayed an excellent ability to modify starch with respective specific characteristics, which expands the potential application of these irradiations in the starch industry.

Chemical and electrical modifications of few-layer graphene films via sub-10 keV electron beam irradiation

Graphene has attracted special attention due to its mechanical and electrical properties. In this work, we describe the effects of sub-10 keV electron beam irradiation on the electrical conductivity of few-layer graphene films deposited on a glass substrate. The irradiation process was performed in vacuum at 10–6 Torr for 30 min per sample. The superficial chemical structure and optical properties of the samples were evaluated before and after electron irradiation using spectroscopic techniques (UV-Vis, Raman, and XPS), and the Van der Pauw method was used to determine the sheet resistance. It was found that the sheet resistance and the defect density decrease as the energy of incident electrons increases. For instance, the sheet resistance has been reduced by 17.3% after the sample was irradiated with a 10 keV electron beam. This could be explained by the reduction of defect density on the irradiated samples caused by the removal of oxygen content on graphene flakes, estimated by Raman and XPS, respectively. Hence, electron beam irradiation could be used to modify the electrical conductivity of graphene films based on defect engineering.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN GAMMA AND ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATED SUGARCANE BAGASSE

"Sugarcane bagasse is an abundant source of cellulose and hemicelluloses that could be hydrolyzed to yield fermentable sugars, which can be utilized for the production of biofuel and other high-value bio-chemicals. To do so, it has to be made accessible for hydrolyzing chemicals and enzymes, and radiation exposure is one of the most effective and green techniques, among other physico-chemical processes. The present study investigated the effects of gamma and electron beam (e-beam) irradiation on sugarcane bagasse, with respect to changes in its physical, chemical, thermal and morphological characteristics. Sugarcane bagasse was irradiated with gamma radiation, using Co60 at a dose rate of 2.5 kGy/h, and electron beam at a dose rate of 2.5 kGy/pass. The maximum dose was varied up to 1000 kGy and changes in the physico-chemical characteristics of bagasse were observed at 500 kGy dose exposure. The physical appearance of bagasse (after gamma and e-beam treatments) changed from off-white to yellow in colour, while beyond 500 kGy, the samples became fluffy. With an increase in the radiation dose, the cellulose content reduced from 48% to 36%, following Co60 gamma exposure, and to 16% after e-beam exposure at 1000 kGy. The hemicellulose content was found to reduce from 31% to 16% after 1000 kGy of Co60 gamma exposure, but after e-beam radiation, it increased to 39%. The lignin fraction did not change much after any of the treatments, and was found to be in the range of 19-20% and 17-23%, after gamma and e-beam radiation exposure, respectively. In most of the irradiated samples, X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed a significant increase in crystallinity index with the increase in the radiation dose up to 1000 kGy. However, a decrease in the crystallinity index of bagasse was observed after e-beam irradiation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed remarkable disruption of the structure, caused by high energy irradiations (gamma and e-beam). The particle size analysis indicated fragmented particles on increasing irradiation doses, but the distribution is more prominent in the case of the e-beam treatment. A lowering of the derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) peak from 339 °C in raw bagasse to 295 °C and 303 °C, for the samples subjected to gamma and e-beam radiation, respectively, was observed, in the thermal study of the biomass. The physico-chemical changes observed during the study clearly indicated that ionizing radiation exposure of lignocellulosic biomass led to the disintegration of its matrix, which may give easy access to hydrolytic chemicals or enzymes. Thus, it can be concluded that, although both ionizing radiations investigated here can fulfill the objective of disintegrating the biomass structure, gamma is more effective than e-beam radiation."

