Effect Of Dietary Protein Source Research Articles

Amine Metabolism Is Influenced by Dietary Protein Source.

Growth in world population will inevitably leads to increased demand for protein for humans and animals. Protein from insects and blood plasma are being considered as possible alternatives, but more research on their nutritional quality and health effects is needed. Here, we studied the effect of dietary protein source on metabolism and metabolic amine profiles in serum and urine of mice. Groups of mice were fed semi-purified diets containing 300 g/kg of soybean meal, casein, partially delactosed whey powder, spray-dried plasma protein, wheat gluten meal, and yellow mealworm. Feed and water intake as well as body weight gain were measured for 28 days. After 14 and 28 days, serum and urine samples were collected for measurement of a large panel of amine metabolites. MetaboAnalyst 3.0 was used for analysis of the raw metabolic data. Out of 68 targeted amine metabolites, we could detect 54 in urine and 41 in blood serum. Dietary protein sources were found to have profound effects on host metabolism, particularly in systemic amine profiles, considered here as an endophenotype. We recommend serum over urine to screen for the amine metabolic endophenotype based on partial least squares discriminant analysis. We concluded that metabolites like alpha-aminobutyric acid and 1-methylhistidine are sensitive indicators of too much or too little availability of specific amino acids in the different protein diets. Furthermore, we concluded that amine metabolic profiles can be useful for assessing the nutritional quality of different protein sources.

Effect of Dietary Protein Sources and Amino Acid Balances on Performance, Intestinal Permeability and Morphology in Broiler Chickens

Effect of Dietary Protein Sources and Amino Acid Balances on Performance, Intestinal Permeability and Morphology in Broiler Chickens

Effects of Dietary Protein Source and Amount on Bone Quantity and Body Composition following a High‐Protein Weight‐Loss Diet in a Rat Model of Postmenopausal Obesity

Obesity is common amongst post‐menopausal women and diet‐induced weight loss is an effective strategy for improving body composition and metabolic health. Though a high‐protein weight loss diet (>30% of energy from protein; HP) is shown to decrease fat mass and preserve fat‐free mass, the impact of a HP weight loss diet on bone quantity is both unclear and controversial. Results show either an exacerbation or an attenuation of weight‐loss induced bone loss with higher total protein intakes, suggesting an underlying discrepancy among clinical studies. Recent evidence suggests that these conflicting results may stem from differences in the predominant source of dietary protein. Different whole food sources of dietary protein possess innate nutritive and bioactive compounds, which when in conjunction with increased protein intake may differentially influence bone. Research from our lab showed that a HP meat‐based weight loss diet decreased total body bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women in comparison to a normal protein (NP) lacto‐vegetarian diet. In contrast, previous studies have shown that a HP dairy‐based weight loss diet attenuated and inhibited weight‐loss induced bone loss in postmenopausal women. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the differential effects of protein source (freeze‐dried lean beef vs. milk protein isolate vs. soy protein isolate vs. casein) and protein amount (NP, 15% energy vs. HP, 35% energy) in a 12‐week energy‐restricted diet (40% restriction) on BMD, bone mineral content (BMC), and body composition in obese, ovariectomized 32‐week old female Sprague‐Dawley rats. We hypothesized that the HP beef‐based diet would decrease bone quantity in comparison to the HP milk‐based and HP soy‐based weight loss diets. Lunar PIXImus densitometer and peripheral quantitative computed tomography were utilized to assess changes in bone quantity (lumbar spine and right femur) and body composition (total fat, muscle area and density), respectively. The freeze‐dried lean beef powder was created in‐house, while the four energy‐restricted diets (HP beef‐based, HP milk‐based, HP soy‐based, & NP casein‐based) were formulated by ResearchDiets Inc. Predominate source and amount of dietary protein did not influence changes in bone quantity following the 12‐week energy restricted diet. Differential effects were observed for body composition as the HP milk‐based diet lost more fat mass than the HP soy‐based diet (p=0.031) and the NP casein‐based diet lost more body weight than the HP beef‐based (p=0.022) and the HP soy‐based diets (p=0.02). Overall, all dietary groups showed decreases in lumbar spine BMD (p<0.001) and BMC (p<0.001), right femur BMD (p=0.002), body weight (p<0.001), muscle area (p=0.014), and total fat (p<0.001) with increases in muscle density (p<0.001) following weight loss. In summary, neither predominate source nor amount of dietary protein influenced changes in bone quantity during energy restriction. Numerous sources of dietary protein can be utilized in a HP weight loss diet to improve body composition without negatively influence bone quantity in a model of postmenopausal obesity.Support or Funding InformationSupported by Women's Global Health Institute's Mildred Elizabeth Edmundson Research Grant

