Effects Of Detergents Research Articles

Breakup behavior of fan water jet and its detergency effect

Breakup behavior of fan water jet and its detergency effect

A Study on Moisturizing Effect and Mechanical Irritation of Detergents for the Prevention of Radiation Dermatitis in Head and Neck Cancer Patients

A Study on Moisturizing Effect and Mechanical Irritation of Detergents for the Prevention of Radiation Dermatitis in Head and Neck Cancer Patients

The Effect of Common Detergents on The Causative Virus of Newcastle Disease

Newcastle disease is one of the most severe poultry viral diseases due to its ability to cause massive economic losses and about 100% mortality in chickens. Many disinfectants have been used on farms to prevent the disease. However, the use of existing commercial disinfectants nowadays is considered expensive. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of commercial detergents as disinfectants in inactivating the virus. Two commercial detergents containing Alkylbenzene sulfonates, which can dissolve the viral envelope lipid, were tested. More so, three concentrations of 1%, 1.5%, and 2% were used, with contact times of 5, 10, and 15 minutes, respectively. The commercial disinfectant Virkon was employed as a control. The results showed that commercial detergents had the same results compared to control by being able to inactivate the virus with a concentration of 1%, 1.5%, and 2% in 5, 10, and 15 minutes, respectively. This shows that simple and inexpensive household detergents can be used as an alternative for disinfection.

Detergents Effect on Egg Hatchability, Morphometry and Larval Bone Structure of Native Indonesian Fish: Wader Pari (Rasbora lateristriata Bleeker, 1854)

This study was conducted to determine the effect of detergents on eggs hatchability, survival rates, morphometry and bone structure of Wader Pari fish (Rasbora lateristriata Bleeker, 1854). The fish were treated with detergent solution, with a concentration of 0 mg L−1, 3 mg L−1, 6 mg L−1, 9 mg L−1, 18 mg L−1, 27 mg L−1, and 50 mg L−1, respectively. Each test consisted of one aquarium filled with 30 eggs. The number of eggs hatched was counted and these were treated continually for 1.5 mo to determine fish survival rates, morphology, growth rates and bone structure assays. The bone structure assay was prepared with Alizarin’s Red-Alcian Blue staining. The results show that detergent treatments at 0 mg L−1, 3 mg L−1, 6 mg L−1, 9 mg L−1 did not significantly affect hatchability, survival rate, or morphometry of either egg or fish (p > 0.05). However, a higher concentration at 18 mg L−1, 27 mg L−1, and 50 mg L−1, significantly affected the fish egg hatchability and survivability. Moreover, fish vertebral structures were normal at treatments of 0 mg L−1, 3 mg L−1, 6 mg L−1, whereas at 9 mg L−1, was caused abnormal vertebral structures.

Infectious Diseases and Endocrinology 2019: Some notes about medical applications for microbial biosurfactants - Samer M Al-Hulu- Green University of Al Qasim

