Effect Of Different Alcohols Research Articles

Studies in the phase behavior of the microemulsions formed by mixed cationic and nonionic surfactants

The middle-phase behavior for the systems of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/poly-ethyleneglycol-9-monododecyl ether (AEO9)/alcohol/oil/brine and CTAB/octylphenolpolyoxyethylene-10-ether (Triton X-100)/alcohol/oil/brine have been studied with ɛ-β fishlike phase diagram method. The interfacial layer composition was determined, and some significant physicochemical parameters are derived from the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance plane equation. The effects of different alcohols, oils, temperature and inorganic salt (NaCl) on the middle-phase behavior of microemulsion formed by composite CTAB/AEO9 systems were also investigated systematically. The effects of different factors on the phase behavior of microemulsions formed by CTAB/AEO9 and CTAB/TX-100 systems were compared. The results suggest that the solubilization of CTAB/AEO9 microemulsion is higher than that of CTAB/TX-100 system under the same conditions.

Effects of Alcoholism and Continued Abstinence on Brain Volumes in Both Genders

Alcohol abuse has detrimental effects on cerebral function, metabolism, and volume. Some of these effects were found to be at least partially reversible with continued abstinence. Furthermore, it has been reported that there are different effects of alcohol on brain volumes for women compared with men, but the results concerning the interaction between alcohol dependence and gender are inconsistent. With this study, we aimed to further investigate this question by examining the global gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) changes as well as regional and local GM changes detected by voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in male and female alcoholic patients a few weeks after detoxification and the corresponding changes in a subgroup of these patients 3 months later. A total of 50 patients, consecutively admitted for alcohol withdrawal treatment, participated in this study and were followed up for at least 3 months into abstinence. High-resolution structural images were processed with SPM8 using an optimized VBM protocol. Global cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume was increased and WM and GM volume decreased equally in male and female patients. A gender by diagnosis interaction was found neither for global nor for regional volumes or VBM data. VBM whole brain analysis yielded a significant GM volume loss in the patient group in the cingulate gyrus and the insula in both hemispheres. Region of interest analysis for the initial and 3 months follow-up scans yielded significant gains in regional volumes, particularly the cingulate gyrus and the insula in the group of abstinent patients, whereas no volume change at all is found in the patients who had relapsed. Our study confirms widespread cerebral volume loss in recently detoxified alcoholics. The effects of alcohol dependence seem to have equally adverse effects on brain morphometry in males and females.

Synergic Effect of the Mixed Cationic-Anionic Surfactants on the Interfacial Composition and Thermodynamics of W/O Microemulsions

The interfacial composition, the solubility of the alcohol in the oil phase, and the standard free energy change of transferring alcohol from the continuous oil phase to the interfacial layer in the W/O microemulsion stabilized by cationic-anionic surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate and 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide were studied with the dilution method. The synergic effect exists between cationic and anionic surfactants on the formation of W/O microemulsion. The effects of different alcohols, oils, and brine on the formation of W/O microemulsions stabilized by cationic-anionic surfactants were also investigated. The alcohols with longer chain length have higher efficiency to form the W/O microemulsion. Long-chain alcohol was easier to penetrate into the interfacial layer and less alcohol was needed to form the stable W/O microemulsion. The effects of decreasing the carbon chain length of the alkane molecules and increasing NaCl concentrations are equivalent to that of increasing the carbon chain length of the alcohol molecules.

Opposite effects of alcohol in regulating stress-induced changes in body weight between the two mouse lines with enhanced or low opioid system activity

Considering the involvement of the opioid system in alcoholism, depression and metabolism - known risk factors in human obesity, we studied the effects of chronic mild stress (CMS) and alcohol intake on body weight in two mouse lines selected for high (HA-high analgesia) or low (LA-low analgesia) swim stress-induced analgesia. In comparison to LA mice, HA mice exhibit an upregulation of opioid receptor system function, different depression-like behavior and reduced energy expenditure in stress. LA animals showed enhanced basal and CMS-induced alcohol drinking versus HA. Now we report different effects of alcohol under no stress (control) and CMS conditions on food intake and body weight between the lines. CMS in animals with no access to alcohol increased body weight in both HA and LA mice, with no effect of CMS on food intake in either line and without differences between the lines. In LA mice alcohol reduced body weight under both conditions although significantly more under the control than CMS conditions. In contrast, in HA mice alcohol increased body weight more under the CMS than under control conditions. The results suggest that opioid system may modulate effects of alcohol on stress -induced changes in body weight.