Influence of Dietary Protein Source and Utilisation of Copra Meal in Finishing Broiler Chicken

The effect of dietary protein sources on the utilisation of copra meal was investigated in Cobb broilers. A control finisher diet based on fish meal (FM), meat and bone meal (MBM) and full-fat soybean (FFSB) and four other diets containing expeller copra meal (ECM) with combinations of these traditional protein sources (FM+ MBM, FFSB+FM, FFSB+FM+MBM and FFSB+MBM) were fed each to 4 replicates of 5 birds each in a completely randomized design. Body weight gain was highest (P<0.05) in birds fed diets containing ECM with FM+MBM. There were no significant dietary effects on feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Dressing percentage was depressed (P<0.05) in the diet based on ECM with FFSB+FM+MBM. The relative weight of breast muscle reduced (P<0.05) in group offered ECM along with FFSB+FM and FFSB+FM+MBM. Furthermore, there were no dietary effects on the weight of thighs and drumsticks. Nevertheless, birds fed ECM with FM+MBM recorded the lowest (P<0.05) weights of digesta in the crop and small intestine. There were no significant dietary effects on weight of digesta in the gizzard and caeca. The highest (P<0.05) digesta weight in the proventriculus was observed in the birds fed on FFSB+FM+MBM. Total tract apparent digestibility of DM and CP improved (P<0.05) on FM+MBM. Total tract nitrogen retention was lower (P<0.05) with FFSB+FM and FFSB+MBM as compared to control. However, fat digestibility was depressed (P<0.05) in the control diet. It could be concluded that dietary protein sources exerted significant influence on the utilisation of copra meal by broilers and the combination of ECM with animal protein sources yielded the best results in terms of performance of Cobb broilers.

The effect of dietary protein source on serum lipids: Secondary data analysis from a randomized clinical trial

Plant-based diets can lower serum lipids. Whether soy foods offer additional benefits remains controversial. To determine the effect of different protein sources on serum lipids and glucose metabolism, emphasizing comparisons between soy and nonsoy plant-based diets. Secondary data analysis. A total of 173 postmenopausal women were randomized to 1 of 4 weighed metabolic diets for 6 weeks. Diets were equivalent in energy, protein, and fat with at least 80% of protein from either nondairy animal, dairy, nonsoy plant, or soy foods. At baseline and week 6, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, glucose, and insulin were measured. Changes in variables during the diet period were compared within and among groups using t tests and analysis of variance. TC decreased 38.8mg/dL in soy group (P<.001 vs dairy and animal) and 30.5mg/dL in nonsoy plant group (P=.003 vs dairy, .03 vs animal). LDL decreased 28.3mg/dL in soy group (P<.001 vs dairy and animal) and 20.6mg/dL in nonsoy plant group (P=.005 vs dairy, .06 vs animal). HDL decreased 12mg/dL in soy group (P=.003 vs dairy, .0008 vs animal) and 10mg/dL in nonsoy plant group (P=.05 vs dairy, .04 vs animal). There were no significant differences in lipid changes between soy and nonsoy plant-based diets. No differences among groups in changes in triglycerides, glucose, or insulin were seen. Soy and nonsoy plant-based diets reduced TC and LDL with no significant difference between them. Further studies are needed to determine the specific lipid-lowering components of both soy and nonsoy plant foods.

