Distortion Effects Research Articles

Green Technology Investment and Production Decisions Considering Stochastic Demand and Firms' Decision Preferences Under Cap‐and‐Trade Regulation

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates how finite rational firms optimally respond to market potential under cap‐and‐trade regulation, considering stochastic demand. Using the mean–variance model framework, we develop an optimization model for green technology investment and production by finite rational firms with different decision‐making preferences. The main results indicate: (1) Under stable demand, firms investing in green technology gain more profits and consumer surplus, however, the effectiveness of carbon emission reduction depends on the market potential size. (2) Under stochastic demand, optimal decisions resulting from firms' varying decision preferences systematically deviate from those of risk‐neutral firms and often demonstrate firms' risk‐averse tendencies that lean towards conservatism. As external factors change, there can even be a reversal in technology investment with an increase in demand uncertainty that amplifies this systematic deviation. (3) Taking firms with different decision‐making preferences as the starting point, this study further analyses the distortion effect of the firm's risk attitude on the optimal technology investment and production decisions, enriching the related research on the joint decision‐making risk model of clean production. And it is more pertinent to the complex situation firms face in the real situation with decision‐making. (4) This study provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for the finite rational firms facing green technology investment choices. Considering the risk‐averse characteristics of firms, this study suggests that the government should establish a risk‐sharing mechanism to weaken the deviation of stochastic demand from the optimal decision‐making of firms or implement certain subsidy policies to protect the profit level of firms.

Stability enhancement of an axial fan by foam metal casing treatment subjected to circumferential inlet distortion

Circumferential distortion has been a concern since the early development of aeroengines, typically leading to a decrease in stability and efficiency. This paper experimentally investigates the effect of circumferential distortion on a low-speed axial fan and evaluates the potential of foam metal casing treatment (FMCT) to improve the stall margin. Distortions with different intensities were modeled by covering variable areas with wire mesh sectors. Under different distortions, the stall margin with solid casing drops significantly from 38.6% to -7.4%, while FMCT achieves a notable improvement ranging from 14% to 20%. Unsteady measurements were conducted to analyze the pre-stall behavior and the variation in the tip blade loading. The evolution of disturbance energy is presented to discuss the effects of distortion and FMCT on fan stability. It is observed that the proportion of low-frequency disturbance energy amplifies gradually when the rotor is leaving the distorted region. As the distortion angle increases, the maximum amplitude of proportion intensifies. The comparison of the disturbance energy at near stall point between solid casing and FMCT shows that the broadband disturbance energy is suppressed by FMCT. Additionally, the enhancement of stability under inlet distortion is also attributed to the redistribution of tip blade loading.

EFFECT OF FLOW DISTORTIONS ON PIN FINS IN THE ENTRY REGION OF CIRCULAR CHANNELS

Abstract Utilizing heat transfer augmentation features at the inlet of aircraft engines as an additional heat sink requires further understanding of entry region heat transfer and flow field interactions. The effect of asymmetric flow fields or distortions on entry region heat transfer has not been studied. Because the addition of augmentation features will create a near-wall distortion that can impact downstream aircraft components, comparing entry region features to standard distortion screens can provide insight on the performance impact to aircraft engines. This study investigates the effect of inlet distortion screens on pin fin entry region heat transfer, in order to understand if flow field disturbances disrupt the benefits of augmented entry region heat transfer. The superposition of the distortion caused by pin fin features onto a screen distorted smooth entry region is also tested. Three distortion screens are investigated with pin fin arrays, each based on SAE standard designs. Reynolds numbers ranging from 1.5*105 to 3.50*105 are investigated. From this study, inlet heat transfer augmentation due to pin fins is not significantly impacted by inlet distortion flowfields. This is due to the near wall boundary layer impact of augmentation features overshadowing the effect of distortion. Due to the insensitivity of the near wall boundary layer for pin fin arrays with distortions, superimposing the smooth entry region distorted flow with the non-distorted pin fin array flow provides an adequate estimate of the flow field of the pin fin array with a distorted inlet.

"My Body Changed a Lot After Taking Medication. I'm Trying to Hide It but…" A Qualitative Exploration of Body Image Experiences of Women Living With Schizophrenia.

