Effects Of Different Exercise Modalities Research Articles

Effects of different exercise modalities on novel hepatic steatosis indices in overweight women with type 2 diabetes.

Background/AimsFatty liver is a clinical and pathologic condition in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of different exercise modalities on non-alcoholic fatty liver indices (fatty liver index [FLI], lipid accumulation product [LAP], hepatic steatosis index [HSI], and Framingham Steatosis Index [FSI]) in women with T2D.MethodsFifty-two women with T2D and a mean age of 55.07±5.92 yrs, body mass index (BMI) 28.94±4.09 kg/m2 , and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 9.41±0.82% were randomized to a sprint interval training (SIT) (n=17), combined aerobic and resistance (A+R) training (n=17), or control group (n=18) for 10 weeks. Two-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find differences between groups and the effects of time and Time×Group interactions after 10 weeks on non-alcoholic fatty liver indices. After this, ANOVA models were constructed to determine the effects of group allocation and change in non-alcoholic fatty liver indices.ResultsThere were significant time interactions for FLI (P<0.001), HSI (P<0.001), and LAP (P<0.001). Also, there were significant Time×Group interactions for fasting blood glucose (P=0.034), and HbA1c (P=0.006).ConclusionsResults highlight that exercise training, independent of mode of training, is an effective strategy to improve some indices related to hepatic steatosis and blood glucose profiles in women with T2D.

Effects of different exercise modalities on S-Klotho plasma levels in middle-aged sedentary adults

Effects of different exercise modalities on S-Klotho plasma levels in middle-aged sedentary adults

Influence of different rehabilitative aerobic exercise programs on (anti-) inflammatory immune signalling, cognitive and functional capacity in persons with MS \u2013 study protocol of a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundStudies have shown positive effects of therapeutic exercise on motor- and cognitive function as well as on psychosocial outcomes in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). A reduction of inflammatory stress through physical exercise has been suspected as one key mechanism, mediating the positive effects of exercise in the context of MS. The primary objective of this trial is to investigate the acute and chronic effects of different exercise modalities on (anti-)inflammatory immune signalling as well as on cognitive and functional capacity in persons with MS.MethodsA two armed single-blind randomized controlled design will investigate 72 persons with relapsing remitting or secondary progressive MS (EDSS 3.0–6.0), during 3 weeks of inpatient rehabilitation. Participants will be randomized into either a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or a moderate continuous training group; the latter represents the local standard therapy (ST). Both groups will exercise 3x per week. The HIIT group will perform 5 × 1.5-min high-intensive exercise bouts at 95–100% of their maximum heart rate (HRmax) followed by active breaks of unloaded pedalling (60% HRmax) for 2 min. In contrast, the ST group will exercise for 24 min continuously at 65% of HRmax. The proportion of circulating regulatory T-cells will be measured as primary outcome. Secondary outcomes comprise numbers and proportions of further immune cells including Th17-cells, soluble factors ((anti-) inflammatory cytokines, tryptophan metabolites), endurance capacity, cognitive performance, processing skills for activities of daily living, fatigue, depression and healthcare-related quality of life. Outcomes will be assessed before (T0) and after (T3) the 3-week exercise intervention program. Blood samples of T0 will be taken immediately before the first exercise session. Additionally, blood samples for the soluble factors will be collected immediately after (T1) and three hours (T2) after the first exercise session of each group.DiscussionThis study will be the first to investigate both acute and chronic effects of aerobic exercise on immune function and disease associated biomarkers in persons with MS. Combining biological analyses with cognitive and functional capacity assessments may contribute to a better understanding of responses to rehabilitative training, needed to improve exercise recommendations for persons with MS.Trial registrationThis trial was prospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03652519; 29 August 2018).

Comparison of vascular arterial stiffness parameters of adolescent wrestlers with healthy subjects: Is heavy training harmful for wrestlers?

