Effects Of Different Electrodes Research Articles

Theoretical study on the structure, spectroscopic, and current–voltage behavior of 11-Cis and Trans retinal isomers in rhodopsin

In this study, the electronic transport properties of 11-Cis and Trans retinal, components of rhodopsin, were investigated as optical molecular switches using the nonequilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) formalism combined with first-principles density functional theory (DFT). These isomers, which can be reversibly converted into each other, were examined in detail. The structural and spectroscopic properties, including infrared (IR), Raman, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and ultraviolet (UV) spectra, were analyzed using the hybrid B3LYP/6–311 + + G** level of theory. Complete vibrational assignments were performed for both forms utilizing the scaled quantum mechanical force field (SQMFF) methodology. To evaluate the conductivity of these molecules, we utilized current–voltage (I-V) characteristics, transmission spectra, molecular projected self-consistent Hamiltonian (MPSH), HOMO–LUMO gap, and second-order interaction energies (E2). The trendline extrapolation of the current–voltage plots confirmed our findings. We investigated the effect of different electrodes (Ag, Au, Pt) and various connection sites (hollow, top, bridge) on conductivity. The Ag electrode with the hollow site exhibited the highest efficiency. Our results indicate that the Cis form has higher conductivity than the Trans form.

Comparative Studies on Electrodes for Rumen Bacteria Microbial Fuel Cells.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) using rumen bacteria have been proposed as a power source for running devices inside cattle. In this study, we explored the key parameters of the conventional bamboo charcoal electrode in an attempt to improve the amount of electrical power generated by the microbial fuel cell. We evaluated the effects of the electrode's surface area, thickness, and rumen content on power generation and determined that only the electrode's surface area affects power generation levels. Furthermore, our observations and bacterial count on the electrode revealed that rumen bacteria concentrated on the surface of the bamboo charcoal electrode and did not penetrate the interior, explaining why only the electrode's surface area affected power generation levels. A Copper (Cu) plate and Cu paper electrodes were also used to evaluate the effect of different electrodes on measuring the rumen bacteria MFC's power potential, which had a temporarily higher maximum power point (MPP) compared to the bamboo charcoal electrode. However, the open circuit voltage and MPP decreased significantly over time due to the corrosion of the Cu electrodes. The MPP for the Cu plate electrode was 775 mW/m2 and the MPP for the Cu paper electrode was 1240 mW/m2, while the MPP for bamboo charcoal electrodes was only 18.7 mW/m2. In the future, rumen bacteria MFCs are expected to be used as the power supply of rumen sensors.

Innovative pH-dependent approach for electrochemical determination of a triple eradication therapy targeting H. Pylori infection in pharmaceutical formulation and human plasma sample: Modified electrode with Prussian blue analogue decorated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PbA@MWCNT)

In the present study, a sensitive and cost-effective voltammetric method was developed, optimized and applied for assessment of a new combination of a triple therapy treatment that contain tinidazole (TZ), clarithromycin (CLR) and lansoprazole (LAN) depending on different pH effect. The study was developed using electrode of carbon paste improved by Prussian blue analogue nanoparticles in addition to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PbA-NPs/MWCNT/CPE). The characterization and morphology of the nanoparticles composite was studied for the adopted electrode by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Effect of different electrodes and content of PbA-NPs on the voltammetric performance of the three drugs were assessed. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was estimated and linear correlations were then obtained in the range of 0.01–0.9, 1.0–10.0 and 0.5–12.0 µg/mL for LAN, CLR and TZ, respectively. The optimized method has been validated as per the ICH guidelines and found to be appropriate for the routine quality control of the studied drugs in their pharmaceutical formulation in addition to spiked human plasma. Consequently, the proposed method definitely provides an efficient, beneficial, reliable and cost-effective tool for estimation of the cited active pharmaceutical ingredients.