Bio-surfactants are amphiphilic biological compounds made extracellular or cell membrane part bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungi. Bio-surfactants are made up of a hydrophilic moiety, may be acid, peptide, action, anion, mono, di or polysaccharides and a hydrophobic moiety, which may be unsaturated or saturated hydrocarbon chains or fatty acids. Many advantages for bio-surfactants comprise biodegradability, low toxicity, biocompatibility and digestivity, presence of raw materials and specificity. The bio-surfactant production was known by many methods includes, hemolytic activity, oil displacement test emulsification index, surface tension reduction, blue agar plate or CTAB agar plate method, hydrocarbon overlay agar method. There are many medial applications for bio-surfactant which includes antimicrobial activity. Biosurfactants having capacity to be toxic on cell membrane permeability in similar method to detergent effect, anti-cancer activity, the neuronal differentiation in PC 12 cells induced by MEL and get ready the ground work for the use of microbial extracellular glycolipids as novel reagents for cancer cell treatment, antiviral activity, the sophorolipids surfactants produce by C. bombicola having structural analogues such as the sophorolipiddiacetate ethyl ester which is powerful spermicidal and virucidal agent and its virucidal activity similar to nonoxynol-9 against the human semen. Anti-adhesive agents, bio-surfactants having capability for adhesion residing for pathogenic organisms to solid surfaces or infection site, anti-fungal activity, flocculosin is a glycolipid produced by yeast like fungus P. flocculosa having antifungal activity against pathogenic yeasts and human mycoses. Immunological adjuvants, bacterial lipo-peptides when mix with classic antigens having active nontoxic, nonpyrogenic immunological adjuvants. Gene delivery, the liposomes based on bio-surfactants having increasing efficiency for gene transfection than cationic liposomes trading use. Microbial compounds that possess pronounced surface and emulsifying activities are categorized as biosurfactants. Biosurfactants include a wide range of chemical structures, such as glycolipids, lipopeptides, polysaccharide–protein complexes, phospholipids, fatty acids and neutral lipids. For instance, Cooper and Goldenberg described different bio emulsifiers produced by two Bacillus species in water-soluble substrates with different emulsifying and surface activities. It is, therefore, reasonable to expect different properties and physiological functions for unique groups of biosurfactants. Moreover, these molecules can be tailor-made to suit different applications by modifying the growth substrate or growth conditions. Although most biosurfactants are regarded to be secondary metabolites, some may play crucial roles for the survival of biosurfactants-producing microorganisms through facilitating nutrient transport or microbe–host interactions or by acting as biocide agents. Biosurfactant roles include increasing the surface area and bioavailability of hydrophobic water-insoluble substrates, heavy metal binding, bacterial pathogenesis, and quorum sensing and biofilm formation. Biosurfactants are amphipathic molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties that partition preferentially at the interface between fluid phases that have different polarity and hydrogen bonding, such as oil and water or air and water interfaces. This property elaborates their wide use in environmental applications. Most work on biosurfactant applications has been focused on their use in environmental applications owing to their diversity, environmentally friendly nature, suitability for large-scale production and selectivity. Despite their potential and biological origin only a few studies have been carried out on applications related to the biomedical field. Some biosurfactants are suitable alternatives to synthetic medicines and antimicrobial agents and may be used as safe and effective therapeutic agents Synthetic surfactants are becoming increasingly unpopular in many areas and applications due to previously disregarded effects on biological systems and this has led to a new focus on replacing such products with biosurfactants that are biodegradable and created from renewal resources. Microbially derived biosurfactants have been investigated in numerous studies in areas including: increasing feed digestibility in an agricultural context, improving seed protection and fertility, plant pathogen control, antimicrobial activity, ant biofilm activity, wound healing and dermatological care, improved oral cavity care, drug delivery systems and anticancer treatments. The development of the potential of biosurfactants has been stopped somewhat by the myriad of steps taken in their investigations, the focus on pathogens as source species and the costs associated with large�?�scale production. Here, we focus on various microbial sources of biosurfactants and the current trends in terms of agricultural and biomedical applications.

Monomeric bile acids modulate the ATPase activity of detergent-solubilized ABCB4/MDR3

ABCB4, also called multidrug-resistant protein 3 (MDR3), is an ATP binding cassette transporter located in the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes that specifically translocates phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids from the cytoplasmic to the extracellular leaflet. Due to the harsh detergent effect of bile acids, PC lipids provided by ABCB4 are extracted into the bile. While it is well known that bile acids are the major extractor of PC lipids from the membrane into bile, it is unknown whether only PC lipid extraction is improved or whether bile acids also have a direct effect on ABCB4. Using in vitro experiments, we investigated the modulation of ATP hydrolysis of ABC by different bile acids commonly present in humans. We demonstrated that all tested bile acids stimulated ATPase activity except for taurolithocholic acid, which inhibited ATPase activity due to its hydrophobic nature. Additionally, we observed a nearly linear correlation between the critical micelle concentration and maximal stimulation by each bile acid, and that this modulation was maintained in the presence of PC lipids. This study revealed a large effect of 24-nor-ursodeoxycholic acid, suggesting a distinct mode of regulation of ATPase activity compared with other bile acids. In addition, it sheds light on the molecular cross talk of canalicular ABC transporters of the human liver.