Although body image is one of the essential concepts that should be addressed in comprehensive care, the question of how body image affects women with schizophrenia remains unanswered. This study aimed to explore the body image experiences of women living with schizophrenia. This study employed a qualitative approach and participants were recruited from a community mental health center in Türkiye. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 women with schizophrenia. Data were analysed via content analysis. The data were categorised into five themes: (i) body image evaluation, (ii) factors affecting body image, (iii) effects of body image distortion, (iv) coping with body image challenges and (v) protective factors. Schizophrenia affects body functionality, appearance and the self. Women living with schizophrenia experience feelings of shame, sadness, worthlessness and anger related to their body appearance. Body image distortion leads to social distancing and treatment compliance problems. Mental health nurses should support patients to express their feelings and thoughts about the body and recognise their beliefs about ideal body image. Patients should be supported with psychoeducational interventions in the management of symptoms associated with body image disturbance such as weight gain, galactorrhea, sedation and hypersalivation.

Turbulence distortion and blockage in the induction zone of a horizontal axis turbine

Wind tunnel measurements of the incident turbulent velocity fields and axial forces on a horizontal axis turbine and porous disc analogues are reported. The models were tested in both a simulated atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and in grid turbulence, allowing for a range of turbulence length scale to rotor diameter ratios to be considered. A theoretical framework to account for the combined effect of distortion and potential flow blocking in the induction zone is presented. In the case of very large length-scale turbulence to diameter ratios, where distortion effects are minimal, a quasi-steady approach is adopted for the effect of blocking. For the small length-scale ratio limit, the method is developed from the classical analyses for rapid distortion of turbulence and blockage from flow through a porous sheet of resistance. For general length-scale ratios, an efficient prediction method based on interpolation between the two length-scale ratio extremes is established. For very large length-scale ratios, a quasi-steady theory without distortion is appropriate for a rotor or disc in a simulated ABL. The small length-scale theory is applicable for tests conducted in grid turbulence. The results of the study can inform the prediction and interpretation of typical measurements of turbulence within the induction zone and the fluctuating loads on a rotor, at both prototype and full scale. This is of particular importance to fatigue load assessments.

Design guidelines for SHS thin‐walled columns with large holes at their extremities

AbstractThin‐walled cold‐formed hollow columns are widely used in steel structure construction due to their advantages such as high strength, ductility and lightweight. When bolted connections are used, long bolts passing through the entire hollow cross‐section are required. An alternative solution could be that large holes are made in one of the column faces, at the level of the connections, allowing thus the hand tightening of ‘short’ classical bolts. This paper investigates the influence of these holes on the resistance and stability of the column and aims at determining a safe way to compute the resistance of cross‐sections and the stability of members in the presence of handholes. More specifically, square hollow sections (SHS) with large holes have been considered and their behaviour has been studied numerically using shell finite elements, accounting for local and distortional effects as well as material and geometrical non‐linearities. Then, the obtained results have been compared with the predictions obtained through the code provisions for cross‐section resistance and member buckling, in order to check their adequacy.

Comprehensive Assessment of Ferroresonance and its Effects in Selected Distribution Substations in Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Ferroresonance in distribution networks generates harmful harmonics, excessive heating, and potential transformer failures, yet limited research focuses on its impact in Nigerian low-voltage systems. This study examines ferroresonance susceptibility in low-voltage distribution transformers, with an emphasis on core saturation, harmonic distortion, and grading capacitance effects under varied operational conditions across substations in Lafia, Akwanga, and Keffi. By analyzing transformer responses from 50V to 500V and harmonic profiles in Delta (1.12Ω) and Star-Grounded (1.53Ω) configurations, the research highlights transformer design's critical role in ferroresonance resilience. Findings reveal that increasing grading capacitance from 90 pF to 1550 pF substantially elevated peak voltages from 0.420kV to 2.400kV (Lafia), 2.450kV (Akwanga), and 2.540kV (Keffi), and currents from 28A, 26A and 27A to 103A, 118A, and 130A, respectively. Voltage THD similarly rose from 6.5%, 6.3% and 6.7% to 35.5%, 38.2%, and 36.0%, respective; with current THD climbing from 7.8% 7.5% and 7.9% to 40.2%, 44.1%, and 42.3% respectively, indicating varying ferroresonance susceptibility across the substations. Delta configurations show lower ferroresonance risk compared to Star-Grounded types, underscoring optimal winding configuration and capacitance management as key resilience factors. Recommendations include targeted harmonic filtering and precise capacitance management to stabilize transformer operation. Future research should consider broader transformer model diversity, adaptive control systems, and machine learning techniques for enhanced ferroresonance risk assessments.