Effect of dietary protein sources on production performance, egg quality, and plasma parameters of laying hens.

ObjectiveThis study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary protein sources (soybean meal, SBM; low-gossypol cottonseed meal, LCSM; double-zero rapeseed meal, DRM) on laying performance, egg quality, and plasma parameters of laying hens.MethodsA total of 432 32-wk-old laying hens were randomly divided into 6 treatments with 6 replicates of 12 birds each. The birds were fed diets containing SBM, LCSM100, or DRM100 individually or in combination with an equal amount of crude protein (CP) (LCSM50, DRM50, and LCSM50-DRM50). The experimental diets, which were isocaloric (metabolizable energy, 11.11 MJ/kg) and isonitrogenous (CP, 16.5%), had similar digestible amino acid profile. The feeding trial lasted 12 weeks.ResultsThe daily egg mass was decreased in the LCSM100 and LCSM50-DRM50 groups (p<0.05) in weeks 41 to 44. The LCSM50 group did not affect egg production compared to the SBM group in weeks 41 to 44 (p>0.05) and showed increased yolk color at the end of the trial (p<0.05). Compared to the SBM group, the LCSM100 and LCSM50-DRM50 groups showed decreased albumen weight (p<0.05), CP weight in the albumen (p<0.05) and CP weight in the whole egg (p<0.05) at 44 weeks. Plasma total protein (TP) levels were lower in the LCSM100 group than in the SBM group at 44 weeks (p<0.05); however, TP, albumin, and globulin levels were not significantly different between the LCSM50 group and the SBM group or between the DRM50 group and the SBM group (p>0.05).ConclusionTogether, our results suggest that the LCSM100 or DRM100 diets may produce the adverse effects on laying performance and egg quality after feeding for 8 more weeks. The 100.0 g/kg LCSM diet or the148.7 g/kg DRM diet has no adverse effects on laying performance and egg quality.

Effects of Dietary Protein Source and Feeding Regime on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Fatty Acids, and Quality Characteristics of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Fillets

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of dietary protein source and feeding regime (apparent satiation and rationed) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fatty acid (FA) profile, and fillet quality traits in rainbow trout. A stock of 1200 juvenile trout (mean weight 114.6 ± 0.2 g) were randomly distributed into 24 fiberglass tanks (four diets × three replications × two feeding regimes). The experimental diets were formulated to be isoproteic and isoenergetic based on bacterial protein meal (BPM), pea protein concentrate (PPC), mixture thereof (MIX), and fish meal (FM), respectively. The feeding trial lasted 77 d with water temperature of 13 C. Statistical differences appeared among the diets only in terms of crude protein digestibility. Growth performance and somatic indexes were significantly affected by the diet, while only the condition factor was influenced by the feeding regime. None of the parameters appeared to be affected by the interaction effects. Differences appeared between the FA profiles of the dorsal muscle. Oleic, linoleic, α‐linolenic, and docosahexaenoic acid contents were influenced by diet, while only minor FAs were influenced by feeding regime. In conclusion, growth performance and nutrient digestibility resulted lower in fish fed BPM diet than other groups, while PPC group was similar to FM group.

Effect of dietary protein sources on the small intestine microbiome of weaned piglets based on high-throughput sequencing.

In this study, we comprehensively investigated the effect of dietary protein sources on the gut microbiome of weaned piglets with diets comprising different protein source using High-throughput 16SrRNA gene-based Illumina Miseq. A total of 48 healthy weaned piglets were allocated randomly to four treatments with 12 piglets in each group. The weaned piglets were fed with diets containing soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM), SBM and CSM (SC) or fish meal (FM). The intestinal content samples were taken from five segments of the small intestine. DNA was extracted from the samples and the V3-V4 regions of the 16SrRNA gene were amplified. The microbiota of the contents of the small intestine were very complex, including more than 4000 operational taxonomic units belonging to 32 different phyla. Four bacterial populations (i.e. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Acidobacteria) were the most abundant bacterial groups. The genera Lactobacillus and Clostridium were found in slightly higher proportions in the groups with added CSM compared to the other groups. The proportion of reads assigned to the genus Escherichia/Shigella was much higher in the FM group. In conclusion, dietary protein source had significant effects on the small microbiome of weaned piglets. Dietary protein source have the potential to affect the small intestine microbiome of weaned piglets that will have a large impact on its metabolic capabilities and intestinal health. In this study, we successfully identified the microbiomes in the contents of the small intestine in the weaned piglets that were fed different protein source diets using high-throughput sequencing. The finding provided an evidence for the option of the appropriate protein source in the actual production.

