Effects Of Chromium Supplementation Research Articles

Comments on "The effects of chromium supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials".

Comments on "The effects of chromium supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials".

Effect of chromium supplementation, both organic and inorganic, on the growth capacity and genotoxicity of Labeo rohita

A control group, three groups treated with chromium chloride hexahydrate, and three groups supplemented with Cr-Pic were generated from labeorohita fingerlings. Results from the experimental group T4 that had been given 0.3 mg/kg of (Cr-Pic) and carbohydrates showed significance (P 0.05). In comparison to the control and other experimental groups, Labeo rohita showed superior growth. The aquaculture business has a minimal growth tendency, and the goal of fish feed formulation is to give fish a workable diet to improve their bodies. The biological machinery of fish relies heavily on organic and inorganic chromium compounds added to carbohydrates as an energy source. This article describes the impact of chromium picolinate (organic) and chromium chloride hexahydrate (inorganic) on Labeorohita's ability to grow and its genotoxicity. Seven groups (each with a replica) were used, with 30 each being watched in groups T5, T6, and T7. The results of the comet assay showed that fish erythrocytes had genetic damage according to dosage and Cr (organic or inorganic). So, by 0.31 mg/kg concentration, the greatest comet metrics (Tail length, Tail DNA, and Olive Tail Moment) were detected. This study suggested that organic Cr may be employed as a growth stimulator if inorganic Cr was hazardous. Overall findings suggested that organic chromium supplementation of 0.31 mg/kg should be reevaluated for growth. The goal of this research initiative is to encourage fish producers to use organic Cr-added feed because it increases yield while improving growth performance and has positive health impacts for customers that lower the danger of toxicity.

The effects of chromium supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Results of studies on the effect of chromium supplementation on blood pressure (BP) are contradictory. The purpose of the current study was to carry out a meta-analysis on the effects of chromium supplementation on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). We conducted a systematic literature search of PubMed, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase databases from inception up to July 2020 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluate the impacts of chromium on SBP and DBP. A random-effects model was used to compute weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was determined by I2 statistics and the Cochrane Q test. Sensitivity analysis was performed by eliminating each study one by one and recalculating the pooled effect. Ten studies comprising a total of 624 subjects were included in our meta-analysis. Chromium supplementation did not significantly change SBP (WMD: -0.642: 95% CI: (-2.15, 1.30) mmHg; p = 0.312; I2 = 12.7%) and DBP (WMD: -0.10; 95% CI: (-1.39, 1.18) mmHg; p = 0.070; I2 = 37.6%). Subgroup analysis based on dose and duration of chromium supplementation also did not significantly change the mean of SBP and DBP. The present meta-analysis of RCTs did not show the beneficial effects of chromium supplementation on BP in adults.

Effect of Chromium Supplementation on Blood Glucose and Lipid Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

In recent years, the prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) have increased sharply worldwide. In order to evaluate the effect of chromium supplementation on patients with type 2 diabetes, a meta-analysis was conducted by searching the relevant literature. Randomized controlled trials on the effects of chromium supplements on glucose metabolism or lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes were retrieved from multiple databases. Literature screening, quality evaluation, and data extraction were conducted according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and Review Manager 5.4.0 was used for data analysis. A total of 10 randomized controlled trials involving 509 patients were included, including 269 cases in the experimental group and 240 cases in the placebo control group. Statistical analysis was conducted on the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to evaluate the blood glucose and lipid levels. Meta-analysis results showed that the differences between the experimental group and the control group in only one indicator of HbA1c were statistically significant, while there were no statistically significant differences in other indicators. The use of chromium supplements can reduce the glycosylated hemoglobin of type 2 diabetic patients to a certain extent, but it cannot effectively improve the fasting blood glucose and blood lipid levels of type 2 diabetic patients.