Oscillation frequencies of moderately rotating delta scuti stars: asymmetric mode splittings due to non-spherical distortion

ABSTRACT We find that the observed pressure-mode rotational splittings of slowly/moderately rotating $\delta$ Scuti stars and $\beta$ Cephei stars mostly have a positive asymmetry. That is, the left frequency spacing is larger than the right spacing in the dipole mode splitting triplets and the $l=2$ mode splitting multiplets (considering $m=1, 0, -1$ modes only). This is in agreement with the second-order perturbative effect of the rotational non-spherical distortion: both the prograde and retrograde modes have their frequencies shifted towards lower values relative to the $m=0$ modes. We thus study the rotational perturbation both in the first and second order, as well as the near-degeneracy mode coupling effect in MESA models representing $\delta$ Scuti stars. For faster rotators, the near-degeneracy mode coupling between the nearest radial and quadrupole modes can significantly shift the $m=0$ modes, reduce the splitting asymmetry, and even change its sign. We find the theoretical splitting asymmetry from the second-order non-spherical distortion can explain the observed asymmetry quantitatively. To facilitate future detections, we predict correlations between splitting asymmetry, splitting amplitude, and pulsation frequency. We also discuss additional factors that can influence splitting asymmetry, including embedded magnetic fields, resonant mode coupling, and binarity.

Electrochemical self-construction to fabricate NiFeCoMnSn electrocatalysts: Enhanced lattice distortion effect induced by Sn incorporation for superior hydrogen evolution performance

High-entropy alloy electrocatalysts can better regulate the electronic structure and provide opportunities for catalytic reactions to a greater extent due to the synergistic effect between its multi-metal components. In this paper, Ni-Fe-Co-Mn-Sn high-entropy alloy (NFCMS-HEA) electrocatalysts were successfully prepared by one-step electrodeposition method on nickel foam substrate. The introduction of Sn atoms, which have significantly different atomic sizes compared to other elements, results in an increased degree of lattice distortion in the HEA and a highly open multi-level nanostructured surface, thereby endowing the catalyst with exceptionally high hydrogen evolution performance. The optimized NFCMS-HEA electrocatalyst exhibits a low overpotential of 4.3 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a low Tafel slope of 59.7 mV dec−1 in 1 M KOH solution. In addition, it maintains a superior stability of electrolysis for more than 100 h in 1 M KOH solution. In conclusion, the present study offers prospects for the preparation of HER high-entropy catalysts by one-step electrodeposition.

An Analysis of The Distortive Effect of Environmental Policy Stringency on Physical Trade Balance for Fossil Fuels in China

ABSTRACT Utilizing advanced econometric techniques such as quantile ARDL regression and time-varying Granger causality tests, we offer empirical evidence that China’s stricter environmental policies distort its physical trade balance for fossil fuels. Our findings indicate a clear trend: stricter environmental policies cause significant increases in the amount by which fossil fuel resources contained in Chinese imports exceed those contained in its exports. This suggests a form of carbon leakage, where firms involved in domestic production and exportation of fossil fuels to evade the heightened costs associated with stringent regulations reduce domestic production, which is then replaced by foreign production. Our findings underscore an imbalance in the regulatory approach between domestic production/exports of fossil fuels and its imports. While regulations on domestic production and exports are becoming tighter, those governing imports remain relatively lax.