Interactive effects of dietary protein source and exogenous protease on growth performance, immune competence and jejunal health of broiler chickens

A total of 672 male 7-day-old broiler chicks were used in a 14-day cage study to evaluate the interactive effects of dietary protein source and exogenous protease on nutrient digestibility and intestinal physiology. Birds were fed a common starter diet from Days 0 to 7 and switched to experimental diets from Days 7 to 21. Four corn-based dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with factors being two major sources of protein [soybean meal (SBM) or canola meal] and diets offered with or without exogenous protease. Bodyweight gain and gain:feed were higher (P &lt; 0.001) in the diets based on SBM than in the diets based on canola meal and protease was more effective (P &lt; 0.05) in enhancing performance in SBM-based diets. Ileal nitrogen digestibility was increased (P &lt; 0.01) by protease use in diets based on both major protein sources. However, ileal digestible energy was increased (P &lt; 0.05) by protease only in the SBM-based diet resulting in an interaction between diet protein source and exogenous protease. Jejunal villus height tended to be higher (P = 0.07) in birds fed diets based on SBM and protease use increased (P &lt; 0.05) crypt depth only in the SBM-free diets resulting in a significant interaction between protein source and protease use. Patterns of gene expression in jejunal tissue suggested that both dietary protein source and exogenous protease influence the expression of genes responsible for mucin secretion, amino acid transport and immune functionality in an age-dependent manner. It can be concluded that SBM may be a more suitable protein source for young broiler chickens than canola meal and that use of canola meal as a major source of dietary protein may have negative implications for performance, nitrogen digestibility and gut health. However, exogenous protease appears to be more compatible with substrates presented by SBM than is the case for canola meal based on advantages conferred in nutrient digestibility and performance. The beneficial effects of exogenous protease may be linked both to enhanced protein and energy digestibility and improved gut morphological characteristics, secretory and absorptive dynamics and immune resilience.

Effect of Dietary Protein Source and Quantity on the Growth and Body Composition of Juvenile Danio rerio

The zebrafish Danio rerio is increasingly utilized as a laboratory model of human disease, including morbidities associated with undesirable body composition. Nutritional status of study animals, such as zebrafish, has been shown to impact study results. A standardized, open‐source diet is not currently utilized, leading most labs to rely on commercial diets that may supply differing or inadequate nutrition. Studies with nutritional manipulation suggest early life exposure (types and amounts of nutrients) can have life‐long (or at least late‐life) effects on health and well‐being (e.g. calorie restriction at early life only, crowded litter effects, etc.). Protein, as a macronutrient, has the largest direct impact on growth outcomes as it is used for the synthesis of structural and functional components related to lean mass.To better understand how dietary protein source and quantity impacts growth and body composition, we raised 28 day post fertilization D. rerio on 12 different dietary treatments (2 cohorts of 3 tanks per cohort, n~ 10 fish per tank) for 12 weeks. Diets contained 4 protein sources (fish protein hydrolysate, soy protein isolate, casein, or a mixture of all three sources and including wheat gluten) added to make 3 final protein diet levels (18, 33, or 48 percent dry matter of the diet) and were provided at a rate consumed within 30 minutes when fed twice daily (at 900 and 1800 hr). Following 12 weeks, fish from each diet treatment were measured for weight, length, and girth. For a subset (n~12) of fish, individuals were dried to constant weight and terminal body lipid was determined using chemical carcass analysis. Percent dry lipid in whole body was inversely proportional to dietary protein level in the males receiving casein, fish and soy protein sources, but only for females receiving fish and soy protein sources.Additionally, a separate cohort of fish were raised on 2 different diets at temperatures of 20°C and 30°C (2 tanks, n~ 25 fish per tank). Diets contained 2 protein sources (soy protein isolate or mixed protein source described above) at 48 percent dry matter of the diet provided as in the first part of the study. This allows rearing temperature to be evaluated as an environmental variable that may impact body compositional changes and growth concomitantly with dietary protein source. These fish also were evaluated for terminal weight, length, girth, and total body lipid content. Percent dry lipid in the whole body was lower at increased rearing temperature in both males and females, indicating a direct environmental effect on body composition. For females dry percent lipid was significantly less in fish receiving the mixed protein source compared to the soy protein source at both 20°C and 30°C, suggesting an interaction between environment and protein quality. In males the same outcome was seen, but only in fish reared at 20°C and not in the 30°C treatments.These data suggest an important role of dietary protein source and quantity, and the temperature of the physical environment, on growth and body composition outcomes. We hypothesize these differences are based on changes in nutrient partitioning and expenditure.Support or Funding InformationResearch and animal care supported in part by the American College of Laboratory Medicine and the Aquatic Animals Research Core within the UAB NORC (P30DK056336).