Natural course of residual hearing preservation with a slim, modiolar cochlear implant electrode array

PurposeUnderstanding residual hearing preservation and its natural course following cochlear implantation is important for developing rehabilitation strategies for hearing loss. However, non-uniform evaluation criteria and varying surgical skills pose challenges in fair comparison of the effect of different electrodes on residual hearing preservation. We compared the effect of a slim modiolar electrode (SME) and a slim straight electrode (SSE), implanted by a single surgeon, on progression of residual hearing using different parameters, based on cross-sectional and longitudinal audiological analyses. MethodsPatients with preoperative low-frequency pure-tone average (LFPTA) ≤85 dB at 250 and 500 Hz and who underwent minimally traumatic surgical techniques were included. The progression of residual hearing using threshold shifts, hearing preservation rate according to the HEARRING classification, and maintenance of functional low-frequency hearing potentially qualifying for a hybrid stimulation was analyzed up to five time points throughout the 1-year follow-up period. ResultsThreshold shifts and hearing preservation rates according to the HEARRING classification of the electrodes were comparable from 3 months through 12 months postoperatively. Maintenance of functional low-frequency hearing, required for the usage of a hybrid stimulation, was similar for both electrodes. A substantial proportion of implantees with SME use a hybrid stimulation, resulting in long-term use. However, a difference in the pattern of postoperative residual hearing preservation between the two electrodes is possible, probably due to differences in their physical characteristics and location. Specifically, correlation analysis exhibited that significantly less tight modiolar proximity negatively affect the residual hearing preservation, albeit only at 3 months postoperatively, among patients with the SME. ConclusionCollectively, both SME and SSE implantation showed favorable residual hearing preservation. Our findings further refine the recently proposed hearing preservation with the SME and suggest that the physical characteristics and location of electrodes, in terms of electrode-to-modiolus distance, could affect loss of acoustic hearing in various ways.

Removal of Carbon Tetrachloride by Enhanced Reduction in a Dual-Chamber Electrochemical Reactor

The cathode chamber of a dual-chamber electrochemical reactor separated by DuPont proton exchange membrane, which has a higher reductive capacity than a single-chamber reactor, has a remarkable reduction effect on carbon tetrachloride. In this work, the effects of different electrodes, cell voltage, temperature, electrolyte concentration, and initial pH on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4, CT) removal in wastewater were investigated. It was found that when the IrO2-RuO2/Ti electrode was the anode and the Fe electrode was the cathode, a satisfactory CT removal was obtained within 180 min, and this process was consistent with the first-order reaction kinetics. Under optimal application conditions, the removal of 1 mg/L CT within 180 min was 97.98(±1.21)%, the total organic carbon removal rate was 41.77%, the reductive products were mainly chloroform (CHCl3, CF) and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2, DCM), and this efficiency is superior to that of a single chamber. Therefore, this technique could rapidly dechlorinate and detoxify CT while preventing CT from escaping and damaging the atmospheric environment.

Electrode effects on the observability of destructive quantum interference in single-molecule junctions.

Destructive quantum interference (QI) has been a source of interest as a new paradigm for molecular electronics as the electronic conductance is widely dependent on the occurrence or absence of destructive QI effects. In order to interpret experimentally observed transmission features, it is necessary to understand the effects of all components of the junction on electron transport. We perform non-equilibrium Green's function calculations within the framework of density functional theory to assess the structure-function relationship of transport through pyrene molecular junctions with distinct QI properties. The chemical nature of the anchor groups and the electrodes controls the Fermi level alignment, which determines the observability of destructive QI. A thorough analysis allows to disentangle the transmission features arising from the molecule and the electrodes. Interestingly, graphene electrodes introduce features in the low-bias regime, which can either mask or be misinterpreted as QI effects, while instead originating from the topological properties of the edges. Thus, this first principles analysis provides clear indications to guide the interpretation of experimental studies, which cannot be obtained from simple Hückel model calculations.

Effects of different electrodes used in bone-guided extracochlear implants on electrical stimulation of auditory nerves in guinea pigs.