Regularized-renormalized-resummed loop corrected power spectrum of non-singular bounce with Primordial Black Hole formation

We present a complete and consistent exposition of the regularization, renormalization, and resummation procedures in the setup of having a contraction and then non-singular bounce followed by inflation with a sharp transition from slow-roll (SR) to ultra-slow roll (USR) phase for generating primordial black holes (PBHs). We consider following an effective field theory (EFT) approach and study the quantum loop corrections to the power spectrum from each phase. We demonstrate the complete removal of quadratic UV divergences after renormalization and softened logarithmic IR divergences after resummation and illustrate the scheme-independent nature of our renormalization approach. We further show that the addition of a contracting and bouncing phase allows us to successfully generate PBHs of solar-mass order, MPBH∼O(M⊙)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$M_\ extrm{PBH}\\sim \\mathcal{O}(M_{\\odot })$$\\end{document}, by achieving the minimum e-folds during inflation to be ΔNTotal∼O(60)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\Delta N_{\ extrm{Total}}\\sim \\mathcal{O}(60)$$\\end{document} and in this process successfully evading the strict no-go theorem. We notice that varying the effective sound speed between 0.88⩽cs⩽1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$0.88\\leqslant c_{s}\\leqslant 1$$\\end{document}, allows the peak spectrum amplitude to lie within 10-3⩽A⩽10-2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$10^{-3}\\leqslant A \\leqslant 10^{-2}$$\\end{document}, indicating that causality and unitarity remain protected in the theory. We analyse PBHs in the extremely small, MPBH∼O(10-33-10-27)M⊙\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$M_{\ extrm{PBH}}\\sim \\mathcal{O}(10^{-33}-10^{-27})M_{\\odot }$$\\end{document}, and the large, MPBH∼O(10-6-10-1)M⊙\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$M_{\ extrm{PBH}}\\sim \\mathcal{O}(10^{-6}-10^{-1})M_{\\odot }$$\\end{document}, mass limits and confront the PBH abundance results with the latest microlensing constraints. We also study the cosmological beta functions across all phases and find their interpretation consistent in the context of bouncing and inflationary scenarios while satisfying the pivot scale normalization requirement. Further, we estimate the spectral distortion effects and shed light on controlling PBH overproduction.

Competing mechanisms of charge-induced electric field distortion and charge-involved neutralization on surface discharge

Charge-induced surface discharge poses a critical risk to the operational reliability of high-voltage direct current gas-insulated equipment and pulsed power system. In this study, we investigate the effects of charge-induced electric field distortion and charge involvement during surface discharge by separately depositing charge spots on two dielectric layers. The results show that deposited positive charges inhibit positive streamer development, whereas negative charges facilitate it, primarily due to electric field distortion induced by deposited charges. Nevertheless, the involvement of deposited charges in streamer development predominantly exhibits a neutralizing effect, exerting an opposite influence on the streamers. This highlights a competitive relationship between deposited charge involvement and electric field distortion. Additionally, the neutralization of deposited charges with electron avalanches reduces the impact of charge-induced electric field distortion, thereby mitigating its effects on discharge.

Minimizing Polymer Curl Distortion and Heat Impact to Improve Digital Light Processing Printing Accuracy via Subdivision Method

Curl distortion has been a persistent challenge for vat photopolymerization‐based printing technology such as digital light processing (DLP), leading to structural deformation and print failures. This study presents a new approach to mitigate curling distortion and heat effects during DLP printing by dividing the printing layer image into sequential subimages, using a breadth‐first search algorithm. The progressive curing process, resembling a ripple pattern, results in a significant improvement in printing accuracy. The deviation is reduced tenfold when the layer image is divided into subimages with 10 pixels for a 32 mm diameter disc. Additionally, subdivision strategy helps to reduce the heat effect during photopolymerization, as monitored in situ by a long‐wave infrared camera. The successful reduction of residual stress using the subdivision strategy results in a 75% improvement in the mechanical performance of the printed products. The simple adoption of subdivision strategy in practical 3D printing applications is also demonstrated. For solid 3D printing structures, introducing intervals within the solid printing layers—such as using a grid structure instead of a fully solid one, can help to reduce curling and heat effects, thereby improving 3D printing accuracy.