Effects of Dietary Protein Source and Quantity during Weight Loss on Appetite, Energy Expenditure, and Cardio-Metabolic Responses.

Higher protein meals increase satiety and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF) in acute settings, but it is unclear whether these effects remain after a person becomes acclimated to energy restriction or a given protein intake. This study assessed the effects of predominant protein source (omnivorous, beef/pork vs. lacto-ovo vegetarian, soy/legume) and quantity (10%, 20%, or 30% of energy from protein) on appetite, energy expenditure, and cardio-metabolic indices during energy restriction (ER) in overweight and obese adults. Subjects were randomly assigned to one protein source and then consumed diets with different quantities of protein (4 weeks each) in a randomized crossover manner. Perceived appetite ratings (free-living and in-lab), TEF, and fasting cardio-metabolic indices were assessed at the end of each 4-week period. Protein source and quantity did not affect TEF, hunger, or desire to eat, other than a modestly higher daily composite fullness rating with 30% vs. 10% protein diet (p = 0.03). While the 20% and 30% protein diets reduced cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and APO-B vs. 10% protein (p < 0.05), protein source did not affect cardio-metabolic indices. In conclusion, diets varying in protein quantity with either beef/pork or soy/legume as the predominant source have minimal effects on appetite control, energy expenditure and cardio-metabolic risk factors during ER-induced weight loss.

Study on feeding effect of dietary protein sources of on blood or milk urea nitrogen in native cows

A feeding trial with 30 Pabna milking cows of 2 to 4 parities dividing equally into 5 groups was conducted to determine the effect of feeding protein from different sources on blood or milk urea nitrogen, and milk yield or protein content in native cows. Considering a group of cows fed a diet of rice straw and concentrate as the control (T0), two out of the rests were fed either with urea-molasses straw (UMS) (T1) or Matikalai (Vigna mungo) hay ( T2) as sources of basal roughage. The rest two groups of cows were fed the control diet replacing percent (%) of feed protein by the amount of urea and molasses fed to UMS group. The amount of urea and molasses was fed daily either in two meals (T3) or fed to cows mixing with other concentrate feed (T4). Feeding a basal diet of UMS, DS or leguminous hay did not affect milk protein (%) and daily milk production Feeding urea and molasses in meals or mix (T3 and T4) did not affect significantly (p&gt;0.05) BSU and MUN contents. It indicates that feeding urea and molasses in two meals in a day either as a single mix of the two or as a mix of the two with concentrates significantly (p&gt;0.05) reduced the concentration of BSU or MUN without having any change in milk protein (%) of the cows. Dry matter (DM) intake was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in T1 treatment group followed by T4, T0, T3 and T2, respectively. Similarly, CP intake was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in T1 and T2 treatment groups followed by T3 and T4 treatment groups. The values of CP intake were 490, 770, 760, 630 and 580 g/day for treatment groups T0, T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Feedings urea and molasses as meals (T3) significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced the fat content in milk compared with other treatment groups. Similar to T3, UMS feeding also significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced fat content in milk compared to Matikalai hay and T4 treatment groups. Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) content in morning milk was lower compared to evening milk. These data showed that feeding urea or protein of organic sources had effect on BSU and MUN contents in the morning milk but had no significant effect on evening milk. The lower BSU or MUN content in milk of the cows fed urea and molasses either in daily meals or as mix with concentrates may be due mainly to a lower CP intake compared to UMS and Matikalai. Therefore, it may be concluded that feeding urea or organic protein had no significant effect on milk protein percent.Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 19(1-2): 85-96, Jan-Dec 2012