INFLUENCE OF DETERGENTS AND DISINFECTANTS ON THE QUALITY INDICATORS OF EDIBLE HEN EGGS WASHED AND DISINFECTED

The article presents the results of evaluating the effect of detergent and various disinfectants used for sanitary treatment of the surface of egg shells of hen edible on their quality and safety indicators. Four disinfectants belonging to different groups of drugs were selected for research: «SUNWAY DES» (peroxide), «Silversil Des» (silver-containing), «Lanex» (quaternary-ammonium compounds), «Catelon 502» (containing peracetic acid). A decrease of the mass of all samples of eggs during the whole storage period (35 days) 5,6–6,6% of initial, was increasing the height of the air chamber eggs 2,3–2,9 times, with the largest increase was in specimens treated by «Silvercel Des» and «Lanex». The decrease in egg density in
 salt solution was at the same level in all
 experimental samples. There was a decrease in the yolk index by 7,7% in the control sample and by 16,3–19,0% in the experimental samples, but the yolk shell did not break in all cases. By the end of
 the shelf eggs life, the shell thickness and elastic deformation met the requirements. According to microbiological indicators, all egg samples during 33 days of storage met the requirements of the technical normative legal acts. Organoleptic evaluation of eggs at 16 and 35 days of storage allowed us to establish that the best, closest in organoleptics to the eggs of the control group, were the eggs of the 1st experimental group, and the worst, according to the conclusion of the majority of tasters, were the eggs of the 3rd experimental group. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the research, it was found that «SUNWAY DES» and «Catelon 502» disinfectants can be recommended for disinfecting the surface of the egg shell of edible hen eggs.

STUDYING THE ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF DETERGENTS AND DISINFECTANTS ON THE MICROFLORA OF THE EGG SHELL SURFACE

The article presents the results of evaluating the antimicrobial effect of detergents and disinfectants on the microflora of the eggshell surface. Washing and disinfection of eggs was carried out by manual treatment by immersion in washing and disinfecting solutions and subsequent washing with brushes. For washing eggs, an alkaline detergent with a «Sanet BIO» disinfectant effect was used, and for disinfection, one of the four selected disinfectants belonging to different groups of drugs: «SUNWAY DES» disinfectant (peroxide), «Silversil Des» disinfectant (silver-containing), «Lanex» disinfectant (based on Quaternary ammonium compounds), and «Catelon 502» disinfectant (containing peracetic acid). It was found that the treatment of eggs in order to reduce the contamination of the surface of their shells with «SUNWAY DES», «Catelon 502» and «Lanex» disinfectants by hand washing confirmed their effectiveness and leads to the disinfection of the shell from opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms, as well as reduces the overall microbial contamination. Sanitization of egg shells of edible hen eggs by hand washing with the use of «Silversil Des» disinfectant in the spent modes showed that this tool is not effective in disinfecting egg shells, since immediately after processing, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella s.p.p. and Listeria s.p.p. bacteria were found on their surface.

Stimulation of ABCB4/MDR3 ATPase activity requires an intact phosphatidylcholine lipid

ABCB4/MDR3 is located in the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes and translocates PC-lipids from the cytoplasmic to the extracellular leaflet. ABCB4 is an ATP-dependent transporter that reduces the harsh detergent effect of the bile salts by counteracting self-digestion. To do so, ABCB4 provides PC lipids for extraction into bile. PC lipids account for 40% of the entire pool of lipids in the canalicular membrane with an unknown distribution over both leaflets. Extracted PC lipids end up in so-called mixed micelles. Mixed micelles are composed of phospholipids, bile salts, and cholesterol. Ninety to ninety-five percent of the phospholipids are members of the PC family, but only a subset of mainly 16.0-18:1 PC and 16:0-18:2 PC variants are present. To elucidate whether ABCB4 is the key discriminator in this enrichment of specific PC lipids, we used in vitro studies to identify crucial determinants in substrate selection. We demonstrate that PC-lipid moieties alone are insufficient for stimulating ABCB4 ATPase activity, and that at least two acyl chains and the backbone itself are required for a productive interaction. The nature of the fatty acids, like length or saturation has a quantitative impact on the ATPase activity. Our data demonstrate a two-step enrichment and protective function of ABCB4 to mitigate the harsh detergent effect of the bile salts, because ABCB4 can translocate more than just the PC-lipid variants found in bile.