A Comprehensive insight into the effect of chromium supplementation on oxidative stress indices in diabetes mellitus: A systematic review.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder defined as an increase in blood glucose levels (hyperglycaemia) and insufficient production or action of insulin produced by the pancreas. Chronic hyperglycaemia leads to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress, which consequently results in insulin resistance, beta cell degeneration, dyslipidaemia, and glucose intolerance in diabetic patients. Chromium has an essential role in the metabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates through increasing insulin efficiency. This systematic review aimed to evaluate chromium supplementation's potential roles in oxidative stress indices in diabetes mellitus. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane, and Science Direct databases until November 2020. All clinical trials and animal studies that assessed chromium's effect on oxidative stress indices in diabetes mellitus and were published in English-language journals were included. Finally, only 33 out of 633 articles met the required criteria for further analysis. Among 33 papers, 25 studies were performed on animals, and eight investigations were conducted on humans. Twenty-eight studies of chromium supplementation lead to reducing oxidative stress indices. Also, 23 studies showed that chromium supplementation markedly increased antioxidant enzymes' activity and improved levels of antioxidant indices. In conclusion, chromium supplementation decreased oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus. However, further clinical trials are suggested in a bid to determine the exact mechanisms.

Effect of Chromium Supplementation on Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Blood Biochemistry, and Immune Response of Unstressed Broiler Chickens: a Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.

Studies investigating the effects of Chromium (Cr) supplementation on unstressed broiler chickens have reported an inconsistent association between Cr supplementation and broiler chickens' responses. We conducted a dose-response meta-analysis of previous studies to assess the dose-response associations between Cr supplementation and performance parameters, carcass traits, blood metabolites, and immune indices of non-stressed broiler chickens. The results showed that Cr supplementation was not associated with feed intake, body mass gain, and feed conversion ratio. There was a J-shaped relationship between Cr supplementation and carcass relative weight, and Cr supplementation at about 1145μg/kg diet produced the highest response. However, supplemental Cr had no effects on the other carcass traits, including breast, leg, abdominal fat, and liver relative weights. There was a strong evidence of nonlinear associations between Cr supplementation and the blood concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (P < 0.05). The maximum reduction in blood LDL concentration was observed when Cr was supplemented at about 540μg/kg diet, and Cr at the dose of 588μg/kg of diet caused the greatest enhancement in the blood HDL concentration. However, supplementation with Cr did not change the blood total cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations. Additionally, a strong inverse association was found between Cr supplementation and blood glucose concentration. Furthermore, positive linear associations between Cr supplementation and the relative weight of bursa and thymus and the antibody titer to Newcastle disease vaccine were detected. However, supplemental Cr had no effect on the spleen relative weight and titer against avian influenza vaccine. Findings from this meta-analysis demonstrate that Cr supplementation is positively associated with carcass relative weight, blood HDL concentration, and immune response and inversely associated with blood glucose and LDL concentrations in non-stressed broiler chickens.

Chromium in performance and metabolism of dairy cows

The need for refined adjustments to nutritional requirements in dairy cow production systems is a demand for productive efficiency. Dairy cows face severe physiological and metabolic changes as the end of pregnancy and the beginning of lactation, requiring greater attention in nutritional aspects. However, chromium supplementation has been suggested to improve the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Thus giving potential use for dairy cows. In this context, the objective was to conduct a literature review on the effects of chromium supplementation on the productive performance and metabolism of dairy cows. Therefore, chromium supplementation appears to improve milk production without affecting milk constituents. And apparently chromium supplementation reduces the blood concentration of NEFA. These results can be explained by a possible improvement in insulin metabolism, promoting an increase in insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue, consequently reducing lipolysis. What can change the energy partition in the mammary gland improving the processes of milk synthesis. However, many experimental results are contradictory in the literature, which can be explained by different stages of lactation, chromium source, stress conditions, supplementation period, type and content of carbohydrates in the diet. So in fact, there is a need to conduct a meta-analysis study with the available database to elucidate the real effect of chromium on the performance and metabolism of dairy cows.