In vitro acid digestibility of four marine species using the digestive gland of adult Octopus vulgaris.

In vitro acid digestibility of four marine species using the digestive gland of adult Octopus vulgaris.

Effect of dietary protein sources and storage temperatures on egg internal quality of stored shell eggs.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of various protein sources (soybean meal, SBM; cottonseed protein, CSP; double-zero rapeseed meal, DRM) on the internal quality (Haugh unit, yolk index, albumen pH, yolk hardness and yolk springiness) of eggs when stored at either 4 or 28°C for 28 d. A total of 288 laying hens (32 wk of age) were randomly allotted to 6 treatment groups (4 replicates per treatment) and fed diets containing SBM, CSP, or DRM individually or in combination with equal crude protein content (SBM-CSP, SBM-DRM, and CSP-DRM) as the protein ingredient(s). A 6 × 2 factorial arrangement was employed with dietary types and storage temperatures (4 and 28°C) as the main effects. After 12 wk of diet feeding, a total of 216 eggs was collected for egg internal quality determination. The results showed as follows: 1) lower egg quality was observed in the DRM group compared with the other groups when stored at 4 and 28°C for 28 d (P < 0.05), while there was no difference in egg internal quality among the other groups. 2) The CSP diet resulted in higher yolk hardness compared with the other diets when eggs were stored at 4°C for 28 d (P < 0.05). Lower Haugh unit was observed in the DRM and SBM-DRM groups compared with the other groups when eggs were stored for 28 d at 4°C (P < 0.05). 3) Yolk breakage occurred in the DRM group and eggs could not be analyzed for egg internal quality when stored at 28°C for 28 d. The overall results indicated that CSP or DRM as the sole dietary protein source for laying hens may adversely affect the internal quality of stored eggs as compared with the SBM diet, and half replacement of CSP combined with SBM may maintain similar egg quality to SBM diet alone for eggs stored under refrigerated conditions.

Influences of dietary protein sources and crude protein levels on intracellular free amino acid profile in the longissimus dorsi muscle of finishing gilts.

BackgroundThe current study was carried out to determine effects of dietary protein source and crude protein (CP) level on carcass characteristics, meat quality, and muscle amino acid (AA) profile in finishing gilts. The experiment was designed as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two sources of dietary proteins (cottonseed meal, CSM vs. soybean meal, SBM) and two levels of CP (12 % vs. 14 %, as-fed basis). Seventy-two crossbred gilts (89.5 ± 0.9 kg) were allotted to one of four dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design for a period of 28 d. All diets were formulated to be isoenergetic and similar concentrations of standardized ileal digestible essential AA covering the nutrient requirements of pigs.ResultsGrowth, carcass characteristics and meat quality were not affected by dietary protein source nor crude protein level (P > 0.10) except that average daily feed intake was increased by CSM diets (P = 0.03). Gilts offered reduced protein diets had lower muscle pH45min (P < 0.05). Neither dietary protein source nor crude protein level influenced N deposition. However, reduced protein diets decreased N intake, N excretion, and serum urea nitrogen content, whilst improved N efficiency (P < 0.01). CSM diets increased N intake (P = 0.04), but did not depress N efficiency. The concentrations of phenylalanine, tryptophan, cysteine and tyrosine (P < 0.05) of the longissimus muscle were decreased when gilts offered CSM diets, while muscle intracellular free valine concentration was increased (P = 0.03). The gilts offered reduced protein diets had greater intracellular concentrations of free methionine, lysine, and total AA in muscle (P < 0.05).ConclusionThese results suggest that CSM could replace SBM as a primary protein source in finishing pig diets in terms of performance, N efficiency, carcass characteristics, and meat quality, but decrease the concentrations of muscle specific AA. Furthermore, the reduced protein diet played an important role in increasing muscle intracellular concentrations of specific free amino acids (FAA), and in reducing the relative ratios of specific FAA to lysine in longissimus dorsi muscle of pig, whose biological meaning needs further studies.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40104-015-0052-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Effects of protein sources and levels in antibiotic-free diets on diarrhea, intestinal morphology, and expression of tight junctions in weaned piglets