Phase diagrams and chemical physical properties of dodecyl sulfobetain/alcohol/oil/water microemulsion system

The HLB plane equation was deduced according to the mass balance relation in microemulsion systems for the first time. The δ-γ fishlike phase diagram was plotted and the composition of the interfacial layer was calculated for dodecyl sulfobetain/alcohol/oil/water microemulsion system. The solubilities of dodecyl sulfobetian and alcohol and the solubilization capacity for the middle-phase microemulsion were examined. The effects of different alcohols, oils, and aqueous solution composition (NaCl content and pH values) on the phase behavior and the related parameters were also investigated. The phase behavior for dodecyl sulfobetain-based microemulsion system was compared with corresponding phase behavior for lauric-N-methylglucamide-based and sodium dodecyl sulfatebased systems.

Phase behavior studies of quaternary systems containing N-lauroyl- N-methylglucamide/alcohol/alkane/water

The three-phase behavior of quaternary systems comprising N-lauroyl- N-methylglucamide (MEGA-12)/alcohol/alkane/water has been studied using ε – β fishlike phase diagrams. From the ε – β fishlike phase diagrams a series of phase inversions Winsor I ( 2) → III (3) → II ( 2 ¯ ) were observed, and the hydrophilic–lipophilic balanced (HLB) plane equation for the quaternary system was deduced. Some physicochemical parameters, such as the mass fraction of alcohol in the HLB interfacial layer, A S , the coordinates of the start ( β B , ε B ) and end points ( β E , ε E ) of the middle-phase microemulsion, the mass fractions of MEGA-12 and alcohol in the total system ( C S and C A ), and the solubilities of MEGA-12 and alcohol in oil phase ( S O and A O ), were calculated. The effects of different alcohols, alkanes, and NaCl concentrations in the aqueous phase on the phase behavior and solubilization capacity were investigated, which indicates that alcohol with longer and alkane with shorter hydrocarbon chains have a larger solubilization capacity. NaCl concentration has little influence on the phase behavior.

Studies on the phase behavior of the microemulsions formed by sodium dodecyl sulfonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate with a novel fishlike phase diagram

The middle-phase behavior for the quaternary system of sodium dodecyl sulfonate (AS) (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS; sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, SDBS)/alcohol/oil/water has been studied with a novel ɛ– β fishlike phase diagram at 40 °C. The composition of the hydrophile–lipophile balanced interfacial layer was determined. The coordinates of the start point B and the end point E of the middle-phase microemulsion, and the solubilities of sodium dodecyl sulfonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and alcohol in the oil phase were calculated. The solubilization power of the middle-phase microemulsion was investigated. The effects of different alcohols, oils and inorganic salts on both the phase behavior and the composition of the interfacial layer were also investigated. The shorter the carbon chain lengths of the oils and the longer the carbon chain lengths of the alcohols, the higher the solubilization of the microemulsions. The inorganic salt (NaCl) facilitates the microemulsion inversion Winsor I → III → II.

Alcohol’s effect on the hydraulic conductivity of consolidated clay

Centrifuge tests were carried out to determine the effect of different alcohols and one glycol on a thin consolidated disc of clay. The evolution of changes in the clay hydraulic conductivity with time was investigated and other structural changes due to chemical attack were monitored. The findings presented here demonstrate that the hydraulic conductivity of the clay appear to be generally related to the polarity of the chemicals and the dielectric constant, with the exception of butanol. In the case of butanol at low flow rate and low stress level, the action of the chemical caused the clay to crack, with a consequent large increase in flow. This effect on the clay hydraulic conductivity could be used for improving pollution remediation especially when alcohols are associated with gasoline.