Research Progress of High-entropy Oxides for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

High-entropy oxides (HEOs), similar to high-entropy materials (HEMs), have "four-core effects", i. e., high-entropy effect, delayed diffusion effect, lattice distortion effect and cocktail effect, which have attracted more and more attention in the scientific field of renewable energy technology due to their unique structural characteristics, variable chemical composition and corresponding functional properties. HEOs have become potential candidates for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which is a key half reaction for electrolytic CO2, nitrogen reduction, and water electrolysis. However, the precise synthesis of HEOs with a wide range of components and structures is challenging, not to mention their active and stable operation for OER. In this paper, we review the recent advancements in the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution facilitated by HEOs in water electrolysis. We analyze these developments from the perspectives of activity and stability in acid and alkaline conditions, respectively. Furthermore, we summarize the design from the aspect of element composition, structure, morphology, and catalyst-support interactions, along with related reaction mechanism of HEOs. Additionally, we discuss the current challenges faced by HEOs in the field of OER and suggest potential directions for the future development of HEOs beyond water electrolysis application.

Oxygen Vacancies and Lattice Distortion Synergistically Enhanced Piezocatalysis of CaZn2(BO3)2 for Nonantibiotic Pharmaceutical Degradation.

Piezocatalysis, an emerging green and advanced oxidation technology, has recently been widely researched in environmental treatment. However, the limited polarization efficiency of the piezocatalyst is a serious bottleneck for its practical application. The search for an excellent piezocatalyst with a high piezoelectric coefficient and abundant reactive sites remains an urgent task that needs to be developed. Herein, a piezocatalyst, CaZn2(BO3)2 (CZBO), obtained by quenching has an excellent piezocatalysis, which exhibited superior activity for ibuprofen (IBP) and carbamazepine (CBZ) removal with 100% and 83.8% efficiency under ultrasonic cavitation (120 W, 40 kHz) within 36 min, respectively. The outstanding piezocatalytic degradation was attributed to the strong polarization of the material under the synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies (OVs) and lattice distortion, which effectively facilitated the generation of a high concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The lattice distortion induced by O-deficient [BO3] plane units can promote the e- and h+ pair separation and transportation, and the OVs with abundant electron-rich regions can significantly decrease O-O bond activation energy, thus collaboratively contributing to the high production of ROS for IBP and CBZ degradation. This work provides a simple avenue for enhancing piezoelectric polarization based on the OVs and lattice distortion and proposes insights into the reaction mechanisms for degrading nonantibiotic pharmaceuticals in wastewater.

Self-correction of the optical distortion effect of thermal plumes in particle image velocimetry

Optical distortion caused by changes in the refractive index of fluid flow is a common issue in flow visualization using techniques, such as particle image velocimetry (PIV). In thermally driven convection, this distortion can severely interfere with PIV results due to the ubiquitous density and, therefore, refractive index heterogeneity in the fluid. The distortion also varies spatially and temporally, adding to the challenge. We propose a composite filter, the shadow-affected PIV region filter, which combines a series of conventional image filters to address this issue, focusing on optical distortion of thermal plumes in laminar flow. We verify the effectiveness of the filter using both synthetic particle images created from ray tracing and real particle images from the laboratory. For the first time, we effectively mitigate the optical distortion from plumes while preserving the in-plane plume velocity and overall flow pattern, with the PIV data alone. Our filter is efficient and does not require additional measurements, expensive ray tracing, or a large dataset to begin with. It can be extended to separate the flow field and the effect of optical distortion in other fluid experiments when the two components are visually distinct. Additionally, this filter can serve as a baseline algorithm for comparison when developing more advanced methods like neural networks.

Scaling Laws at Stall in an Axial Compressor with an Upstream Perturbation

An experimental campaign has been conducted to assess the effect of total pressure inlet distortion on a single stage axial compressor. Different grid sectors have been installed in front of the inlet of the compressor to generate the distortion. Pressure measurements and particle image velocimetry have been used to characterize the impact of the distortion on the flowfield and the performance of the compressor. The broad range of porosity and angular extension of the grid sectors has allowed identifying four different flow regimes characterised by a different response of the compressor. In particular, the low porosity introduces flow regimes which have been never encountered in typical distortion tests restricted to high-porosity grids. In two of these regimes, it has been possible to identify a new scaling of the stall margin versus a new distortion index based on more solid physical ground than already existing indices such as the DC60. The experiments have also shown that for each of these four flow regimes behind the grid different rotating stall features (spike stall or modal stall) appear. A scaling of the stall dynamic has been finally provided thanks to analysis of unsteady casing static pressure signals acquired during the stall transient.