This study examined effects of dietary protein sources and levels on intestinal health of 21 to 35 d-old weaned piglets fed antibiotics-free diets. A total of 150 weaned piglets (21 d of age) were allotted to 5 dietary treatment groups. Diets were formulated, based on corn-soybean meal, with different protein sources (fish meal and soy protein concentrate) to provide different dietary CP levels. Piglets within 5 dietary treatments were fed diets as follows, respectively: 1) control diet of 17% CP (control); 2) 19% CP diets formulated with more soy protein concentrate (SPC19); 3) fish meal (FM19); 4) 23.7% CP diets formulated with more soy protein concentrate (SPC23); 5) fish meal (FM23). The results showed that piglets from control group had higher ADG and lower incidence of diarrhea compared with those of other groups (P < 0.05). The incidence of diarrhea of piglets in FM19 group was lower than those from SPC23 group and FM23 group (P < 0.05). With the higher CP levels, villous height and villous height to crypt depth ratio of piglets in the duodenum and jejunum were decreased (P < 0.05), but crypt depth was increased (P < 0.05). Comparing control group and other groups, we found the expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were increased (P < 0.05) in the jejunum and colon of piglets, as did cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators (CFTR) in the distal colon. The relative transcript abundance of Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in the jejunum, and occludin in the jejunum and ileum of piglets fed 23.7% CP diets were reduced compared with those fed control diet (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the 17% CP diet without in-feed antibiotics helped improve growth performance and relief of diarrhea of 21 to 35 d-old weaned piglets. Dietary CP level, rather than its source (either fish meal or soy protein concentrate), has more significant impacts on the growth performance and intestinal health of 21 to 35 d-old weaned piglets when fed antibiotics-free diets.

Impact of Microbial Enzymes on Growth Performance, Micronutrient Digestibility, Tissue Protein Contents and Endogenous Enzyme Activities of Broiler Chickens Fed on Vegetable Protein Diets

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary protein sources and microbial enzyme supplementation on amino acid and mineral digestibility, tissue protein contents and endogenous enzyme activities of broiler chickens. Ross 308 day-old male broiler chicks (n = 160) were assigned randomly to four dietary treatments, each replicated five times, eight chicks per replicate, in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Two basal diets were formulated with soybean (SBM) and canola (CM) meals at a ratio of 75:25, respectively, along with basal grains and fed to the birds as such or supplemented with enzymes from 1 to 35 days. Enzymes had a positive effect on the gross responses (feed intake, body weight and feed conversion ratio) of the broiler chickens at 35 days. However, feed intake was significantly different (p 0.05) body weight and feed conversion ratio (FCR) between 1 and 35 days. Tissue protein contents and endogenous enzyme activities at 21 days (except for maltase) were unaffected by dietary sources and microbial enzyme supplementation. The activity of maltase was higher (p 0.05) on mineral digestibility of broilers over the test period. The digestibility of Cu, Zn and Mg was increased (p<0.05) on CM diet, whereas Ca digestibility was higher on SBM diet at 35 days. It can be concluded that the improved growth of the birds might be a result of increased digestibility of amino acids and increase in feed consumption.