The effect of different exercise modalities on the vascular structure has been the subject of clinical trials but there is not enough data about wrestlers. This study aimed to compare the arterial stiffness parameters in adolescent wrestlers with those of age-matched sedentary controls to show the effects of long and heavy training. This study was carried out as a case-control study. Thirty three (N= 33) elite male adolescent wrestlers (12-18 years) and 35 age and sex-matched control subjects (P= 0.438) with a sedentary lifestyle were included the study. The data was obtained by using sonography and a sphygmomanometer. Systolic and diastolic diameters and intima media thickness (IMT) measurements were performed from the carotid arteries of the subjects. The arterial tension was measured in the same session, and arterial stiffness parameters were calculated using specific formulas. The mean age range was 15.9 ± 0.9 years and 16.0 ± 0.8 years for the wrestlers and control subjects, respectively (P= 0.43). Statistically, the Body Mass Index (BMI) was significantly higher in wrestlers (mean = 23.7 ± 4.0kg/m2; P= 0.00). The groups had no difference in height (P= 0.80) and weight (P= 0.05). The systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly higher in wrestlers (mean = 120 ± 13.4 mmHg; P= 0.00); the pulse was significantly lower in wrestlers (mean = 69.61 ± 17.2 beats/min; P= 0.00); the IMT was significantly lower in wrestlers (IMT mean = 0.288 ± 0.1mm; P= 0.01); the diastolic wall stress (DWS) was significantly higher in wrestlers (DWS mean = 933.64 ± 298.0mmHg; P= 0.03) than controls. No significant differences were found in the elastic modulus (P= 0.11), compliance (P= 0.86), and distensibility (P= 0.86) parameters between the groups. Bradycardia is an expected condition for athletes. SBP and DWS were found to be high in wrestlers, suggesting that arterial tissue is more susceptible to stress. The low IMT indicates the protective effect of regular exercise against atherosclerosis. It is known that regular exercise is good for the vascular structure while heavy exercise puts a load on the vascular structure. The fact that the elastic modulus, compliance, and distensibility do not differ between the groups suggests that structural changes in the adolescents have no effect on the vascular wall.

Selective effect of static stretching, concentric contractions, and a balance task on ankle force sense.

Proper ankle motor control is critical for balance in the human body during functional activities such as standing, walking, and running. Different exercise modalities are often performed during the same training session where earlier activities may influence later ones. The purpose of the current study was to determine the acute effects of different exercise modalities on ankle force sense. Seventeen subjects performed four different intervention protocols (static stretching, balance task, concentric contractions, and control) in random order. Each session comprised measurements before and after the intervention protocol of the force sense of the ankle plantar flexors (PF) and dorsal flexors (DF) at 10% and 30% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC). Absolute errors (AE) were calculated separately for each force level and muscle group. An overall PF error (PF-SUM = PF at 10%MVC + PF at 30%MVC), DF error (DF-SUM = DF at 10%MVC + DF at 30%MVC) and ankle error (PF-DF-SUM = PF-SUM + DF-SUM) were also calculated. The main effect of time generally revealed that ankle force sense was significantly reduced after static stretching (PF-DF-SUM: Pre: 6.11±2.17 Nm, Post: 8.03±3.28 Nm; p < 0.05), but no significant differences were observed for the concentric contractions (PF-DF-SUM: Pre: 6.01±1.97 Nm, Post: 6.50±2.28 Nm) and the balance task (PF-DF-SUM: Pre: 5.25±1.97 Nm, Post: 5.50±1.26 Nm). The only significant interaction was observed for the PF-DF-SUM (F = 4.48, p = 0.008) due to greater error scores after stretching (+31.4%) compared to the concentric (+8.2%), balance (+4.8%), and control (-3.5%) conditions. Based on these results, static stretching should not be performed before activities that require a high ankle force sense such as balance, coordination, and precision tasks.

