Dispersion Effects Research Articles

Ion-acoustic solitons in multicomponent plasma with two temperature non-Maxwellian electrons

The study of ion-acoustic solitons (IASs) in an unmagnetised collisionless plasma system having inertial fluid ions and two temperature hot as well as cold electrons obeying Cairns–Tsallis (CT) distribution is presented. Using reductive perturbation method, the KdV equation is derived. Further, introducing higher-order effects of nonlinearity and dispersion, a nonlinear KdV-type inhomogeneous equation is derived that supports the formation of dressed solitons. The combined effects of higher-order corrections and various plasma parameters are analysed on the characteristics of the different kinds of ion-acoustic solitons with implications to Saturn's magnetosphere.

Pfaffian solutions and nonlinear dynamics of surface waves in two horizontal and one vertical directions with dispersion, dissipation and nonlinearity effects

This study delves into the exploration of the (3+1)-dimensional generalized nonlinear fractional Konopelchenko–Dubrovsky–Kaup–Kupershmidt (GFKDKK) system, a crucial nonlinear evolution equation governing wave motion across various physical domains. The core aim is to devise innovative analytical solutions for this system employing the Khater III technique and an enhanced Kudryashov methodology integrated with the conformable fractional derivative.The GFKDKK system holds pivotal significance in modeling and comprehending diverse scientific phenomena, ranging from fluid dynamics to plasma physics and nonlinear optics. This research endeavors to harness the potential of the Khater III technique and the updated Kudryashov approach to offer fresh analytical insights into nonlinear fractional differential equations, thus enriching the existing knowledge base in this domain.The attained solutions furnish invaluable insights into the dynamics of the system and its potential applications, thereby facilitating the development of effective numerical simulations and analytical frameworks. The study’s significance lies in its contribution to the ongoing exploration of nonlinear fractional differential equations and their practical implications across various industries.In conclusion, the research affirms the efficacy of the Khater III method and the enhanced Kudryashov technique, complemented by the conformable fractional derivative, in obtaining analytical solutions for the (3+1)-dimensional GFKDKK system. The novelty lies in the application of these methodologies to this specific system, resulting in the discovery of new analytical solutions that enhance our understanding of its behavior and characteristics.

Enhancing flotation separation of fine-grained cassiterite and calcite with cetylpyridine bromide as a dispersant

Calcite is a common gangue mineral in tin ore, which seriously affects the flotation of fine-grained cassiterite. The enhanced flotation separation of fine-grained cassiterite and calcite with cetylpyridine bromide (CPB) as a dispersant were investigated in the study. The CPB significantly improved the flotation separation efficiency of fine-grained cassiterite and calcite, and it exhibited an excellent dispersion effect and relieved the coating phenomenon of calcite particles on the surface of cassiterite particles. The CPB changed the surface potential of cassiterite from negative value to positive value when the pH was in the range of 3.4–11.5. However, regardless of treatment with CPB, the surface potential of calcite was positive when the pH was below 11.5. The O on the surface of cassiterite reacted with CPB, promoting the chemical adsorption of CPB on the surface of cassiterite. There was weak physical adsorption between CPB and calcite. The covering between cassiterite and calcite without CPB was mainly dependent on van der Waals interaction energy and electrostatic interaction energy. When CPB was in the presence, cassiterite and calcite were repelled by the hydrophobic interaction energy and electrostatic interaction energy.

Fe3O4/AM-PAA/Ni nanomagnetic spheres: A breakthrough in in-situ catalytic reduction of heavy oil viscosity

In-situ catalytic technology for heavy oil reservoirs is widely regarded as one of the most promising methods for heavy oil extraction. However, its large-scale application faces significant challenges due to the lack of efficient stable catalysts, and issues related to the dispersion of catalysts during the injection process. This study introduces a modified nanomagnetic sphere, Fe3O4/AM-PAA/Ni, with catalytic and surface-active properties. With a 1 % mass fraction of Fe3O4/AM-PAA/Ni and 1 % tetrahydronaphthalene (hydrogen donor) at 180°C, heavy oil viscosity dropped by 94.21 %, and asphaltenes and resin reduced by approximately 20 %. Core flooding and alternating magnetic field experiments demonstrated superior dispersion and heating effects for Fe3O4/AM-PAA/Ni nanoparticles compared to traditional Fe3O4. Mechanism analysis revealed that the unpaired electrons and d-orbitals on Fe3O4/AM-PAA/Ni’s transition metals facilitated hydrocarbon chain breakdown and interaction with heteroatoms, while nanoscale nickel enhanced catalytic activity for C-S bond cleavage, further reducing oil viscosity. The amphiphilic polymers on the surface of magnetic nanospheres significantly enhanced the dispersion of the catalyst in heavy oil, increasing the reaction contact area and thereby improving the catalytic performance. This research not only offers vital theoretical insights and practical strategies for efficient heavy oil extraction but also paves the way for advancements in reservoir in-situ modification technologies, showcasing significant application potential and academic value.