Complementary experimental and computational analysis of the effects of non-ionic detergents and phospholipids on insulin amyloid aggregation

Amphiphilic compounds, both detergents and lipids, are important tools for in vitro analysis of water-soluble and integral membrane proteins. A key question is whether these two groups of amphiphilic molecules use the same pathway to affect structural and functional integrity of proteins. In the present study, we tested the effect of non-ionic detergent dodecyl maltoside (DDM), two phospholipids, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine (DMPC), 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DHPC), and the detergent-phospholipid mixtures on insulin amyloidogenesis in vitro. Amyloidogenesis of insulin is significantly affected by DDM in a time-and dose-dependent manner, but only slightly affected by either of phospholipids. Addition of DHPC or DMPC to detergent does not alter the inhibiting pattern, suggesting that DDM preferably binds to insulin. The molecular modeling revealed that DDM and the phospholipids occupy equivalent binding sites. DDM, due to the presence of maltose with several oxygen atoms (hydroxylic, glycosidic and ring) is involved in more hydrogen bonds than DHPC or DMPC. Hydrophobic interactions are important factors to stabilize both, DDM and phospholipids in their binding sites. Our results indicate that certain detergents (applying DDM as an example) and selected phospholipids are not always interchangeable in their use to investigate the effect of amphiphilic compounds on the behavior of amyloid-prone proteins.

Transcription factor based whole-cell biosensor for specific and sensitive detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate

Extensive use of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) in households, agricultural operations, and industries is leading to its subsequent disposal in waterways. There is an apprehension of the adverse effect of such detergents on various living organisms. Thus, an efficient, specific, and simple detection method to monitor SDS reliably in the environment is needed. We used sdsB1 activator protein and SDS-responsive promoter of sdsA1 gene along with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) to construct a novel SDS biosensor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa chassis. The GFP intensity of the biosensor showed a linear relationship (R2 = 0.99) from 0.4 to 62.5 ppm of SDS with a detection limit of 0.1 ppm. This biosensor is highly specific for SDS and has minimal interference from other detergents, metals, and inorganic ions. The biosensor showed a satisfactory and reproducible recovery rate for the detection of SDS in real samples. Overall, this is a low cost, easy-to-use, selective, and reliable biosensor for monitoring SDS in the environment.

The sequential effects of a multifactorial detergent based decellularization process on bovine pericardium

Decellularization is a promising method for obtaining extracellular matrix scaffolds (ECM) to be used as replacement material in reconstructive procedures. The effectiveness of decellularization and the alterations to the ECM vary, depending on several factors, including the tissue source, composition and density. With an optimized decellularization process, decellularized scaffolds can preserve the spatial and temporal ECM microenvironment, which play an integral role in modulating cell migration, proliferation and differentiation. The exploration of a variety of decellularization protocols has led to mixed outcomes and comparisons between decellularization protocols could not attribute these differences to any single step in a multiple-step process. This study aimed to characterize the effects of each step of a multifactorial decellularization method on the scaffold structure and mechanical integrity of bovine pericardium. Each step of the decellularization process and the effect on the tissue was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining, electron microscopy, total protein, ECM protein and triglyceride quantification. The biomechanical properties were assessed using uniaxial tensile strength testing. Cell lysis occurred mainly during the detergent and alcohol steps. Collagen structural damage occurred during the detergent and alcohol steps, with no significant decreased in collagen concentration. No significant damage to elastin could be shown throughout the process, however glycosaminoglycans were significantly removed by detergent treatment. Triglycerides were removed mostly by the alcohol treatment. The strength of the pericardium decreased somewhat after each step of the protocol. It is important to characterize each decellularization protocol with regards to the decellularization efficiency and the effect on the ECM proteins structure and function to accurately evaluate in vivo outcomes.

Biophysical studies of HIV-1 glycoprotein-41 interactions with peptides and small molecules – Effect of lipids and detergents

BackgroundThe hydrophobic pocket (HP) of HIV-1 glycoprotein-41 ectodomain is defined by two chains of the N-heptad repeat trimer, within the protein-protein interface that mediates 6HB formation. It is a potential target for inhibitors of viral fusion, but its hydrophobic nature and proximity to membrane in situ has precluded ready analysis of inhibitor interactions. MethodsWe evaluated the sensitivity of 19F NMR and fluorescence for detecting peptide and small molecule binding to the HP and explored the effect of non-denaturing detergent or phospholipid as cosolvents and potential mimics of the membrane environment surrounding gp41. ResultsChemical shifts of aromatic fluorines were found to be sensitive to changes in the hydrogen bonding network that occurred when inhibitors transitioned from solvent into the HP or into ordered detergent micelles. Fluorescence intensities and emission maxima of autofluorescent compounds responded to changes in the local environment. ConclusionsGp41 – ligand binding occurred under all conditions, but was diminished in the presence of detergents. NMR and fluorescence studies revealed that dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) was a poor substitute for membrane in this system, while liposomes could mimic the membrane surroundings. General significanceOur findings suggest that development of high potency small molecule binders to the HP may be frustrated by competition between binding to the HP and binding to the bilayer membrane.