Modulation of Common Carotid Arterial Function by Exercise: A Hemodynamics Study

Common carotid arteries (CCAs) are the major arteries supplying blood to the brain, and the hemodynamic variables in which are closely associated with the cardiovascular diseases. Exercise can induce the hemodynamic responses in the CCAs, including variations in blood pressure, circumferential stretch, and wall shear stress (WSS). Mechanosensors in the endothelial cells (ECs) are able to sense and distinguish these variations as mechanical signal, and transmit them into the interior of cells to affect cellular morphology and gene expression. Notably, reasonable exercises improve arterial structure and function, while unreasonable exercises cause endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, studies on the modulation of common carotid arterial structure and function by exercises are quite necessary, and it’s significant to choose reasonable exercise modalities for improving arterial structure and function and preventing cardiovascular diseases. In this work, firstly, we studied the acute and chronic effects of different exercise modalities on the carotid arterial elasticity and hemodynamic variables. The results showed that the acute exercise caused the increases in arterial elastic modulus, blood pressure and the magnitude and frequency of WSS, and led to the decrease of arterial diameter; moreover, the changes in these hemodynamic variables exhibited an exercise-intensity-dependent manner. Additionally, the responses of intracellular nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the autophagy flux to WSS waveforms induced by different intensity exercise were also studied in a multi-component parallel-plate flow chamber system. The experimental results indicated that autophagy regulated intracellular NO and ROS production, and the magnitude and frequency of WSS induced by the moderate intensity exercise were more beneficial to improve arterial endothelial function than the high intensity exercise. Finally, the feasibility of quantitative regulation of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in ECs by WSS was preliminarily investigated and confirmed in a microfluidic chip. In summary, our work indicated that it is feasible to choose reasonable exercise modalities to accurately modulate the hemodynamic variables, including blood pressure, blood flow and WSS in the CCAs, and then to improve the structure and function of the CCAs.

Effects of different endurance exercise modalities on retinal vessel diameters in unipolar depression

BackgroundPsychiatric disorders are associated with a high prevalence of cardiovascular disease. Regular exercise is known to reduce depressive symptoms and improve vascular function, in turn lowering cardiovascular risk. We aimed to investigate the effects of different exercise modalities on retinal vessel diameters as a microvascular biomarker and depression severity index in patients suffering from unipolar depression. Methods23 patients (female: 19, male: 4, age: 36.7, Beck-Depression-Inventory-II (BDI-II) score: 30.7) were enrolled in this two-armed randomized controlled trial. Static vessel analysis was performed to obtain central retinal arteriolar (CRAE) and venular (CRVE) diameter equivalents and the arterio-venous diameter ratio (AVR). Maximal bicycle ergometer exercise testing yielded maximal fitness parameters. Patients were assigned to either high intensity low volume (HILV) or moderate continuous aerobic training (MCT). Both intervention groups trained three times a week during a 4-week intervention period. ResultsModerate interaction effects were found for AVR (ɳp2 = 0.12) whereby HILV showed a larger increase in AVR (HILV: pre: 0.89 (0.04), post: 0.91 (0.04), SMD = −0.50) compared to MCT (MCT: pre: 0.85 (0.06), post: 0.86 (0.05), SMD = −0.18). Parallel group trials revealed a 67% possibly beneficial effect of HILV over MCT. Moderate interaction effects on depression severity reduction (ɳp2 = 0.06) were found, whereby the effect size was slightly larger in MCT. ConclusionBoth exercise interventions improved AVR as well as BDI-II. HILV may be more effective in improving cerebrovascular health. The exercise-induced effects on retinal vessel diameter changes were relatively small and the clinical relevance remains to be investigated in larger and longer-term exercise trials.

Effects of Different Exercise Modalities on Postprandial Hyperglycemia in Overweight and Obese Adults