Dynamics of geometric shape solutions for space-time fractional modified equal width equation with beta derivative

The modified equal width equation describes the propagation of shallow water waves in which nonlinear and dispersive effects are significant, including phenomena such as wave breaking, soliton interactions, ion-acoustic waves, energy transfer in plasma, and nonlinear stress waves. The aim of this article is to establish some novel and generic solutions to the space-time fractional modified equal width (MEW) equation using the two variable (θ′/θ, 1/θ)-expansion technique, a modification of the (θ′/θ)-expansion method. A wide range of geometric shapes and inclusive soliton solutions have been constructed, comprising rational, trigonometric, and hyperbolic solutions, along with their integration to the equation under consideration. The two- and three-dimensional graphs of the solitons, including periodic, V-shaped, bell-shaped, singular periodic, flat kink-shaped, plane-shaped, peakon, and parabolic, illustrate the physical aspects of the solitary wave solution and the effect of the fractional parameter. The results demonstrate the efficiency, appropriateness, and reliability of the adopted technique for investigating fractional-order nonlinear evolution equations in science, technology, and engineering.

Modulational instability, modulated wave, and optical solitons for a generalized highly dispersive cubic-quintic-septic-nonic medium with self-frequency shift and self-steepening nonlinear terms

In this research, we delve into a generalized highly dispersive (HD) nonlinear Schrödinger equation, enriched with cubic-quintic-septic-nonic (CQSN) nonlinearities. The core of our investigation revolves around the perturbation of plane waves, aiming to understand their stability characteristics in such a complex medium. We investigate the influence of various factors such as the amplitude of the plane wave, perturbed wave number, nonic nonlinear term, and fourth-order dispersion term. Our findings indicate that increasing the amplitude of the plane wave widens the modulation instability (MI) bands and amplifies the MI growth rate. In contrast, increasing the nonic nonlinear term has opposing effects, narrowing the MI bands and diminishing the amplitude of the MI growth rate. Increasing the fourth-order dispersion term does not affect the amplitude of the MI growth rate but narrows the MI bands. The observed pattern of increasing and then decreasing MI intensity with rising K can be attributed to the complex interplay among phase matching conditions, dispersion effects, and nonlinear saturation. Initially, higher K enhances phase matching and boosts MI growth. However, as K increases further, the combined influence of dispersion and nonlinear effects can diminish the effectiveness of phase matching, resulting in a reduction in MI intensity. A significant portion of our work is dedicated to identifying and analyzing modulated rational, polynomial Jacobi elliptic function solutions, and the emergence of optical solitons within this framework. These findings provide new insights into the nonlinear dynamics underpinning the generalized HDNLSE, enriched with CQSN nonlinearities, offering valuable contributions to the theoretical understanding of such phenomena.

Exploring the dynamic interplay of intermodal and higher order dispersion in nonlinear negative index metamaterials

Our study delves into the intricate interplay of various factors within metamaterials, with a focus on modulation instability. Through our research, we elucidate the intricate dynamics involving intermodal dispersion, self-steepening effect, higher order dispersion, and plane wave amplitude, showcasing their competition and influence on modulation instability phenomena. We aim to explore the impact of intermodal dispersion and higher-order effects by numerically solving the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE), which models the propagation of a few-cycle pulse in a nonlinear metamaterial. Our modulation instability (MI) analysis captures the complex dynamics these factors introduce. We demonstrate the spatiotemporal evolution of MI under different parameter values, revealing how these variations influence the instability’s development and characteristics. This approach provides a detailed understanding of the system’s behavior across various conditions, highlighting the roles of intermodal dispersion and higher-order effects. We demonstrate that the behavior of modulation instability bands and their reliance on parameters such as self-steepening and wave amplitude is contingent upon the specific characteristics of the optical setup and medium dispersion properties