Effects of chromium supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

IntroductionAccumulating evidence suggests that chromium (Cr) supplementation may prevent inflammation, however, the results have been inconsistent. To derive a more precise estimation of the efficacy of Cr supplementation on inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), high-sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs-CRP), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), this systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. MethodsAn advanced search of PubMed and Scopus was conducted from inception to 14 April 2020 to find randomized controlled trials that assessed the effect of Cr supplementation on inflammation among the adult population. ResultsThe search resulted in identifying 10 articles which met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Our results indicated that Cr supplementation significantly decreased serum levels of hs-CRP (weighted mean differences (WMD): -0.95 mg/l; 95 % CI, -1.54 to -0.36, P = 0.002). Greater effects on hs-CRP were detected in trials using Cr picolinate and Cr chloride, dosage <300 μg with duration ≤12 weeks. Also, 12 weeks supplementation with Cr dinicocysteinate led to a significant reduction in the level of TNF-α but Cr picolinate did not show significant changes in serum levels of TNF-α. Moreover, both Cr picolinate and Cr dinicocysteinate had no significant differences in the level of serum IL-6 and IL-8. Although, a significant non-linear association was found between serum hs-CRP changes and study duration (Pnon-linearity = 0.03), we did not find any significant association between serum hs-CRP changes and dosage (Pnon-linearity = 0.86) with Cr picolinate supplementation. ConclusionSupplementation with Cr picolinate and Cr chloride at dose <300 μg for ≤12 weeks could significantly decrease serum hs-CRP levels.

Chromium supplementation improves glucose metabolism and vaginal temperature regulation in Girolando cows under heat stress conditions in a climatic chamber.

This study aimed to evaluate chromium supplementation on productive, reproductive, and metabolic parameters at lactating Girolando cows subjected to heat stress conditions in a climatic chamber. Thirty-six lactating Girolando cows were subjected to two sequential trials. In trial 1 (thermoneutral environment), the effect of chromium supplementation was evaluated (0 vs. 0.50mg/kg of dry matter). In trial 2, the cows were fed the same diets, but they were divided into three environmental conditions: heat stress conditions in climatic chamber, fed ad libitum (HS); thermoneutral environment, fed ad libitum (TN); and thermoneutral environment, pair-fed (PF). In thermoneutral conditions, chromium supplementation did not affect productive or metabolic parameters, although supplemented cows had lower viability of oocytes (65.11 ± 0.08% vs. 76.86 ± 0.08%). During heat stress, chromium supplementation lowered plasma glucose levels (61.17 ± 1.90 vs. 67.11 ± 1.90mg/dL), and increased the insulin:glucose ratio (0.39 ± 0.04 vs. 0.27 ± 0.04). Cows fed the control diet in the HS group had higher vaginal temperature values (39.40 ± 0.10°C) than the cows in the TN group and PF group (38.89 ± 0.10°C and 38.85 ± 0.11°C, respectively). However, supplemented cows heat-stressed maintained the same vaginal temperature as cows in thermoneutral conditions. In conclusion, chromium supplementation improved glucose metabolism and prevented body temperature increases under heat stress conditions.

Effects of chromium supplementation on body composition, human and animal health, and insulin and glucose metabolism.

Chromium(III) has been proposed to have a nutritional or pharmacological role in changing body composition and improving symptoms of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and related conditions although the mode of action of Cr(III) at a molecular level has failed to be elucidated. This review details the current status of studies into Cr(III) supplementation. Clinical trials, meta-analyses and systematic reviews have failed to demonstrate clinically significant effects from Cr(III) supplementation on body composition or symptoms of insulin resistance and related conditions in humans and farm animals. Although new Cr(III) supplements continue to appear in the scientific literature, studies have failed to elucidate the mechanism of chromium action at a molecular level. Conflicting results on a role of transferrin in Cr(III) transport and detoxification have appeared. Cr(III) supplementation cannot currently be recommended in humans or farm animals. Further studies are required to probe the mechanism of Cr(III) action in increasing insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in rodent models of insulin resistance and diabetes, with particular attention being turned to a potential role of transferrin in Cr(III) transport and detoxification.