Objective:Conventional cochlear implants provide patients who are deaf with hearing via electrical intracochlear stimulations. Stimulation electrodes are inserted into the cochlea through a cochleostomy or round window membrane (RWM) approach. However, these methods might induce cochlear ossificans and loss of residual hearing by damaging inner ear structures. To avoid an invasive electrode insertion, we developed a novel bone-guided extracochlear implant that stimulated the auditory nerves between the cochlear bones and the RWM to prevent cochlea damage. Power consumption plays an important role in wireless implantable electronic devices. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of different electrodes on the stimulating threshold currents of the auditory nerve and the power consumption of bone-guided extracochlear implants using a commercial stimulator.Materials and Methods:Inert aurum (Au) electrodes were compared with biocompatible platinum (Pt) and iridium oxide (IrOx) electrodes in practical implantable applications. IrOx electrodes were used for their high-charge storage capacity, low impedance, and biocompatibility. The electrodes were fabricated via sputtering and were experimentally characterized with cyclic voltammetry and then examined using in vivo tests.Results:Based on electrical auditory brainstem responses, IrOx electrodes yielded lower acoustic nerve-stimulating threshold currents (132 μA) compared with Au electrodes (204 μA). IrOx electrodes also had a lower acoustic nerve stimulating threshold current (132 μA) compared with Pt electrodes (168 μA).Conclusion:As expected, IrOx electrodes were beneficial in the development of multielectrode bone-guided extracochlear implants, with the lowest acoustic nerve-stimulating threshold and current consumptions compared with Au and Pt electrodes.

The Role of Ag/Al Electrodes in the Improvement of PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM Solar Cells Performance

In this work, polymer solar cells (PSCs) with the configuration of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/back electrode with different back electrodes of silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), and Ag/Al alloy with various weight percentages were investigated. Different electrodes were deposited at the same conditions using the thermal evaporation process on the P3HT:PCBM active layer. Moreover, the effect of different electrodes on the cell's performance was investigated. The electrical properties of components, such as ideality factor (n), inverse saturation current, turning-on voltage (Vt), and mobility (μ), were evaluated using the J-V curves of the cells in the dark and irradiated conditions. The results showed that the use of Ag/Al alloys with higher Ag percentages as the back electrode reduced both series resistance (Rss) and the reverse saturation current, and increased both shunt resistance (Rsh) and the mobility (μ). Furthermore, it increased the fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) by improving the metal/polymer junction in these types of cells.

Major Developments in EDM Surface Alloying using Composite Material Tool Electrode

Electric Discharge alloying/Coating (EDC) is an emerging field for the surface modification of advanced engineering materials like tool steel, high heat resistance alloy, titanium alloy etc. The advanced engineering materials have good mechanical properties and are used for the engineering applications like dies, aerospace, and automotives. To treat these difficult-to-machine advanced engineering materials with new challenges, numerous advancements in electrical discharge machining (EDM) processes have been carried out. Electrode materials for EDM are usually made up of copper, and its alloys. Proper selection with composition of electrode materials are required to avoid cracks, residual stresses etc during or after Electrical Discharge Machining and at the same time to have better surface finish and material removal rate and lower tool wear rate of the electrode. Further electrodes can be prepared by different methods like powder metallurgy, stir casting technique etc. This paper presents the brief details of effect of different electrodes on the surface and machining characteristics.