Low-cost and sustainable fabrication of waste rubber derived porous carbon for o-nitrophenol removal with high practical application potential: A waste salt-free and recyclable template strategy

The large-scale utilization of nitrophenols and the rapid replacement of rubber products have led to an explosive increase in emissions and waste. Herein, we report a low-cost, sustainable, recyclable nano ZnO-templating synthesis strategy to fabricate porous carbon materials derived from waste rubber. Zinc acetate, employed as the template precursor, can be readily removed and recycled through acetic acid leaching, thereby mitigating production expenses and circumventing the generation of saline wastewater throughout the synthetic procedure. The porous carbons fabricated possess tunable textural characteristics, as well as in-situ doping of oxygen-containing species. The sample of WRPC-1.25 owning high specific surface area of 1088.68 m2/g and volume of 2.58 cm3/g exhibits remarkable adsorption capacity of 393.42 mg/g for ONP in batch and of 300.2 mg/g in fixed bed continuous flow adsorption test. Additionally, the WRPC-1.25 demonstrates excellent practical application potential for ONP removal both in the continuous dynamic adsorption-regeneration cycles and environmental test. Based on material characterization, adsorption evaluation tests and theoretical calculations, the synergistic adsorption mechanism of ONP on carbon surfaces, governed by pore filling, dispersion effects, and strong electrostatic attraction originating from oxygen functional groups, was elucidated.

Identifying important species in meta‐communities

Abstract With the ongoing biodiversity crisis, identifying which species are of particular importance to prevent the extinction of other species has become a pressing issue. However, most approaches to detect these important species are made at a local (i.e, community) level, without considering the potential effect of species dispersion in a landscape. As habitat fragmentation has important effects on biodiversity, we need methods to better assess how local and spatial processes interact to determine important species and therefore better inform conservation efforts. We present a modified PageRank algorithm to determine the importance of species in meta‐communities. Species importance is defined as the ability of species in the meta‐community to spread nutrients within two sets of networks: food webs that depict local trophic interactions and landscape networks representing the movement of species across different habitat patches. We show that dispersal and trophic links jointly determine the importance of the different species, both at the local scale (within habitat patches) and at larger scales (landscape). More precisely, we observed that (i) what is considered an important species changes between isolated communities and meta‐communities and (ii) the importance of a species in a meta‐community depends on the position of its habitat patch in the landscape network. The importance of a species is influenced by both intrinsic factors (dispersal capacity, trophic position) and extrinsic factors (position of the patch in the landscape network). Our results stress the need for a larger‐scale consideration of space in the identification of important species.

Analytical and numerical solutions to the generalized Schrödinger equation with fourth-order dispersion and nonlinearity

This study aims to solve the generalized Schrödinger equation with fourth-order dispersion and cubic-quintic nonlinearity (4-Order-GNLSE) using advanced analytical and numerical methods. The 4-Order-GNLSE is critical in understanding complex wave propagation phenomena in various physical contexts, including optical fibers and fluid dynamics, where higher-order dispersion and nonlinear effects are significant. We employ the Khater II (Khat II) and modified Rational (MRat) methods to construct analytical solutions. To validate these solutions, we utilize the trigonometric-quantic-B-spline (TQBS) method as a numerical scheme, demonstrating a close match between analytical and numerical results. Our findings indicate that the proposed methods effectively capture the intricate dynamics governed by the 4-Order-GNLSE. The results highlight the relevance of these solutions in practical applications, offering new insights into the wave propagation behaviors influenced by higher-order dispersion and nonlinearities. This research provides a significant contribution to the field of nonlinear wave equations, presenting novel solutions and validating methodologies that enhance our understanding and potential applications of these complex systems.