Effect and Mechanism of Eliminating Staphylococcus aureus by Electron Beam Irradiation and Reducing the Toxicity of Its Metabolites.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanism of sterilization of Staphylococcus aureus by electron beam irradiation (0.5-, 1-, 2-, 4-, and 6-kGy treatments) and whether it reduces the toxicity of its fermentation supernatant. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of sterilization of S. aureus by electron beam irradiation using colony count, membrane potential, intracellular ATP, and UV absorbance measurements; we used hemolytic, cytotoxic, and suckling mouse wound models to verify that electron beam irradiation reduced the toxicity of the S. aureus fermentation supernatant. The results showed that 2 kGy of electron beam irradiation treatment completely inactivated S. aureus in suspension culture, and 4 kGy inactivated cells in S. aureus biofilms. This study suggests that the bactericidal effect of electron beam irradiation on S. aureus may be attributed to reversible damage to the cytoplasmic membrane, resulting in its leakage and the significant degradation of genomic DNA. The combined results of hemolytic, cytotoxic, and suckling mouse wound models demonstrated that the toxicity of S. aureus metabolites was significantly reduced when the electron beam irradiation dose was 4 kGy. In summary, electron beam irradiation has the potential to control S. aureus and reduce its toxic metabolites in food. IMPORTANCE Electron beam irradiation of >1 kGy damaged the cytoplasmic membrane, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) penetrated the cells. Electron beam irradiation of >4 kGy reduces the combined toxicity of virulent proteins produced by Staphylococcus aureus. Electron beam irradiation of >4 kGy can be used to inactivate Staphylococcus aureus and biofilms on milk.

RETRACTED: Effect of electron-beam irradiation on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)

RETRACTED: Effect of electron-beam irradiation on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)

Studies on the effects of highenergy electron beam irradiation on the Mechanical properties of Magnesium hydroxide filled HDPE/Mg(OH)2/TCA-27 composites

The effect of irradiation electron beam at dose of 150 kGy,on the mechanical properties of&#x0D; high density polyethylene (HDPE) mixed with various amounts of magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) composites as filler have been studied here. It has been found that the highenergy electron beam irradiation has much effect on the mechanical properties of the&#x0D; HDPE/Mg(OH)2/TCA-27 composites. The tensile strength and elastic modulus are increased greater than the unirradiated ones. Meanwhile, the increasing content of the Mg(OH)2 in composites. The structure of the SEM of the unirradiated HDPE/ Mg(OH)2/TCA-27 shows poorly mechanical properties of compositeswhich are compared to irradiated ones. The Comparison of properties of composites filled with irradiated and unirradiated Magnesium hydroxide establishes than irradiated of Magnesium hydroxide which imparts better reinforcing properties than unirradiated filler of composites. The properties under consideration are tensile strength, (%) elongation at break, elastic modulus, hardness . Tensile strength isimproved by 6.67% , elastic modulus is improved by 42.86%, while hardness is improved by 0.85%, at ( 0.37 ) volume fraction .

Effect of electron beam irradiation on impact strength of carbon fiber reinforced polycarbonate

Effect of electron beam irradiation on impact strength of carbon fiber reinforced polycarbonate

Effects of Electron Beam and Atomic Oxygen Irradiation on Hypervelocity Impact Fracture Behavior of Polyimide CFRP

Effects of Electron Beam and Atomic Oxygen Irradiation on Hypervelocity Impact Fracture Behavior of Polyimide CFRP

Changes in the Physical Properties of the Cotton Linter Paper Irradiated by a Gamma Ray and Electron Beam

The effects of gamma ray and electron beam irradiation on paper disinfection were evaluated. The paper was irradiated with 10-100 kGy gamma rays and electron beams which were higher than the recommended dose for paper disinfection. After irradiation, the mechanical properties and color of the paper and the cellulose chain scission rate were evaluated. In the case of paper strength, it decreased after 25 kGy irradiation, whereas the discoloration of paper appeared after 10 kGy irradiation. It cannot confirm the effect on paper only with changes in mechanical strength and color in the recommended range of 0.5-10 kGy for actual paper disinfection treatment. On the other hand, even with 10 kGy irradiation, the degree of polymerization of cellulose paper was reduced by ~50%. Cotton linter paper with a degree of polymerization of about 2,000 was predicted to decrease by about 7% after being irradiated with a 1 kGy gamma ray and electron beam. To evaluate the irradiation effect on paper, it is therefore more reasonable to evaluate the degree of polymerization rather than the strength and color of the paper.