Investigation of the effects of dietary protein source on copper and zinc bioavailability in fishmeal and plant-based diets for rainbow trout

Limited research has examined the effects that dietary protein sources have on copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) absorption, interactions and utilization in rainbow trout. Therefore, the objective of the first trial was to determine what effect Cu source (complex vs. inorganic) and Cu concentration (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 ppm) had on rate and efficiency of gain and Cu tissue concentration in rainbow trout fed both plant-protein and animal-protein based diets. The second trial then examined if interactions occur due to increasing dietary content of Zn (0, 30, 300, 1500 ppm) in rainbow trout fed a plant-based diet. Results from the first trial demonstrated differences in growth and tissue mineral concentrations due to Cu concentration but not source. Trout fed plant-based diets had higher weight gain, improved feed conversion ratio and higher hepatic Cu concentration when compared to fishmeal-fed trout. Results from the second trial show that increasing dietary Zn supplementation increased whole body Zn and Cu at 12 weeks. No significant antagonism between Cu and Zn was observed in rainbow trout fed plant-based diets. Zn deficiency signs were observed at 12 weeks in trout fed a plant-based diet without Cu and Zn supplementation which included mortality, cataracts and caudal fin erosion. Results of these studies indicate that rainbow trout fed plant-based diets require both Cu and Zn supplementation at concentrations higher than those previously reported to maximize growth.

Effects of dietary protein source and quantity on glycemic control in energy‐restricted overweight and obese adults (381.8)

The acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) for protein ranges from 10‐35% of daily total energy intake. It is unknown how diets with predominate sources of protein from animal flesh vs. plant, with protein intakes spanning the AMDR affect glycemic control during weight loss in overweight/obese adults. 23F/11M overweight/obese adults (age蠅21 y; BMI 30.8±2.6 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to two groups (lean pork/beef or soy/legume products). Each subject consumed, in random order, energy restricted (ER) diets (‐750 kcal/d) which contained 10%, 20%, or 30% energy from protein (30% of total protein provided from lean pork/beef or soy/legume products) for 3 consecutive 4‐week trials. Chronic adaptations to the experimental diets did not affect fasting glucose, fasting insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), or pancreatic beta function (HOMA‐β). Acute glucose responses (area under the curve, 4h) to breakfast meals corresponding to the assigned diets were not different, despite an elevation of insulin area under the curve (P=0.02) with 30% protein compared to 20%. These results suggest that neither protein source nor quantity spanning the ADMR range influence fasting and postprandial glucose responses in overweight/obese adults adapted to energy restricted diets.Grant Funding Source: Supported by National Cattleman’s Beef Association, National Pork Board, NIH UL1 TR000006.

Effects of Dietary Protein Sources on the Progression of Renal Failure without Dialysis in Rats

The quality and quantity of protein are essential factors that determine nutritional significance of a protein. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of several animal and plant proteins on the progression of renal failure in rats. Ninety male rats were allocated into nine groups and were fed with a basal diet containing different protein sources for 12 weeks. Two groups comprised of a negative control group and a positive control group (with induced renal failure) fed on the basal diet. Rats in the remaining seven groups were fed using different diets containing 10% protein derived from fish, meat, chicken, egg, soybean, lentil, and white bean. Biological, biochemical and histological studies were done at the end of the study. Protein content was highest for the chicken extract (87.36%), followed by meat (85.67%), egg (78.85%), and fish (78.55%). Body weight gain increased as food intake decreased in all groups other than the positive control group, and the food efficiency ratio paralleled food intake. Rats fed the fish protein diet had lower blood urea nitrogen (28.0 mg/dL), uric acid (3.5mg/dL) levels compared with the other groups. There were no significant differences in creatinine levels between rats fed the animal protein (fish and meat) or the plant protein (soy and white bean) diets. Histological studies revealed no abnormal renal features in rats fed the fish or soybean protein diets. Therefore, the results of the study suggest that a diet containing fish protein may delay the progression of chronic renal failure relative to other protein diets.