Investigation of an absorption plasmonic electro-optical modulator based on the free carrier dispersion effect in the aluminum doped zinc oxide layer

A plasmonic electro-optical modulator, which is based on the free carrier dispersion effect, has been introduced here. The structure of the proposed modulator is a substrate of fused silica/gold/aluminum doped zinc oxide/hafnium dioxide/gold/air. The free carrier dispersion effect occurs in the aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) layer. As the electrical permittivity of the AZO layer is near zero (the epsilon near zero effect) at a wavelength of 1.55 μm, the amplitude of an electrical field is high in this layer, therefore, the modulator is highly sensitive to the varying refractive index of this layer. By applying a voltage to two gold layers, the electrical charge density changes in the AZO layer. Therefore, the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index have been changed, which led to a change in the absorption of the modulator. In order to obtain the charge density distribution in the AZO layer, the Poisson equation is solved by using the finite difference method. To investigate modulator absorption, the Nelder-Mead method is implemented in order to solve the dispersion equation numerically. Finally, the magnetic field, the electric field, and the time average of the Poynting vector have been given by using the least squares approximation method.

Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystal‐Doped Cellulose Triacetate Optical Films by Sol‐Gel Process

AbstractA bio‐based nanocomposite optical film was obtained through a simple sol‐gel process and solution casting. The dispersion effect of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) gel and the optical properties, mechanical performance and thermal stability of CNC‐doped cellulose triacetate (TAC) films (TAC−X) were systematically evaluated. The results show that CNCs can be well dispersed in hydrophobic organic solvents and TAC matrices through the sol‐gel process. TAC−X film has excellent optical properties, its light transmittance is above 92 %, its haze value and birefringence are low, ranging from 0.21±0.01 % to 0.38±0.02 %, and (1.64±0.26)×10−6 to (2.49±0.50)×10−6 respectively. When doped with 2 wt % CNCs, the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the TAC‐2 film were 33.0 % and 30.1 % higher than those of the pure TAC film, separately. At the same time, the TAC−X film also maintains good thermal stability, with its glass transition temperature and maximum decomposition temperature falling between 215–216 °C and 366–368 °C respectively. The simple sol‐gel process provides a convenient and efficient way to use CNCs doping to enhance the physical and mechanical properties of TAC optical films.

Dynamics of fractional solitonic profiles to multicomponent Gross–Pitaevskii system

The fractional multicomponent Gross-Pitaevskii system arising in the Bose-Einestein condensate is under consideration. The Gross-Pitaevskii equation plays a significant role in Bose-Einstein condensation and engineering, where it characterizes the dynamics of the condensate wave function. Superfluidity and superconductivity are two characteristics of the low-temperature phenomenon that are linked to the Bose–Einstein condensate, which is generated by a diluted atomic gas. The investigation of multi-component equations has garnered considerable attention because of their capacity to clarify intricate physical phenomena and reveal the dynamic configurations of localized wave solutions. A variety of solutions have been secured in various forms, including bright, dark, singular, and combo solitons, in addition to solutions of hyperbolic, periodic, and exponential functions. For the purpose of ensuring the solutions, recently developed integration tools called the modified Sardar subequation method and enhanced modified extended tanh-expansion method have been implemented. In nonlinear dispersive media, solitons are stretched electromagnetic waves that maintain their intensity due to a balance between the effects of dispersion and nonlinearity. The proposed approaches are certainly the most direct, efficient, and valuable method for dealing with multiple nonlinear models that arise in applied physics and mathematics, with the purpose of generating various types of exact solutions. In addition, 3D, 2D, contour, and density plots have been utilized to visually represent the obtained results, facilitating a greater understanding of the physical effects of the derived solutions. The solutions attained are of great importance with regard to their applicability across a wide range of quantum systems.

Dry reforming of methane at high temperature and elevated pressure over nickel spinellized powder catalyst and pellets prepared from a metallurgical residue

AbstractThe coke deposition on catalysts is a significant problem in the dry reforming of methane at elevated pressures. Understanding and controlling the mechanisms of such deposition is essential in developing a techno‐economically viable industrial application for the production of synthesis gas and/or hydrogen. The patent‐pending nickel‐supported upgraded slag oxide (Ni‐UGSO) catalysts, in powder form, have demonstrated excellent performance and achieved equilibrium in dry reforming, steam reforming and mixed methane reforming in a gram‐scale laboratory packed bed reactor under barometric pressure. In this extended study, Ni‐UGSO pellets were prepared using the wet impregnation method. The pelletized form of said catalyst was studied under elevated pressure to imitate the industrial operating conditions in a kilogram‐scale laboratory packed bed reactor. The characterization of the fresh and used catalytic formulation produced data allowing the investigation of the physicochemical properties of catalysts and the effects of metal dispersion, reaction pressure and crystallite size, as well as the role of side reactions on the nature of the coke. The metal support nature favored the interaction between the Ni metal and spinels (UGSO), and the presence of the clay binder (kaolinite, quartz) improved the pellet morphology, provided higher Ni dispersion, maintained the crystallite size, reduced the coke formation and achieved similar or higher performance with respect to Ni‐UGSO powder despite having 85% less surface area. The Ni‐UGSO pellet showed negligible coke deposits from 1 to 6.5 atm and operated successfully for 24 h at 5.5 atm, 800°C and gas hourly space velocity 810 L/(h kg cat). This study provides new insight into the design of a more efficient and robust catalyst for methane dry reforming at elevated pressures, which is critical for potential future transfer at the industrial level.