Zn[B3O4(OH)3] composites fabrication based on PVC pipes scrap via comparing melt mixing and casting procedures under the effect of electron beam irradiation

In several works, scientific researchers targeted the development of polymeric materials with good mechanical and thermal properties and resist heat and fire propagation. In a new approach, this article goals to the usage of waste polyvinyl chloride (WPVC) based polymer composites derived from PVC pipes scrap filled with fixed percent of zinc borate particles (ZnB), which were prepared via two different techniques named melt mixing WPVC/ZnB (M) and casting WPVC/ZnB (C). The fabricated composites by the two methods were irradiated in an electron beam accelerator (EB) at 30 kGy. A comparative study of the thermal and mechanical properties based on stress-strain curves, tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (E %), and tear strength were evaluated. Furthermore, the rate of heat burning (%) for the two methods has been performed. Moreover, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the activation energy (Ea) calculation of the prepared samples have been considered. The observed improvements in the mechanical, thermal, and flammability behavior of WPVC were succeeded by incorporating ZnB particles. The irradiated WPVC loaded with zinc borate presented a superior flame propagation fraction when matched with their corresponding unirradiated composites. Also, WPVC composite films prepared via the melt mixing method reveal more excellent properties than those equipped by the casting process for the most investigated factors.

Epitaxial growth and E-beam induced structural changes of single crystalline 2D antimonene

Two-dimensional antimonene has attracted much attention because of its excellent stability and remarkable physical properties. Understanding the growth mechanism of antimonene by investigating processing parameters and structural properties is necessary for developing reliable fabrication methods. In this study, NaCl-assisted van der Waals epitaxy, one of the methods for scale-up fabrication, is employed to achieve atomic layer antimonene with high coverage rate. Furthermore, high-resolution images of atomic structure are presented with the powerful transmission electron microscopy, helping us confirm the exact configuration of antimonene. Meanwhile, we studied the effect of electron beam irradiation on antimonene; it was found that the stacking structure of antimonene would change under electron beam irradiation, and the moiré patterns of twisted few-layered antimonene were also observed. These results provide comprehensive study of growth mechanisms and in-depth knowledge of antimonene nanostructure, which are expected to facilitate the development of controllable fabrication for future device applications.

Invariant aluminum CHF under electron beam irradiation conditions for downward-facing flow boiling

It is well-known that irradiation may alter the surface morphology of metal materials, thus greatly changing the heat transfer characteristics, especially in nucleate boiling. In this study, electron beam irradiation effects of critical heat flux (CHF) on aluminum surfaces in downward-facing saturated flow boiling were investigated. It was found that although the contact angle decreased greatly after irradiation, no obvious CHF and heat transfer coefficient change was observed up to a total dose of 3000 kGy. Then the bubble cover ratio was calculated, and we believed that the bubble coverage was strongly associated with the boiling crisis. The insensitivity CHF of aluminum was likely to be related to the easy oxidation on aluminum surface. This founding may be helpful for the future heat transfer design and anti-accident counter-measurements in radiation environment.

Crosslinked networks in electron beam irradiated polyethylenes evaluated by proton low-field NMR spectroscopy

Effect of electron beam (EB) irradiation is analyzed in low and high density polyethylenes (LDPE and HDPE, respectively) at different doses. Parameters as important as degree of crystallinity, melting or crystallization temperatures are dependent on the initial PE molecular architecture, which also controls the gel content developed by action of EB irradiation and the EB dose applied. Thus, this gel amount, ascribed to formation of chain crosslinkings, is raised as irradiation dose increases, being larger in the HDPE than in the LDPE. In both, a plateau value is reached at the highest doses. The molecular changes that take place in both PEs during EB irradiation lead to a hindrance in their crystallization capacity, once macrochains are molten, and, accordingly, to a reduction in crystallinity and to formation of thinner crystallites. Variation with temperature of rigid and soft fractions together with their respective relaxation times is followed in the irradiated LDPE and HDPE specimens by pulse mixed magic-sandwich echo nuclear magnetic resonance (MSE-NMR) measurements. The network structure promoted in these PEs is evaluated by using the multiple-quantum nuclear magnetic resonance (MQ-NMR) approach, showing important differences caused by EB irradiation due to their intrinsic molecular characteristics.