Recent Updates on Electrochemical Detection of Perchlorate Ions

Perchlorate is a highly toxic compound. It has both chemical and physical properties. Perchlorate is not easily degradable compound by both bio and non-bio degradation process because of its high stability, highly water soluble compound and low absorption. That’s why perchlorate reduction becomes a big challenge. In this research work we studied different type of electrochemical technique and effect of different electrodes on these techniques. In present days, many techniques were developed for the detection or reduction of perchlorate such as bio-degradation, optical, chemical, electrochemical and microbial technique. This article gives information about application of electrochemical technique for the detection or reduction of perchlorate. The electrochemical techniques have various types for the detection of ion. These techniques grouped on the behalf of various types of electrical signal such as potential or voltage, current and impedance which were produce in the presence of perchlorate into aqueous solution. Electrochemical technique such as impedance spectroscopy, this technique was performed on the electrochemical work station by applied a constant range of frequency. In cyclic voltammetry technique we were given a constant potential range and found results in the form of oxidation and reduction current. In the reduction of perchlorate history various researcher was found results using different electrochemical technique on different types of electrodes. The perchlorate salts and perchlorate have some useful application in the defense field, batteries, automobile airbags, rocket propellants and fuels. Perchlorate contamination is become a worldwide health problems. In many western states perchlorate was found in ground and surface water. It disturbs the thyroid gland to uptake iodine the human body. So its prevention technique was needed. However, the electrochemical techniques have more advantage such as low cost, user friendly, label free and real time monitoring over all other techniques. So we focus on electrochemical detection technique for the perchlorate.

Understanding the Effects and Adverse Reactions of Deep Brain Stimulation: Is It Time for a Paradigm Shift Toward a Focus on Heterogenous Biophysical Tissue Properties Instead of Electrode Design Only?

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been proven to be an effective treatment modality for various late-stage neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, knowledge on the electrical field distribution in the brain tissue is still scarce. Most recent attempts to understand electric field spread were primarily focused on the effect of different electrodes on rather simple tissue models. The influence of microanatomic, biophysical tissue properties in particular has not been investigated in depth. Ethical concerns restrict thorough research on field distribution in human in vivo brain tissue. By means of a simplified model, we investigated the electric field distribution in a broader area of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Pivotal biophysical parameters including conductivity, permittivity and permeability of brain tissue were incorporated in the model. A brain tissue model was created with the finite element method (FEM). Stimulation was mimicked with parameters used for monopolar stimulation of patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease. Our results were visualized with omnidirectional and segmented electrodes. The stimulated electric field was visualized with superimpositions on a stereotactic atlas (Morel). Owing to the effects of regional tissue properties near the stimulating electrode, marked field distortions occur. Such effects include, for example, isolating effects of heavily myelinated neighboring structures, e.g., the internal capsule. In particular, this may be illustrated through the analysis of a larger coronal area. While omnidirectional stimulation has been associated with vast current leakage, higher targeting precision was obtained with segmented electrodes. Finally, targeting was improved when the influence of microanatomic structures on the electric spread was considered. Our results confirm that lead design is not the sole influence on current spread. An omnidirectional lead configuration does not automatically result in an omnidirectional spread of current. In turn, segmented electrodes do not automatically imply an improved steering of current. Our findings may provide an explanation for side-effects secondary to current leakage. Furthermore, a possible explanation for divergent results in the comparison of the intraoperative awake patient and the postoperative setting is given. Due to the major influence of biophysical tissue properties on electric field shape, the local microanatomy should be considered for precise surgical targeting and optimal hardware implantation.

Investigating the effects of different electrodes on Al6061-SiC-7.5 wt% during electric discharge machining

This research aimed to investigate the effects of different electrodes on the performance of electric discharge machined Al6061-SiC-7.5 wt% composite fabricated by squeeze casting process. The effects of three most significant input parameters including current intensity, pulse duration, and duty cycle on material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness (Ra), and electrode wear ratio (EWR) were investigated using copper, brass, and stainless steel electrodes. To improve the machining performance, graphene nanoparticles (4 wt%) were contaminated in dielectric fluid. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design was employed for design of experiments and development of mathematical models. Adequacy and validity of developed mathematical models were verified by ANOVA and confirmatory tests respectively. For multi-response optimization, desirability function approach was used to identify the optimum input parameters. For all electrodes, current intensity was observed as the most significant input parameter influencing MRR, Ra, and EWR followed by pulse duration and duty cycle. Comparative analysis revealed brass electrode as better option for MRR and Ra. Stainless steel, on the other hand, was identified as a better alternative for EWR. While taking copper as reference, 23.2% higher MRR and 20.3% better surface finish were achieved through brass electrode as compared to stainless steel electrode which provided 35.3% and 32.3% less MRR and surface finish respectively. EWR for stainless steel and brass electrode decreased by 25% and increased by 45.5% respectively with reference to copper. Multi-response optimization yielded compound desirability of 81%, 78.8%, and 77.1% for copper, brass, and stainless steel electrodes respectively for the machining of Al6061-SiC-7.5 wt% composite.