Postprandial hyperglycemia (PPH) is directly associated with cardiovascular disease risk. A single bout of aerobic (AE) or resistance exercise (RE) lowers PPH the following morning in healthy adults. No studies have examined the extent to which prior exercise regulates PPH in overweight and obese adults, and whether differences exist between exercise modalities. PURPOSE: The purpose of this ongoing investigation is to determine the effects of different exercise modalities on PPH responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in overweight and obese adults. We hypothesize that a single bout of exercise performed 14-17 h prior to an OGTT will attenuate increases in blood glucose, independent of exercise modality. METHODS: Recruitment for the current study is ongoing. In a randomized, cross-over design, participants [n=6 (3 women); age=24.3±5.1 y; BMI=32.4±5.8 kg/m2] completed three trials. For each trial, an OGTT (1 g/kg body weight) was preceded (14-17 h prior) by seated rest (control), a single bout of AE, or a single bout of RE. The AE bout consisted of 30 min of continuous moderate-intensity (~60% VO2max) treadmill exercise. The whole-body RE bout consisted of 3 sets of 10 repetitions of the following exercises: leg press, chest press, seated leg extension, lat pulldown, shoulder press, and seated row. The weight used for each set was determined from the participant’s previously determined 10-RM. Blood was obtained prior to and at 30 min intervals for 3 hours following glucose ingestion. Repeated- measures ANOVA and LSD post-hoc tests were used to evaluate differences within and between trials. RESULTS: Blood glucose did not differ between trials at baseline. A main effect due to time (P<0.001) was observed for glucose. Relative to baseline, blood glucose increased (P<0.05) by 26-53%, 18-45%, and 16-46% at 30-120 min post-ingestion in the control, AE, and RE trial, respectively. Glucose area under the curve did not differ between trials (P≥0.37). CONCLUSION: Preliminary findings from our ongoing study suggest that acute aerobic or resistance exercise performed the evening prior to an OGTT does not affect PPH responses in overweight and obese adults. Supported by College of Education, Health, and Society Seed Grant and Miami University Committee on Faculty Research Grant.

Effects of Endurance Exercise Modalities on Arterial Stiffness in Patients Suffering from Unipolar Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Psychiatric disorders are associated with a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Regular exercise has been shown to reduce depressive symptoms and improve arterial stiffness as a biomarker of cardiovascular risk. We aimed to investigate the effects of different exercise modalities on depression severity index and arterial stiffness in patients suffering from unipolar depression. 34 patients suffering from unipolar depression [female: 25, male: 9, age: 37.8, Beck-Depression-Inventory-II (BDI-II) score: 31.0] were enrolled in this two-armed randomized controlled trial. Central hemodynamics, augmentation index at heart rate 75/min (AIx@75) and aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) were obtained by an oscillometric monitoring device. Maximal bicycle ergometer exercise testing yielded maximal fitness parameters. Patients were assigned to either high-intensity low volume (HILV) or moderate continuous aerobic training (MCT). Both intervention groups trained three times a week during a 4-week intervention period. BDI-II were filled out by the patients before and after the intervention period. We found moderate interaction effects on depression severity reduction [Formula: see text]. HILV showed a 85% beneficial effect in lowering BDI-II scores compared to MCT (HILV: pre: 28.8 (9.5), post: 15.5 (8.5), SMD = 1.48), MCT: (pre: 33.8 (8.5), post: 22.6 (7.5), SMD = 1.40). Reduction of AIx@75 was more pronounced after MCT (SMD = 0.61) compared to HILV (SMD = 0.08), showing 37% possibly beneficial effects of MCT over HILV. PWV remained unchanged in both training groups. Both training regimes showed large effects on the reduction of depressive symptoms. While HILV was more effective in lowering depression severity, MCT was more effective in additionally lowering peripheral arterial stiffness. Exercise should be considered an important strategy for preventive as well as rehabilitative treatment in depression.

Effects of 6 Months of Active Commuting and Leisure-Time Exercise on Fibrin Turnover in Sedentary Individuals with Overweight and Obesity: A Randomised Controlled Trial.

Obesity and exercise constitute important factors for cardiovascular disease risk, but the long-term effects of different exercise modalities on haemostatic biomarkers are not well elucidated. We investigated the effects of 6 months of active commuting or leisure-time exercise on measures of fibrin turnover in individuals who are overweight and obese. Ninety younger (20–40 years), sedentary, healthy women and men who are overweight and obese (BMI: 25–35 kg/m2) were randomised to 6 months of habitual lifestyle (CON, n=16), active commuting (BIKE, n=19), or leisure-time exercise of moderate (MOD, ∼50% VO2peak reserve, n=31) or vigorous intensity (VIG, ∼70% VO2peak reserve, n=24). Fasting blood samples (baseline and 3 and 6 months) were analysed for cholesterols and triglycerides, thrombin generation, prothrombin fragment 1 + 2, D-dimer, fibrin clot properties, and fibrinolytic activity. We observed no differences between CON, BIKE, MOD, and VIG during the intervention and no time effects for any of the variables measured despite increased VO2peak in all exercise groups. We found no difference between CON and all exercise groups combined and no gender-specific effects of exercise. Our findings suggest that thrombin generation capacity, coagulation activation, fibrin clot structure, and lysability are unaffected by long-term active commuting and leisure-time exercise in women and men who are overweight and obese.