Polydopamine coating for enhanced electrostatic adsorption of methylene blue by multiwalled carbon nanotubes in alkaline environments

The removal of dye molecules in alkaline environments is an issue that should receive increased attention. In this study, the interaction mechanism between polydopamine-modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes (P-MWCNTs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with the cationic dye methylene blue (MB) in alkaline environments was explained in depth by adsorption, spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT). The mechanism of action and dominant forces between the adsorbent and adsorbate were analyzed graphically by introducing energy decomposition analysis (EDA) and an independent gradient model (IGM) into the DFT calculations. In addition, the force distribution was investigated through an isosurface. Moreover, batch adsorption studies were conducted to evaluate the performance of MWCNTs and P-MWCNTs for MB removal in alkaline environments. The maximum MB adsorption capacities of the MWCNTs and P-MWCNTs in solution were 113.3 mg‧g−1 and 230.4 mg‧g−1, respectively, at pH 9. The IGM and EDA showed that the better adsorption capacity of the P-MWCNTs originated from the enhancement of the electrostatic effect by the proton dissociation of polydopamine. Moreover, the adsorption of MB by MWCNTs and P-MWCNTs in alkaline environments was governed by dispersion and electrostatic effects, respectively. Through this study, it is hoped that progress will be made in the use of DFT to explore the mechanism of adsorbent-adsorbate interactions.

Effects of sentiment quantity, dispersion, and dissimilarity on online review forwarding behavior: An empirical analysis

Online forwarding behavior, which involves users sharing information through URLs on social media platforms, has been extensively acknowledged as important to businesses, society, and individuals. Although previous research has discussed its antecedents from the sentiment perspective, most of them focus on the effect size, without differentiating the distinct effects of positive and negative sentiment. This study not only tests the association between positive (negative) sentiment and online forwarding but also examines how the aforementioned association varies from sentiment dispersion, measured by the variance of sentiment between individuals and groups (i.e., positive vs. negative sentiment dispersions); and sentiment dissimilarity, measured by the inconsistency between review content and title in terms of sentiment (i.e., positive vs. negative sentiment dissimilarities). Analysis of the data set collected from TripAdvisor yields the following findings: (1) positive sentiment negatively affects forwarding behavior, (2) negative sentiment positively affects forwarding behavior, (3) positive sentiment dispersion strengthens the negative effect of positive sentiment, but the moderation effect of positive sentiment dissimilarity is insignificant, and (4) negative sentiment dispersion/dissimilarity dampens the positive effect of negative sentiment. Findings extend our understanding of sentiment and online forwarding by highlighting the heterogeneous effects of positive and negative sentiments, thereby providing suggestions for forwarding function design.

Dispersion effect of nano-structure pyrolytic carbon on mechanical, electrical, and microstructural characteristics of cement mortar composite

ABSTRACT In material science, converting waste into nanomaterials by green technologies highlights the interest in producing sustainable carbon nanomaterial (SCN). This study first-ever utilized tyre-char as a Nano-Structure Pyrolytic Carbon (NSPC) to develop electrically conductive composites. Unlike other carbon nanomaterials, the efficiency of NSPC particle as an SCN in developing electrically conductive composites was investigated in terms of dispersion, mechanical, water absorption, electrical resistivity, and microstructure. The results of sedimentation and zeta potential (−19 mV) showed the excellent dispersion of NSPC particle in water with the combined effect of superplasticizer and ultrasonication. The compressive (40.37%) and flexural strength (10.76%) than that of plain cement mortar composite (CMC) is achieved with 2 wt.% and 1.5 wt.% of NSPC particle, respectively. The water absorption rate and volume of permeable voids were reduced, exhibiting less agglomerations. The percolation zone of AC and DC resistivity of NSPC composite ranges between 1 and 2 wt.%, and the established percolation threshold is at 2 wt.%. XRD analysis showed C-S-H formation consistently increased with curing age, and HR-SEM with EDAX analysis exhibits the dense microstructure and well-distributed NSPC particle at the nanoscale. These experimental outcomes significantly enhanced the reliability and provided a framework for tailoring NSPC particle as SCN for developing electrically conductive composite.