Inactivation of suspended cells and biofilms of the gram-negative bacteria by electron beam irradiation and possible mechanisms of action

Food-borne pathogens and biofilm formation pose a serious threat to seafood safety. The objective of this study was to evaluate the inactivation effect of electron beam irradiation on the suspension and biofilms of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus), Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens), and Shewanella putrefaciens (S. putrefaciens) in vitro and on the surface of large croaker and the possible mechanisms of action. The results showed that electron beam irradiation could significantly reduce the number of viable bacteria both in vitro and on the surface of the large yellow croaker samples and could destroy the extracellular polymers (EPS) of biofilms. Mechanism studies showed that the increased Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels after irradiation treatment resulted in damage to the plasma membrane of bacterial cells, while the cell wall was intact. In addition, the nucleic acids of the bacteria were significantly damaged after irradiation, but the primary protein structure was not changed. These findings provide the internal mechanism of the effect of electron beam irradiation on Gram-negative bacteria and indicate that electron beam irradiation could be used as an effective method to control spoilage bacteria and pathogenic bacteria biofilms on the surface of seafood.

The impact of electron beam irradiation on some novel borate glasses doped V2O5; Optical, physical and spectral investigation

New borate glass systems with composition of 56B2O3 + 25Li2O + 10Na2O + 5CaO + 2SrO + 2Al2O3 + 0.5 TeO2 + x V2O5, where × = 0.2 or 0.3 (wt. %), were fabricated via the traditional melting-annealing method at low temperature (650–750 °C). Some of the glasses optical, physical, chemical and spectral measurements were investigated within the impact of electron beam (EB) irradiation up to 8 kGy. UV–visible spectra revealed peaks at ∼ 290 and ∼ 300 nm for 0.2 and 0.3 V2O5 glasses, respectively. In addition to broad visible band at ∼ 580 nm owing to the participation of vanadium ions as V5+ with possible conversion to V3+/V4+ under the effect of EB irradiation. FTIR spectra revealed the main trigonal BO3 and tetrahedral BO4 units with an increase in N4 values by the progressive EB irradiation. ESR spectra revealed a gradual increase in intensity with irradiation doses. While, testing chemical durability in distilled H2O at 100 °C reveals a good manner before and after irradiation process. Some physical parameters e.g. optical energy gap (Eoptdirect and Eoptindirect), Urbach energy (EUrbach), refractive index (n) and spectral distribution (k) showed also a gradual decrease with continual irradiation owing to the gradual generating of non-bridging oxygens NBOs and progressive transformation of BO3 to BO4 units. The overall data displayed some dosimetric properties of the two studied glasses with a useful dose range 3–8 kGy of EB radiation. The study recommends usage of glasses as glass dosimeters in medical sterilization, industry and food irradiation processing.

A dual-drive mode MEMS device for in-situ static/dynamic electro-mechanical characterization of nanomaterials

A novel dual-drive MEMS device integrated with both a thermal actuator and an electrostatic actuator is proposed and fabricated, which realizes the convenient in-situ electro-mechanical test for nanomaterials. The drive mode can be agilely selected to analyze different mechanical properties and the accuracy of the test can be verified by self-contrast of the two driving modes. Using the nanomanipulator as the transfer method, coupled mechanical and electrical tests are carried out for TiO2 nanowires. The measured Young's modulus of the nanowire in the two driving modes are 78.2 GPa and 85.6 GPa, and the fracture stress are 562 MPa and 584 MPa, respectively. The electron beam (e-beam) irradiation effect on electrical properties is investigated. Meanwhile, the resistance of the nanowires is determined as a variable of strain, which demonstrates the changes in resistance are the result of the loaded strains. The resistance decreases slightly after 2000 cycles of tensile, which is believed to be a delayed response brought about by electron beam irradiation. The experiment results indicate that the proposed MEMS device will facilitate the in-situ test of 1D/2D nanomaterials.

Antioxidant Potential of Resveratrol as the Result of Radiation Exposition.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of electron beam irradiation (EBI) at a dose of 25 kGy on the stability and antioxidant properties of resveratrol (RSV), a nutraceutical with clinically proven activity. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method was used to evaluate the concentration of free radicals after irradiation. Minor changes in chemical structure due to free radicals induced by EBI were confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. HPLC and HPLC-MS analysis ruled out the appearance of degradation products after irradiation. In addition, HPLC analysis confirmed the absence of trans- to cis-resveratrol conversion. Changes in the antioxidant potential of RSV after irradiation were studied using DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and FRAP techniques. It was confirmed that EBI favorably affected the antioxidant properties of tests based on the HAT mechanism (increase in DPPH and CUPRAC tests).