Effects of different exercise modalities on cortical excitability and cognitive function in healthy participants

Purpose: Previous research has suggested exercise, in particular high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has positive-effects on cognition, brain-health, neuroplasticity and cortical-excitability (CE) (Costigan et al., 2016; Aguiar et al., 2011). However, it is unclear whether different repetitions of HIIT have a greater effect on cognition and CE.

The effect of different exercise modalities on the heart rate recovery response

Summary Background Heart rate recovery (HRR) is inversely associated with poor health outcomes and co-morbidities, and methods to enhance HRR can occur following aerobic and resistance training activities. It is unknown the role that these exercise modalities have on one another using a national sample. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the association of meeting one, both or neither of the guidelines for muscle strengthening activities (MSA) and moderate to vigorous physical activities (MVPA) guidelines on HRR. Methods Data from the 2003–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used (n = 564; 20–49 yrs). Participants completed a submaximal treadmill test and HRR was determined as the difference from maximal heart rate achieved and heart rate during the first minute (HRR1) and second minute (HRR2) into recovery. Results There was no association for meeting one guideline at HRR1 (P = 0.135), but those that met both guidelines had an enhanced HRR1 (P = 0.046). In addition, meeting one (P Conclusion Therefore, we suggest that by adopting both MSA and MVPA guidelines, one may have favorable health outcomes given the previously established inverse relationship between HRR and all-cause mortality.

A metabolomics approach to uncover effects of different exercise modalities in type 1 diabetes

Introduction Exercise-associated metabolism in type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains under-studied due to the complex interplay between exogenous insulin, counter-regulatory hormones and insulin-sensitivity.

The Effect of Different Exercise Modalities on Cognition Among Adolescent Populations

PURPOSE: A growing body of literature documents the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise on cognition. One of the most interesting findings dictates that aerobic exercise preferentially benefits executive function, a term for complex cognitive processes including attention, working memory, mental flexibility, reasoning, planning, and inhibition. The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of acute intervals of two different exercise modalities (soccer and running) on cognition and executive function among adolescents between the ages of 11-14 years. METHODS: Ninety-eight middle-school students (50 males, 48 females, mean age = 13.09 years) volunteered to participate in this prospective study. Baseline neurocognitive and background data was collected at an initial study point. Two-weeks after the initial study point, subjects were matched by age, math class, and grade. Participants were randomized into one of three study groups involving soccer, running, or no aerobic activity for 30 minutes. Directly after the 30-minute exercise period, all participants were re-administered the neurocognitive battery. RESULTS: Subjects in the soccer group had significantly higher average score differences from baseline (M = +0.588, SD = 0.556, p = .01) on a neuropsychological measure of executive functioning, specifically planning and organization (Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure) compared to subjects who did not participate in aerobic activity (M = -1.770, SD = 0.573). There was no significant difference found for this measure between subjects who participated in 30 minutes of running and those who did not engage in aerobic activity. No significant differences found between groups on measures of creativity and divergent thinking, processing speed, perceived stress, self-efficacy, or inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. CONCLUSIONS: The modality of physical activity may influence subsequent cognitive performance. Specifically, physical activity involving strategy and planning may prime maturing adolescent brains toward enhanced organization. The duration of these cognitive effects are unknown; further investigation is needed.

The Acute Effect of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Arterial Diameter