English

The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant microorganisms are threats to public health due to its related increasing rates of morbidity and mortality in the world. Routine disinfection practices do not eliminate many of these resistant species and may contribute to the development in their resistance. Therefore, the current study evaluates the effectiveness of some popular detergents labelled as antibacterial and available at local market. Fifteen different brands of detergents were tested against thirteen American-type culture collection (ATCC) strains; five species related to Gram-positive bacteria, eight species to Gram-negative bacteria and three clinical isolates, (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by measuring their efficacy by agar well diffusion technique and contact time assay. Dilution levels of detergents exhibited different zones of inhibition against the tested bacterial strains. The initial dilutions of detergents (DAC, SUNOVA, CLOROX, Drummer, GENTO, Dettol with pine, Dettol, Clorox Original, EMLAG and 3 M) showed inhibition zones ranging from 10 mm to >40 mm on Gram positive bacteria. Dettol, Clorox Original, EMLAG and 3 M showed inhibition zones ranging from 11 to 20 mm on limited numbers of Gram-negative bacteria at the first dilutions of detergents. The results showed that, Dettol, Clorox and 3 M were the strongest detergents compared to the other detergents included in this study. A contact-time assay showed a positive relationship between exposure time and efficacy of detergent against the tested bacterial strains.   Key words: Detergents, multidrug-resistant microorganisms, nosocomial infection, Makkah.

Studies on the extremo-lipase produced by the halotolerant Oceanobacillus iheyensis strain QCS

In the current work, different studies were carried out on the lipase enzyme produced by the halotolerant Oceanobacillus iheyensis strain QCS, with an expectation to be an important candidate in the industrial applications. Lipase of strain QCS was halo-alkali-thermo-detergent-solvent stable. Maximum production of lipase was obtained after 72 h of incubation, at 40oC and pH 8 and 9 in a medium containing 25 % (w/v) NaCl and 1% (v/v) olive oil as a lipid substrate. This lipase was partially purified, highest lipase activity was obtained in 80% ammonium sulfate saturation, and in fraction eight of the Sephadex G-200 gel filtration chromatography. Lipase displayed wide spectrum of activity within a broad range of conditions including salinity, temperature and pH, it was optimally active at 25% (w/v) NaCl, 40°C and pH 8 and 9, respectively. The effect of many metal ions, detergents and organic solvents on the activity of lipase was evaluated. Interestingly, lipase was able to retain the majority of its activity in the presence of Ni2+, Mg2+, Oxi and Fairy detergents, ethyl acetate, dimethyl formamide and toluene, respectively. Overall, as the lipase from O. iheyensis strain QCS has a number of interesting properties especially its stability at extreme conditions; it could be used as a potential promising candidate for detergents industry, and as a biocatalyst in low water enzymatic processes.

Improvement of PersiXyn2 activity and stability in presence of Trehalose and proline as a natural osmolyte

Compatible solutes or osmolytes stabilize proteins against different stress conditions. In this study, the effect of trehalose and proline against pH and thermal stress is examined on PersiXyn2. Trehalose and proline lowered the optimum pH of PersiXyn2 and increased the optimum temperature of its activity, which is more desirable for its industrial application. These osmolytes improved PersiXyn2 storage stability for a long 24-day period. Also, both osmolytes retained the catalytic activity of the enzyme in the presence of different concentrations of metal ions but trehalose had the most effect in the presence of Mg2+ and proline had most significant effect in the presence of Mn2+. In addition, the effect of detergents on the enzyme in the presence of proline and trehalose increased the activity of PersiXyn2. Chemical stability studies using urea as a denaturant indicated that both of the osmolytes improved the conformational stability of PersiXyn2. According to molecular dynamic studies, a definite change in conformation of PersiXyn2 was detected in the presence of proline and trehalose. Based on findings in the current study, given the importance of xylanases activity and stability in extreme conditions for industrial applications, two natural osmolytes were able to activate and stabilize PersiXyn2.