Effects of different electrodes and substituent groups on molecular switching

We investigate the electronic transport properties of hydroxychalcone and flavanone molecules sandwiched between zigzag-edge or armchair-edge graphene electrodes using density functional theory and non-equilibrium Green’s function. The substitutions of electron-donating –NH2 and electron-withdrawing group –NO2 with armchair-edge graphene electrodes enhance the switching performance, which are analyzed by the transmission spectra, molecular projected self-consistent Hamiltonian and transmission eigenstates. It is found that the negative differential resistance effect observed in the device results from molecule–electrodes coupling with increased bias. The results suggest that different electrodes and substituent groups can influence the currents and switching ratios, indicating a potential application in future molecular circuits.

The Effect of Different Electrodes on Humic Acid Removal by Electrocoagulation

The present study is about the reduction of humic acids (HA) by electrocoagulation (EC) method. Undesirable color, odor, taste, reacting with chlorine to produce toxic materials in water, and making a complex with heavy metal ions are some unfavorable environmental consequences of HA. Platinum and graphite as anode electrodes and platinum, titanium, and aluminum as cathode electrodes were used for this purpose. Also, solutions consisting of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), as the electrolyte support, and humic acids at a concentration of 30 mg.l-1 were used in the reduction tests. We investigated the best condition for pollutant removal at pH values of 3, 5, and 7 and voltages of 5, 10, and 18. The samples were taken during the electrolysis and were analyzed by the pH meter and UV-visible spectrophotometer. Moreover, the oxidation phenomena on anodes surface were studied by cyclic voltammetry tests. The results confirm that the Gr/Al electrodes by coagulation phenomena shows the best performance in the elimination of HA at an electrolyte support concentration of 0.02 molar after approximately 23 min at a pH of 7 and a voltage equal to 10 V.

High-Performance Single-Electron Transistor Based on Metal–Organic Complex of Thiophene: First Principle Study

The ab initio perspective based on density functional theory and nonequilibrium Green’s function for the modeling of single electron transistors (SETs) based on thiol-ended thiophene and chromium complex of thiol-ended thiophene and their functioning in the Coulomb blockade regime has been discussed. Both thiol-ended thiophene molecule and its chromium complex have been analyzed for the charge stability and conductance dependence on the gate voltage and source–drain bias. The charging energies for the isolated and SET environment for both the islands have been calculated and discussed. Also, the effect of orientation and the dielectric medium has been studied in order to increase the conductance of SET with the combination of a particular orientation and a dielectric medium. The effect of different electrodes on charge stability diagram has also been studied. The analysis shows a remarkably improved conductance for the chromium complex of thiol-ended thiophene molecule in the SET environment than the thiol-ended thiophene molecule in the SET environment resulting in a fast switching metal–organic SET.

Two-dimensional optical fiber-based dye-sensitized solar cell simulation: the effect of different electrodes and dyes

A fiber-based dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a flexible wearable power resource. In order to find the real properties of the device, this system needs to be simulated. The 2-D optical fiber-based dye-sensitized solar cell is simulated by the finite element method (FEM) in order to explore the effects of $$\hbox {TiO}_{2}$$ nanorod and nanoparticle electrodes thickness and also the effects of different dyes on short-current density and efficiency of the cell. DSSCs with $$\hbox {TiO}_{2}$$ nanorod electrodes had higher short-circuit current and efficiency due to higher electron mobility than those with $$\hbox {TiO}_{2}$$ nanoparticle electrodes. The efficiency of DSSCs made by N719 was higher than that of DSSCs with different other dyes, due to better light absorption and lower rate of recombination.