A positive chronic effect of different exercise modalities on vascular endothelial diameter and function has been reported; however, little is known about the arterial vascular response to acute bouts of exercise. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate the acute response of two exercise modes (aerobic and resistance training) on the endothelium vascular diameter. METHODS: A meta-analysis was planned where the inclusion criteria for studies were: 1) experimental trials; 2) only one exercise session (acute treatment); 3) aerobic (AE) or resistance training (RT) interventions; 4) studies in human adults with no heart disease; 5) studies published only in English language; and 6) studies with pre and post flow-mediated dilation (FMD) measurement. The electronic search was performed in six databases (PubMed, Springer Link, Science Direct, SAGE Journals, Sport Discus and Nature), cross-referencing, and hand searching, using the following combinations of words “Acute exercise FMD”, “endothelial exercise function”, “vascular exercise endothelium”, and “FMD exercise”. Hedge’s standardized mean difference effect size (ES) was calculated for each result; then, ESs pooled using random-effects models. Non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals (CI95%) were considered statistically significant. Heterogeneity was assessed using Q and I2, while funnel plots and Egger’s regression test were used to assess small-study effects (potential bias). RESULTS: A total of 13 studies were meta-analyzed and 40 ESs computed from 378 (245 men and 133 women) participants. Of the 40 ESs, 27 were on AE, 9 on RT and 4 on control groups (no exercise). The AE training revealed no significant effect on artery diameter (ES= 0.26; CI95%= 0.00, 0.52; Q= 14.2; p= 0.11; I2= 0%). The RT interventions indicated no significant effect (ES= 0.29; CI95%= -0.08, 0.66; Q 0.38; p= 0.25; I2= 0%). CONCLUSIONS: Neither aerobic or resistance training elicited an acute response on vascular function. More research is needed to better understand the physiological mechanisms responsible for this response.

Protective effects of different exercise modalities in an Alzheimer’s disease-like model

Our aim was to investigate the probable protective effects of aerobic, resistance and combined exercise methods on ovariectomy and d-galactose induced Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)-like model. d-galactose (100mg/kg) or saline were administered intraperitoneally for 6 weeks to ovariectomized or sham-operated rats (n=8/group). Aerobic (AE), resistance (RE) and combined exercises (CE) (aerobic+resistance) were performed for 3 times a week for 6 weeks. Anxiety level and cognitive functions were evaluated via hole-board and object recognition tests. Brain myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide activity, lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence, glutathione and serum insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) assays were done. Hippocampal mRNA levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and amyloid precursor protein 695 (APP695) were measured. Amyloid Beta (Aβ), NGF, BDNF, IGF-I immunoreactive neurons were evaluated. Freezing time were increased in AD-like model and decreased back with AE (p<0.05). Deteriorated working memory in AD-like model was improved with all exercise types (p<0.05-0.001). Reduced glutathione levels in AD-like model were increased and increased malondialdehyde levels were reduced and serum IGF-I levels were increased by all exercises (p<0.05–0.001). Increased APP mRNA levels in AD-like model were decreased via CE (p<0.05). Elevated Aβ scores in AD-like model were decreased by RE and CE (p<0.01) in hippocampus and by all exercise types in cortex (p<0.05–0.01). Decreased cortical NGF immunocytochemical scores of AD-like model were increased by CE (p<0.05). Different exercise models may have protective effects in development stage of AD via reducing oxidative stress and Aβ scores, and by improving antioxidant system and brain plasticity.

The Effects of Different Exercise Modalities in Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer hastaligi (AH) ilerleyici norodejeneratif bir hastalik olup demansin en sik gorulen nedenidir. Artmis oksidatif stres, anormal amiloid β (Aβ) ve tau proteinlerinin birikimi, noroinflamasyon, noronal plastisite yetmezligi ve noronal kayip AH’nin patofizyolojisi ile iliskilendirilen ana faktorlerdir. Artan kanitlar fiziksel aktivitenin, hem kognitif fonksiyona hem de AH’de gozlenen hucresel patolojilere iyilestirici etkileri oldugunu gostermektedir. Aerobik egzersizin (AE) antioksidan enzim aktivitesini, norotrofik faktorlerin sentezini arttirdigi, noroinflamatuar belirtecleri azalttigi, ogrenmeyi ve bellek fonksiyonlarini iyilestirdigi gosterilmistir. Ayrica hucre yasayabilirligi ve Aβ klirensi uzerine yararlidir. AE, beyin dokusundaki cozulebilir Aβ1-42 duzeylerini klirensten sorumlu enzimlerin aktivitelerini arttirarak dusurur. Ayni zamanda kaspaz-9, sitokrom c, Bax ve kaspaz-3 gibi apoptotik enzimleri baskilar. Direnc egzersizlerinin (DE) AH’deki etkileri hakkinda acik bir bilgi bulunmamakla birlikte az sayida calismada daha cok yaslanma modellerinde etkilerine bakilmistir. Bu calismalarda DE’nin insulin benzeri buyume faktoru-I ve beyin kaynakli norotrofik faktorun (BDNF) serum konsantrasyonlarini artirdigi, oksidatif stresi azalttigi insanlarda gosterilmis olup, hayvanlarda hipokampal BDNF mRNA duzeyinde artis yaptigi bildirilmistir. Ek olarak DE ve AE, Alzheimer hastalarinda gunluk aktivitelerin gelisimine ve fiziksel becerilerin arttirilmasina yardimci olabilir. Sonuc olarak egzersiz terapisi uygulamalari daha etkili tedavi secenekleri gelistirilmesine ve AH’nin ilerlemesinin yavaslatilmasina, herhangi bir yan etki yapmaksizin yardimci olabilir.