The Cyt1Aa toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis inserts into target membranes via different mechanisms in insects, red blood cells, and lipid liposomes

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis produces crystal inclusions composed of three-domain Cry proteins and cytolytic Cyt toxins, which are toxic to different mosquito larvae. A key component is the Cyt toxin, which synergizes the activity of the other Cry toxins, thereby resulting in high toxicity. The precise mechanism of action of Cyt toxins is still debated, and two models have been proposed: the pore formation model and the detergent effect. Here, we performed a systematic structural characterization of the Cyt toxin interaction with different membranes, including in Aedes aegypti larval brush border membrane vesicles, small unilamellar vesicle liposomes, and rabbit erythrocytes. We examined Cyt1Aa insertion into these membranes by analyzing fluorescence quenching in solution and in the membrane-bound state. For this purpose, we constructed several Cyt1Aa variants having substitutions with a single cysteine residue in different secondary structures, enabling Cys labeling with Alexa Fluor 488 for quenching analysis using I-soluble quencher in solution and in the membrane-bound state. We identified the Cyt1Aa residues exposed to the solvent upon membrane insertion, predicting a possible topology of the membrane-inserted toxin in the different membranes. Moreover, toxicity assays with these variants revealed that Cyt1Aa exerts its insecticidal activity and hemolysis through different mechanisms. We found that Cyt1Aa exhibits variable interactions with each membrane system, with deeper insertion into mosquito larva membranes, supporting the pore formation model, whereas in the case of erythrocytes and small unilamellar vesicles, Cyt1Aa's insertion was more superficial, supporting the notion that a detergent effect underlies its hemolytic activity.

Evaluation of calcium oxalate deposition on different fabrics under different sodium oxalate-based detergent formulations

The builder is an important ingredient in detergents. Sodium oxalate is a good non-phosphate detergent builder, which has good calcium-removing properties and good wash performance in detergents. However, sodium oxalate-based detergent formulations face a tricky problem of “incrustation” on fabrics due to calcium oxalate deposition. If sodium oxalate is used in commercial detergents, then “incrustation” must be solved. In this study, we examined the effect of fabric type, anionic surfactant, polymer, and temperature on incrustation and soil redeposition (“secondary” washing effect) of a sodium oxalate-based detergent. The results showed that both the anionic surfactant and polymer influenced the deposition of calcium oxalate on fabrics. Overall, the amount of calcium oxalate deposition followed the order polyamide < polyester < cotton with the same formulation. Finally, good secondary washing effects (low ash deposition and high whiteness retention) formulations were selected by cumulative washing. The formulation of methyl ester sulfonate (MES)-sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), MES-polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and alcohol ether sulfate (AES)-CMC had better secondary effects, and the optimal combination of the 12 formulations was AES-CMC.