Synthesis of Bio-Diesel and Bio-Lubricant by Transesterification of Vegetable Oil with Lower and Higher Alcohols Over Heteropolyacids Supported by Clay (K-10)

The use of different lower and higher alcohols viz; methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and n-octanol, for the synthesis of methyl, ethyl, propyl and octyl fatty acid esters by transesterification of vegetable oil (triglycerides) with respective alcohols also known as ‘Bio-diesel’ and ‘Bio-lubricants’ was studied in detail. The reactions were carried out in a batch process. The activity with different supports like clay (K-10), activated carbon, ZSM-5, H-beta and TS-1 were compared. The superacids (heteropolyacids, HPA) viz; Dodeca-Tungstophosphoric acid [H3PO4·12 WO3·xH2O] (TPA) and Dodeca-Molybdo phosphoric acid ammonium salt hydrate [H12Mo12N3-O40P+aq] (DMAA) was used to increase the acidity and so the activity by loading on the most active support viz; clay (K-10). These HPA loaded on clay as a catalyst was used for the following study: effect of percent HPA loading on clay, effect of different vegetable oils, effect of different alcohols on the triglyceride conversion based on glycerol formation and selectivity based on alkyl esters formation. The data is compared at the best-optimized identical set of operating reaction conditions: 170°C, 170rpm, catalyst loading: 5% (w/w of reaction mixture), molar ratio (oil: alcohol): 1:15 and time on stream of 8h. The generated data is also evaluated based on the reported one.

Alcohol during Pregnancy and Atopic Dermatitis in the Offspring

Summary Background There is evidence that antenatal factors play a role in the development of atopic dermatitis (AD). However, little is known about the effects of maternal lifestyle factors during pregnancy on the risk of AD in the offspring. Objective To investigate the effect of alcohol consumption during pregnancy on the incidence of AD in the offspring. Methods A total of 24 341 mother–child pairs enrolled in the Danish National Birth Cohort were followed prospectively. Information about alcohol consumption was obtained by interview at 12 and 30 weeks of gestation. Information about symptoms, time of onset, and doctor's diagnosis of AD in the offspring was obtained by interview at 18 months of age. The effect of alcohol consumption during pregnancy on the incidence of AD was analysed by Cox regression allowing for different effects of alcohol before (early infancy) and after 2 months (60 days) of age. Results Alcohol during pregnancy was associated with a significant and dose-dependent increased risk of AD in early infancy. This effect was mainly seen in high-risk infants (two parents with allergic disease). Thus, the highest risk of AD in early infancy was seen in high-risk infants of mothers who consumed four or more drinks per week at 30 weeks of gestation (adjusted relative risk 4.2, 95% confidence interval 1.7–10.1). There was no effect of alcohol during pregnancy beyond early infancy. Conclusions The results suggest that alcohol during pregnancy increases the risk of early-onset AD in predisposed infants.

Transesterification of p-hydroxybenzoate esters (parabens) by human intestinal (Caco-2) cells

p-Hydroxybenzoate ester (paraben) preservatives are used in numerous orally administered products. The recognized route of metabolism for parabens is hydrolysis to p-hydroxybenzoic acid followed by conjugation and excretion. However, in the presence of alcohols, a presystemic transesterification pathway not previously reported for the human intestine can occur. Using human intestinal (Caco-2) cells, it was observed that hydrolysis of parabens to p-hydroxybenzoic acid is reduced markedly by ethanol concentrations that can occur in the human intestine, 0.25–0.5% (v/v). Ethanol concentrations of 1.0–2.5% (v/v) were optimal for transesterification to ethylparaben in Caco-2 cell homogenates. The kinetics of the transesterification reaction with regard to ethanol concentration (0–20%), time, pH (3–9), protein concentration (1–5 mg ml−1) and substrate concentration (6.25–200 µM) as well as the effects of different alcohols were studied. The Km and Vmax values for transesterification with ethanol for methyl, propyl, butyl, heptyl and octyl parabens were 449.7, 165.7, 86.1, 24.2 and 45.9 µM and 114.4, 37.5, 19.5, 7.5 and 7.6 µmol h−1 mg−1 Caco-2 cell protein, respectively. The Vmax values for transesterification of methylparaben with ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol were 114.4, 5.1 and 4.9 µmol h−1 mg−1, respectively. Collectively, the kinetic data demonstrate that the enzyme responsible for the transesterification reaction has a preference for short-chain esters and represents the first report of transesterification in human intestinal cells. An implication of this mechanism is that alcohol-containing in vitro biosystems or protocols for the study of parabens disposition could generate transesterified artefacts. The clinical or toxicological implication is that, following co-ingestion of ester compounds with ethanol, transesterification could provide the basis for a previously unrecognized drug-alcohol interaction.