Effects of Different Exercise Modalities on Fatigue in Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy: A Year-long Randomised Controlled Trial

BackgroundPhysical exercise mitigates fatigue during androgen deprivation therapy (ADT); however, the effects of different exercise prescriptions are unknown. ObjectivesTo determine the long-term effects of different exercise modes on fatigue in prostate cancer patients undergoing ADT. Design, setting, and participantsBetween 2009 and 2012, 163 prostate cancer patients aged 43–90 y on ADT were randomised to exercise targeting the musculoskeletal system (impact loading+resistance training; ILRT; n=58), the cardiovascular and muscular systems (aerobic+resistance training; ART; n=54), or to usual care/delayed exercise (DEL; n=51) for 12 mo across university-affiliated exercise clinics in Australia. InterventionSupervised ILRT for 12 mo, supervised ART for 6 mo followed by a 6-mo home program, and DEL received a printed booklet on exercise information for 6 mo followed by 6-mo stationary cycling exercise. Outcome measurements and statistical analysisFatigue was assessed using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 36 and vitality using the Short Form-36. Analysis of variance was used to compare outcomes for groups at 6 mo and 12 mo. Results and limitationsFatigue was reduced (p=0.005) in ILRT at 6 mo and 12 mo (∼5 points), and in ART (p=0.005) and DEL (p=0.022) at 12 mo. Similarly, vitality increased for all groups (p≤0.001) at 12 mo (∼4 points). Those with the highest levels of fatigue and lowest vitality improved the most with exercise (ptrend<0.001). A limitation was inclusion of mostly well-functioning individuals. ConclusionsDifferent exercise modes have comparable effects on reducing fatigue and enhancing vitality during ADT. Patients with the highest levels of fatigue and lowest vitality had the greatest benefits. Patient summaryWe compared the effects of different exercise modes on fatigue in men on androgen deprivation therapy. All exercise programs reduced fatigue and enhanced vitality. We conclude that undertaking some form of exercise will help reduce fatigue, especially in those who are the most fatigued.

The Effects of Different Exercise Modalities on s-Klotho after Surgery: A Call for Action

The Effects of Different Exercise Modalities on s-Klotho after Surgery: A Call for Action

Aerobic exercise in anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: a systematic review of current evidence and future directions.

Cancer and cardiovascular disease are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Older cancer patients often wrestle with underlying heart disease during cancer therapy, whereas childhood cancer survivors are living long enough to face long-term unintended cardiac consequences of cancer therapies, including anthracyclines. Although effective and widely used, particularly in the pediatric population, anthracycline-related side effects including dose-dependent association with cardiac dysfunction limit their usage. Currently, there is only one United States Food and Drug Administration-approved drug, dexrazoxane, available for the prevention and mitigation of cardiotoxicity related to anthracycline therapy. While aerobic exercise has been shown to reduce cardiovascular complications in multiple diseases, its role as a therapeutic approach to mitigate cardiovascular consequences of cancer therapy is in its infancy. This systematic review aims to summarize how aerobic exercise can help to alleviate unintended cardiotoxic side effects and identify gaps in need of further research. While published work supports the benefits of aerobic exercise, additional clinical investigations are warranted to determine the effects of different exercise modalities, timing, and duration to identify optimal aerobic training regimens for reducing cardiovascular complications, particularly late cardiac effects, in cancer survivors exposed to anthracyclines.