The study of pharmacological activity of shampoo for seborea treatment

Over the years, the issues of clinical course and seborrheic dermatitis treatment in children and adults are actual. This is evidenced by numerous publications of domestic and foreign scientists. Seborrheic dermatitis occurs in 20-25 % of the population aged 16 to 35 years, the disease is more common in men than in women, which is associated with androgenic stimulation of the sebaceous glands. The cause of seborrheic dermatitis is the fungus Malassezia , and factors that contribute to the development of this disease are: endocrine pathology, neurological diseases, immunodeficiency, genetic predisposition, hyperhidrosis, vitamin deficiency, the effects of alkaline detergents on the skin and other. The correction of seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp is a complex process that must be comprehensive: to eliminate not only the symptoms, but also to effect on the causes of the disease. In the pharmaceutical market ofUkraine, the number of combined drugs used for the treatment and prevention of seborrheic dermatitis is quite limited. Because of that it is important to develop a new drug in the form of shampoo for the prevention and treatment of this hair disease. Aim. To study the toxicological characteristics and pharmacological activity of a new drug in the form of shampoo. Materials and methods. One of the most important requirements for drugs is their health safety. The study of toxicological properties of the new drug for the prevention and treatment of seborrheic dermatitis has been carried out according to the guidelines of the State Pharmacological Center of Ukraine. The study included the identification of possible toxic effects with a single injection, as well as application in the form of skin applications and «conjunctival test». The study of pharmacological activity included the research of antialterative effect on a model of linear wounds, as well as reparative effect on a model of a linear cut wound in rats. Results. The results of the study indicated the absence of toxic effects of the new drug under acute experimental conditions on two types of laboratory animals with two ways of administration. According to the classification of K. K. Sidorov, the studied agent belongs to the IV class of toxicity – low-toxic substances (LD > 2810 mg/kg). It has been found that this drug has no local irritant effect on contact with the skin and mucous membranes of the eye. During the study of antialterative activity of a new drug in the form of shampoo, it has been found that the expressive activity showed a sample with the following components: octopyrox – 0.5 %; α-lipoic acid – 0.5 %; urea – 5.0 % and the rate of wound healing on the 15th day of the experiment was not inferior to the reference drug «PhysiObebe Mustela Bebe». It has been confirmed that in the model of a linear cut wound in rats, the new drug in the form of shampoo shows a pronounced reparative activity and exceeds the same indicator of the comparison drug «PhysiObebe Mustela Bebe». Conclusions. The results of the study indicated the absence of toxic effects of the new drug (according to the classification of K. K. Sidorov belongs to the IV class of toxicity – low-toxic substances), as well as local irritation in the applied to the skin and mucous membranes of the eye. The new drug in the form of shampoo under the conditions of model pathology showed pronounced antialterative and reparative activity.

Toxic Potentials of Nittol Detergent on Haematological Parameters of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Nigeria

Background: The toxic effect of Nittol detergent on the haematological parameters of the African catfish (C. gariepinus) sub-adult was investigated. The experiment was conducted in triplicates forthe four treatments. Behavioral changes in fish exposed to different concentrations of Nittol detergent ranged from erratic swimming, moribund movement, jumping and lack of balance. Similar changes were not observed in the control throughout the experiment. Nittol detergent is composed of linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LABS), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate, sodium per-borate and sodium silicate (perfume) as active ingredients. The fish were exposed to concentrations 1.0 g/L, 2.0 g/L, 3.0 g/L and 4.0g/L. At 1.0 g/l concentration, the mean mortality was 80% with an initial erratic swimming.
 Results: It was observed that mean mortality increased drastically with increasing Nittol Detergent concentrations. At a concentration 3.0 g/L, total mortality was observed within 72 hours of exposure preceding moribund swimming while total mortality was observed at 4.0 g/L. The concentration at which 50% of the experimental fishes were killed (LC50) was 0.9 g/L. Results from statistical analysis indicated that mortality varied significantly with concentrations as higher values recorded higher mortality rates. However, mean values showed the highest mortality (74%) with Nittol detergent. Haematological results obtained from blood profile analysis showed various degrees of alterations and changes in values when compared to the control. The PCV of the exposed fish was 26% when compared to 27% in the control, HB was 8.9 (GDL) as against 9.0 Gdl of the control, total WBC was 640 x 109/L as against 1280 x 109/L of the control. The RBC reading was 4.7 compared to 5.3 (mm3) of the control. For the differential counts, the lymphocyte was 80%. Neutrophils were 4 % and monocyte 16% compared to 62%, 8% and 30% of the control respectively. The results revealed a significant decrease in PCV counts for 8.0, 16.0, 25.0, and 50.0ml/l concentration when compared to the control. There revealed significant decrease of haemoglobin count for 8.0 ml/l group (p>0.05) and significant decrease for 16.0 ml/l, 25.0 ml/l and 50.0 ml/l groups (p<0.05), when compared to the control. The results showed insignificant decrease of RBC count for 1.0 g/l (p>0.05) and a significant decrease for the 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 g/l groups (p<0.05), compared to the control. This means that as the toxicant concentration increased, the fish red blood count decreased the more. This further implies that at higher concentration of, RBC reduces correspondingly. Lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils in the control set showed (apparently normal cell after) hematoxylin and eosin staining. Differential blood samples exposed to various concentrations of Nittol Detergent showed denatured cells, haemolysis and blood cell shrinkage.
 Conclusion: It was therefore concluded that Nittol Detergent has significant toxic effect on the haematological parameters of C. gariepinus and recommended the control disposal of this detergent into aquatic bodies to reduce the negative impact on the blood quality of aquatic organisms.