Visualization of non-linear continuous wave dispersion effects on fiber grating with spreadsheets in online learning

Spreadsheet software is a practical and straightforward computing and graphics tool. The use of Spreadsheets can reduce the risk of practicum in class and can be used remotely. This research presents a simple way to build a physics simulation based on mathematical equations in spreadsheet software. The simulation aims to visualize the effect of non-linear continuous wave dispersion on fiber gratings. Simulations can visualize different modes. The mathematical equations in fiber optics for non-linear effects are quite complex. Visualization can assist students in interpreting mathematical equations and making connections between theoretical and experimental modeling.

Investigating the effects of landscape productivity on the spatial ecology of a threatened marsupial inside feral predator exclosures

AbstractLandscape productivity and resource dispersion are key drivers of the movement patterns of many species. In less productive environments, home ranges are generally larger as individuals travel further to access resources. The greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis) has been reintroduced to several feral predator exclosures to reduce their extinction risk. Understanding how landscape productivity and resource dispersion influence bilby space use is critical to enable effective management of populations in exclosures. At two exclosures, we tested three hypotheses: 1. Bilbies would preferentially utilize habitats with sandy substrates (<20% clay content), as they are suitable for digging burrows and foraging pits; 2. Home ranges would be larger at the arid site compared to the semi‐arid site due to lower productivity and patchier distribution of preferred habitats; and 3. Bilbies would travel further each night at the arid site to access preferred habitats. Rainfall was used as an indicator of productivity, and dispersion of preferred habitats as an indicator of resource dispersion. The study was undertaken during average rainfall conditions and under similar bilby population densities at both sites. GPS loggers recorded home ranges and movements of 10 bilbies at the arid site, and 11 bilbies at the semi‐arid site. Seventeen of the 21 bilbies preferentially utilized habitats with sandy substrates, which were less abundant at the arid site. There were no significant differences in home range size or nightly movements between the sites for either sex. We suggest the average rainfall conditions at both sites, and the dietary flexibility of bilbies, supported the maintenance of relatively small and stable home ranges (particularly for females). The effects of landscape productivity and resource dispersion on bilby space use are more likely to be evident during extended periods of below average rainfall. Bilby home range studies during low rainfall conditions (e.g. drought) are required for the effective, long‐term management of exclosure populations.

Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing With or Without Conduction System Capture in Heart Failure Models

BackgroundLeft bundle branch area pacing includes left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) and left ventricular septal pacing (LVSP), which is effective in patients with dyssynchronous heart failure (DHF). However, the basic mechanisms are unknown. ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare LBBP with LVSP and explore potential mechanisms underlying the better clinical outcomes of LBBP. MethodsA total of 24 beagles were assigned to the following groups: 1) control group; 2) DHF group, left bundle branch ablation followed by 6 weeks of AOO pacing at 200 ppm; 3) LBBP group, DHF for 3 weeks followed by 3 weeks of DOO pacing at 200 ppm; and 4) LVSP with the same interventions in the LBBP group. Metrics of electrocardiogram, echocardiography, hemodynamics, and expression of left ventricular proteins were evaluated. ResultsCompared with LVSP, LBBP had better peak strain dispersion (44.67 ± 1.75 ms vs 55.50 ± 4.85 ms; P < 0.001) and hemodynamic effect (dP/dtmax improvement: 27.16% ± 7.79% vs 11.37% ± 4.73%; P < 0.001), whereas no significant differences in cardiac function were shown. The altered expressions of proteins in the lateral wall vs septum in the DHF group were partially reversed by LBBP and LVSP, which was associated with the contraction and adhesion process, separately. ConclusionsThe animal study demonstrated that LBBP offered better mechanical synchrony and improved hemodynamics than LVSP, which might be explained by the reversed expression of contraction proteins. These results supported the potential superiority of left bundle branch area pacing with the capture of the conduction system in DHF model.