The effect of electron beam irradiation and fillers on natural rubber prepared by latex mixing: A Small and Wide Angle X-ray scattering study

The natural rubber (NR) cured by electron beam (EB) irradiation prepared by latex mixing was studied via small angle and wide angle x-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS) techniques for the first time. In this study, the effect of EB irradiation doses (100–250 kGy) and fillers (graphene nanoplatelets (GE), mixture of silica and graphene nanoplatelets (TSi/20%GE) on the mean distance of crosslink and strain-induced crystallization were investigated. The SAXS experiments revealed that the maximum position of the plot (qmax) was increased from 1.76 nm to 1 to 1.99 nm-1, indicating that the mean distance between crosslinks of NR decreased due to the occurrence of crosslink networks after EB irradiation processes. It was found that the mean distance between crosslinks of all EB-irradiated NR was insignificantly different (qmax ∼ 1.94–1.99 nm−1) although the higher crosslink density was found in NR with the higher EB dose. Likewise, the addition of fillers did not also affect the mean distance between crosslinks of NR. The discussion led to the conclusion that the mean distance of NR depended on the type of crosslink networks. The WAXS study revealed that the intensities of crystallinity reflection peaks increased in the function of EB irradiation dose. It can be seen in all NR types that molecular chains of NR were still in amorphous regions although the high stretching was applied. Additionally, the crystallinity percentage of EB-irradiated NR in stretching mode was always lower than that in retraction mode, which the highest crystallinity percentage was found in the case of NR250 (41.89% crystallinity at 500% strain). Based on WAXS results, the conclusions were in agreement with NR cured by other vulcanization systems. Finally, it was found that addition of TSi/20%GE in NR pulled down the level of strain – induced crystallization, which the crystallinity percentage was 27.75% at 500% strain, while the crystallinity percentage of NR added GE was 36.19% at the same strain.

A TMT-based proteomic approach for investigating the effect of electron beam irradiation on the textural profiles of Litopenaeus vannamei during chilled storage

To elucidate the effect of electron beam irradiation (EBI) on the textural quality of Litopenaeus vannamei, the tandem-mass-tag labeled proteomic method was conducted to illustrate the protein changes in shrimp muscle. The results suggested that shrimp irradiated with 5 kGy exhibited optimum textural traits of hardness, springiness, and chewiness. In total, 486 proteins were identified as differentially abundance proteins (DAPs) in multiple comparison groups. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that most of DAPs participated in cellular process, binding, and catalytic. etc. Various signaling pathways, such as RNA transport and oxidative phosphorylation, were notably enriched by DAPs. The correlation analysis indicated that some DAPs such as Myosin-XVIIIa, projectin, and beta-thymosin 3 were remarkably correlated with the textural properties, which could be proposed as potential biomarkers to assess the irradiation-induced textural variation in shrimp. This study provided an insightful understanding at the protein level to improve the application of EBI to shrimp preservation.

Effect of Various Doses of Electron Beam Irradiation Treatment on the Quality Characteristics of Vacuum-Packed Dry Fermented Sausage during Refrigerated Storage.

In this study, we investigated the effect of electron beam irradiation on the physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory attributes of dry fermented sausage during 8 weeks of refrigerated storage at 4°C. The five doses of e-beam irradiation applied were: 0 kGy (control) and 1, 2, 3, and 4 kGy. All the experimental treatments led to a significant decrease in pH values during the storage period of 60 days (P<0.05). The 2-kGy treatment caused a significant (P<0.05) decrease in pH value, bacterial growth (total plate count, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Escherichia coli), and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances values than other irradiated fermented sausage batches during the study. Irradiation did not affect the water activity value of the fermented sausage samples. For color characteristics, 3 kGy exhibited significantly lower (P<0.05) L* (lightness) values than other irradiation treatments. A similar trend of significantly lower (P<0.05) a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values was observed in all irradiated treatments than in the control. All the treatments showed no significant differences (P>0.05) in scores in sensory attributes (color and sourness); however, fermented sausage irradiated with 3 kGy had the highest sensory characteristics (overall acceptability) at the end of the storage period. In conclusion, 1, 2, and 3 kGy irradiation treatments can be beneficial for inhibiting lipid oxidation, controlling microbial growth, and maintaining sensory attributes of fermented sausage during storage, thereby enhancing their food safety and shelf stability.