Analysis of the Effects of Different Alcohols on MCF‐7 Human Breast Cancer Cells

Alcohol consumption is known to be an increased risk factor for breast cancer, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. We have recently shown that the exposure of MCF-7 breast cancer cells to 0.1% ethanol enhanced their proliferation and increased their content in both estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) and aromatase. The aim of the present work was to determine if the effects of ethanol could be mimicked by other short-chain aliphatic alcohols such as methanol and 1-butanol. Our results show that these compounds do not stimulate MCF-7 cell proliferation. An increase in ERalpha content was observed by Western blot in methanol-treated cells, but this parameter was not affected in butanol-treated cells. Neither of these two alcohols induced an increase in aromatase mRNA level. So despite a similarity in molecular structure, these primary alcohols do not exert the same effects. Taken together, these results suggest that the increase in aromatase expression might be a key event required for the enhanced proliferation observed in the presence of ethanol.

Alcohol during pregnancy and atopic dermatitis in the offspring

There is evidence that antenatal factors play a role in the development of atopic dermatitis (AD). However, little is known about the effects of maternal lifestyle factors during pregnancy on the risk of AD in the offspring. To investigate the effect of alcohol consumption during pregnancy on the incidence of AD in the offspring. A total of 24 341 mother-child pairs enrolled in the Danish National Birth Cohort were followed prospectively. Information about alcohol consumption was obtained by interview at 12 and 30 weeks of gestation. Information about symptoms, time of onset, and doctor's diagnosis of AD in the offspring was obtained by interview at 18 months of age. The effect of alcohol consumption during pregnancy on the incidence of AD was analysed by Cox regression allowing for different effects of alcohol before (early infancy) and after 2 months (60 days) of age. Alcohol during pregnancy was associated with a significant and dose-dependent increased risk of AD in early infancy. This effect was mainly seen in high-risk infants (two parents with allergic disease). Thus, the highest risk of AD in early infancy was seen in high-risk infants of mothers who consumed four or more drinks per week at 30 weeks of gestation (adjusted relative risk 4.2, 95% confidence interval 1.7-10.1). There was no effect of alcohol during pregnancy beyond early infancy. The results suggest that alcohol during pregnancy increases the risk of early-onset AD in predisposed infants.

Modification of Tefzel film through graft copolymerization

AbstractThe graft copolymerization of styrene (st) and methacrylonitrile (MAN) onto Tefzel film in aqueous media by the preirradiation method has been studied. In order to follow the effect of preswelling of the backbone polymer, grafting was attempted onto preirradiated Tefzel film and monomer preswollen, preirradiated Tefzel film. Optimum conditions pertaining to maximum percentage of grafting of st and MAN have been evaluated. Grafting onto preswollen, preirradiated Tefzel film displayed better results. The effect of different alcohols of increasing chain length on the percentage of grafting of st and MAN was also studied. Graft copolymerization of st showed an increase, while grafting with MAN exhibited a decrease, in the percentage of grafting in the presence of alcohols as compared to that obtained in the aqueous medium. Characterization of the graft copolymers was made by IR and thermogravimetric studies. Tefzel‐graft‐polystyrene showed improved thermal stability while the MAN grafted onto preswollen, preirradiated Tefzel film produced graft copolymer with poor thermal stability. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry

Studies on the phase behavior of the system APG/alcohol/alkane/H2O with fishlike diagrams

Abstract In this paper, the fishlike phase diagrams for the quaternary system of alkyl polyglucoside (APG: C8/10Gj or C12/14Gj)/alcohol/alkane/water mixtures have been studied. By using the simple mass balance equation and the HLB plane equation, some important parameters were calculated, such as the coordinates of the start point B and the end point E of the three-phase region, the mass fraction of alcohol in the hydrophile–lipophile balanced interfacial layer, AS, and the mass fractions of APG and alcohol in the interfacial layer (CS and CA). The effects of different alcohols and oils on the phase diagram and on the composition of the interfacial layer were also investigated. The shorter the carbon chain length of the oils and the longer the carbon chain length of the alcohols used in the systems, the higher the solubilization of the microemulsions.