Effect of Different Electrode Materials on the Electropolymerization Process of Aniline in Nitric Acid Media

The electropolymerization process of aniline on different electrode surfaces such as Pt, Au, RuTi and polyaniline film in nitric acid solution containing 1 M aniline was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Proposed electrical equivalent circuits were used to give a further analysis. Results show that the electrode materials accelerate the aniline electropolymerization remarkably as a catalyst, especially the electrochemical oxidation process of monomer aniline to its cation radical, which is the key step to incur the electropolymerization reaction of aniline on the electrode surface. The polymerization of aniline on RuTi electrode has the lowest reaction resistance for its adsorption sites, and the catalytic effects of these different electrodes decrease in the order: RuTi > polyaniline film > Pt > Au. The results also show that several states of polyaniline films are formed during the potential linear scan process in nitric acid solution and the corresponding oxidation and reduction reaction are reversible.

The effect of different electrodes on the electronic transmission of benzene junctions: Analytical approach

In this paper we have investigated the electronic transmission of systems electrode–benzene–electrode using the Landauer approach. The effect of different electrodes made of metal (Au) and semiconductors (Si, TiO2) is investigated. These three electrodes are compared between them and the results show that the electronic transmission of benzene junctions, when using semiconductor electrodes, is associated to a gap in transmission which is due to the electrodes band gap. As a consequence, a threshold voltage is necessary to obtain conducting channels.

Effect of different electrodes on the transport properties of ZnO nanofibers under humid environment

Relative humidity (RH) sensing properties of zinc oxide nanofibers (ZNF), synthesized using electrospinning technique, were studied by impedance spectroscopy. RH sensors were fabricated with two different electrodes (Au and Ni) using lithography on top of the nanofibers deposited on Si/SiO2 substrate. Compare with the Ni electrode sensor, Au electrode sensor exhibits larger sensitivity and quicker response/recovery. Capacitance, electrical conductivity and electrical modulus were studied at 40%-90% RH as a function of the frequency of the applied AC signal in the frequency range of 10−2-106 Hz. The corresponding response and recovery times are 3s and 5s for Au, and 6s and 10s for Ni electrode sensor, respectively. The sensors exhibited a reversible response with small hysteresis of less than 4% and 12% for Au and Ni electrodes respectively. Stability of the sensor device with Au electrode was confirmed by testing the device for 13 days. The excellent sensing characteristics and comparison of sensors with different electrode materials may offer an effective route for designing and optimizing RH sensors.

Effect of organic solar cells using various sheet resistances of indium tin oxide and different cathodes: Aluminum, silver

The effect of different electrodes on organic solar cells (OSCs) performance was studied. Various sheet resistances of indium tin oxide (ITO) were used as an anode to find out which is suitable for OSCs application. The efficiency of OSCs based on small molecule material using different ITO substrates is almost the same due to the low absorption efficiency of active layer. In contrast, the efficiency of device based on polymer material using ITO (15Ω/sq) has a better efficiency, which is attributed to reaching the optimal balance between the light transmittance and the carrier extraction. In cathode, the commonly used for OSCs are aluminum (Al) and silver (Ag), respectively. When substituting Ag for Al as a cathode, the efficiency of device based on copper phthalocyanine and C60 increased from 0.71% to 0.86% and the efficiency of device based on boron subphthalocyanine chloride and C60 increased from 2.61% to 2.96%. The performance enhancement is mainly ascribed to the current density (Jsc) improvement which is resulted from the difference of optical characteristic between the Al and Ag. The reflectance of Ag is higher than that of Al above wavelength of 405nm, indicating that the light reflected from the Ag is more than that of Al. As a result, the more light can be absorbed in the active layer, leading to the efficiency of device using Ag as a cathode have above 10% improvement. However, the most commonly used cathode in OSCs is Al rather than Ag, which is also investigated.