Non-equilibrium turbulent boundary layers in high reynolds number flow at incompressible conditions: effects of streamline curvature and three dimensionality

The physics and computational prediction of turbulent boundary layer flow over axisymmetric and three-dimensional bodies are examined. Three cases were considered for which extensive experimental results and companion Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) solutions were obtained and/or available in the open literature. These cases all have Reynolds numbers based upon the freestream velocity and body geometric scale on the order of 10 5 to 10 6 , which is large for laboratory scales but small compared to the maximum scales observed for full-scale vehicles. Despite significant differences in approach flow fields and geometries for these three cases, some common themes emerged in the findings. All cases involved complications due to pressure gradients combined with streamwise curvature, and all exhibited regions of turbulence reduction due to accelerated flow. These complications led to discrepancies in computed results even in attached flow regions where it is often assumed that RANS models provide reliable predictions. The authors recommend further work on modelling approaches that can capture rapid distortion effects on turbulence transport that can be incorporated into industry-useful frameworks. Two cases involving laterally symmetric, three-dimensional wall-mounted hills with aft-body separation revealed that asymmetric mean flow fields are likely to result. This finding has been observed in experiments conducted in multiple facilities and in computations using multiple solvers and turbulence models. It is concluded that non-unique and asymmetric global flow solutions are fundamental to flow cases with lateral geometric symmetry involving turbulent boundary layer separation. Further work is also needed to accurately predict low-frequency unsteadiness due to geometries that produce non-unique mean flow fields. For such flows, it remains to be definitively determined whether experimentally observed modes of the mean flow are equivalent, or nearly equivalent, to asymmetric mean flow solutions obtained using RANS approaches.

Playback method for dynamic star map simulation by fusing cosmic background radiation information

In this study, a playback method for dynamic star map simulation fusing cosmic background radiation information was proposed to improve the playback speed of star maps. The image distortion effect before and after the fusion of star maps and cosmic background radiation was evaluated using peak signal-to-noise ratios. The performance of the proposed and the global catalog traversal generation algorithms without cosmic background radiation simulation capability, as well as the indicators, were experimentally compared. The results showed that the average refresh rates of the view cone filtering star map fast-generation algorithm and the fusion playback algorithm of the star map and cosmic background radiation were 74.2 and 73.7 Hz, respectively. Compared with the entire catalog traversal generation algorithm, the instantaneous stability of the single-frame star map was improved by 3.045 and 3.305 times, respectively, and the consumed time consistency was improved by 4.646 and 5.068 times, respectively.

Development of Attentive-Based Trans-UNet and Cycle Generative Adversarial Networks for Underwater Image Enhancement

Researchers across the globe have been investigating underwater photographs and a way to capture pictures with outstanding clarity for the past couple of decades. Also, improving the obtained photographs is an exhausting task. Usually, applied underwater image-capturing devices are unable to acquire high-resolution photos underwater, and their maintenance is extremely costly. The underwater images include multiple flaws because of biological processes like attenuation and scattering. These photographs experience color distortion, blurriness, and low contrast effects. Technologies that utilize deep learning have become more popular among several research studies and have gradually grown in impact on society. Several techniques demand sets of training photos, but gathering such expected sets can be challenging because of the complex nature of the underwater environment. Generating and restoring an image from water is a difficult task that has gained prominence in recent days. By lowering graininess, adjusting, and refining the photos using deep learning models, the major goal is to enhance underwater images. To accomplish this objective, an intelligent attention-based deep learning model is proposed. In the first stage, the unrefined images are gathered from typical data sources. Further, the collected underwater images are fed into the model of Attentive-based Trans-UNet-CycleGAN (ATUNet-CGAN), where the Transformer-based UNet model is integrated with the Cycle Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). Also, the attention mechanism process is involved in Trans-UNet-CycleGAN for improving the superiority of submarine images. Finally, the performance of the model is validated using different metrics and correlated among baseline approaches. Therefore, the proposed methodology outperforms the exploitation of better enhancement of image quality.