A New Low-Temperature Synthesis Route of Methanol: Catalytic Effect of the Alcoholic Solvent

The effects of different alcohols as reaction solvent on the synthesis of methanol from CO/CO2/H2 on solid Cu/ZnO catalyst were investigated. In the presence of some alcohol, especially 2-alcohol, as reaction medium, the reaction of methanol synthesis proceeded with high activity at temperatures as low as 423−443 K, much lower than the temperature in the present industrial methanol production process. This method is very promising to become a new technology for low-temperature synthesis of methanol where complete purification of syngas is not necessary.

The effect of different alcohols and other polar organic additives on the cloud point of Triton X-100 in water

The effect of 21 polar organic liquids additives (including 12 alcohols, two acids, two esters, two ketones, one ether, one formamide and one dioxan) on the cloud point of Triton X-100 (TX100) in aqueous solutions has been investigated. The results show that the addition of the polar organic liquid additives which are infinitely miscible with water increase the cloud point of the TX100, whereas the addition of the polar organic liquid additives which are partially soluble in water decreases the cloud point of TX100. In the former case, the addition of the polar organic liquids may modify the structure of the solvent water, leading to the formation of a less polar medium. This factor, in addition to the adsorption of the additive at the interface micelle–water originates a restriction of micellization and an increase in the cloud point. When the polar organic liquid is partially soluble in water, the molecules of additive may be solubilized in the micelles and adsorbed at the interface micelle–water. These facts could justify a micellar growth and a depression in the cloud point. For additives belonging to a particular homologous series the effect on the cloud point is correlated to the length of the hydrophobic alkyl chain. In general, a longer chain entails lower additive concentration for obtaining phase separation at a certain temperature.

A comparison of the acute effects of a low dose of alcohol on mood and performance of healthy volunteers and subjects with upper respiratory tract illnesses

An experiment was carried out to determine whether a low dose of alcohol produced different behavioural effects in healthy volunteers to those suffering from an upper respiratory tract illness. Ninety-nine subjects were tested, with 48 subjects being assigned to the alcohol condition and 51 to the juice only condition. A dose of 1.5 ml of vodka per kg body weight was used and the alcohol manipulation was double-blind. Approximately half of the subjects in each condition were healthy and the others had upper respiratory tract illnesses, probably colds. Subjects with colds reported an increase in negative affect and were slower at performing psychomotor tasks. Few main effects of alcohol were obtained. Of major interest were the interactions between health status and alcohol conditions. The alcohol improved the mood of healthy subjects but produced greater negative moods in subjects with colds. Similarly, performance of selective and sustained attention tasks showed different effects of alcohol in healthy and ill subjects.

Effect of Alcohol and Salt on Water Uptake of Reverse Micelles Formed by Dioctyldimethyl Ammonium Chloride (DODMAC) in Isooctane

Reverse micelles have been formed for the first time with a two-tailed cationic surfactant, dioctyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DODMAC), in alcohol/isooctane. The effect of different alcohols and salts on the water uptake of the DODMAC reverse micelles is reported. The maximum water uptake obtained with DODMAC is two to three times larger than that obtained with the three-tailed cationic surfactant trioctylmethyl ammonium chloride (TOMAC).

The use of a Mixture Design to Analyze the Effects of Different Alcohols on the Paper Chromatographic Separation of Amino Acids and Amino Acid Hydroxamates

Abstract An experimental mixture design was used to study the effect of methanol, propanol and amyl alcohol on the paper chromatographic separation of several amino acids and amino acid hydroxamates. The results from this design are compared with results from previous experimental designs on the same system. In mixture design, the sum of the component fractions equal one. This property is responsible for the differences observed.