Effect of chromium supplementation on rhythmic alterations in growth performance and nutrient utilization of growing cattle during heat stress

ABSTRACT The present experiment was conducted to examine whether the supplementation of different organic Cr sources would improve the performance of heat-stressed calves. Twenty-four female Hariana calves were divided into four treatments (six calves per treatment): (1) calves fed on basal diet (0 mg Cr/kg DM); (2) calves fed on basal diet supplemented with 1.0 mg Cr/kg DM as Cr-picolinate (Cr-Pic); (3) calves fed on basal diet supplemented with 1.0 mg Cr/kg DM as Cr-polynicotinate (Cr-Polynic); and (4) calves fed on basal diet supplemented with 1.0 mg Cr/kg DM as Cr-yeast (Cr-Yeast). Supplementation of different sources of organic Cr did not alter the physiological response, feed utilization and growth performance of heat-stressed calves during 120-day experimental period. Nutrient digestibility and absorption of Cu, Fe and Mn were also found similar among the groups; however, utilization of Zn and Cr was higher (P< 0.05) in Cr-supplemented calves. This study suggests that the supplementation of different sources of Cr at 1.0 mg/kg DM improves the utilization of Zn and Cr (P< 0.05) in Cr-supplemented calves.

Effect of chromium supplementation on growth performance, meal pattern, metabolic and antioxidant status and insulin sensitivity of summer-exposed weaned dairy calves

Stressful situations may result in serum chromium (Cr) depletion with increased urinary excretion of the mineral and increased Cr requirements. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Cr supplementation on growth performance, feeding behavior, blood metabolites and hormones, indicators of oxidative stress and glucose-insulin kinetics of summer-exposed weaned dairy calves. In total, 48 Holstein female calves (63 days of age; 77.0±1.45 kg of BW) were assigned randomly to one of two treatments: (1) a control group with no supplemental Cr (Cr−), and (2) a supplemental Cr group (Cr+) to supply 0.05 mg Cr as Cr-methionine/kg of BW0.75. Chromium was provided in the starter feed and adjusted weekly based on BW over the experimental period. All calves were on experiment for 4 weeks after weaning. The average maximum temperature–humidity index was 76.1 units during the study period, indicating a mild degree of environmental heat load. Results indicated that in summer-exposed dairy calves, increased dietary Cr provision tended to decrease fecal score, tended to change rumination pattern, increased antioxidant capacity by increasing serum concentration of catalase, but had no effects on growth performance, metabolic status or peripheral glucose and insulin metabolism.

Effects of chromium supplementation on weight gain, feeding behaviour, health and metabolic criteria of environmentally heat-loaded Holstein dairy calves from birth to weaning

ABSTRACTThe objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of chromium (Cr) supplementation on feed intake and meal pattern, weight gain and skeletal growth, and health and metabolic criteria of environmentally heat-loaded dairy calves during the pre-weaning period. Forty-eight newborn female calves were allotted randomly to a control group (no Cr supplement; Cr−) or a Cr group (Cr+) receiving 0.05 mg Cr (as Cr-methionine)/kg BW0.75. Cr was provided in the liquid feed (colostrum and milk) during the pre-weaning period. The average maximum temperature–humidity index was 83.7 U, indicating severe environmental heat load. Despite reduced meal frequency and increased in inter-meal interval, Cr supplementation tended to increase starter feed intake and total dry matter intake as a result of increased meal size and duration. Respiration rate was lower in Cr+ calves. Calf growth, rectal temperature, faecal score and incidence of diarrhoea or pneumonia were not affected by Cr supplementation, but number of days with diarrhoea and treatment duration decreased during the pre-weaning period. Cr supplementation tended to increase resting time and decreased time devoted to non-nutritive oral behaviours. At weaning, serum concentration of glucose was lower but total protein and globulin concentrations were higher in Cr+ calves. In Cr+ calves, the activity of glutathione peroxidase was higher and lower on d 49 and 63 of the study, respectively, compared to the control calves. Activity of catalase was increased on d 21 and tended to decrease on d 35 in Cr+ calves. In general, Cr supplementation to environmentally heat-loaded dairy calves decreased non-nutritive oral behaviours, improved feed intake and decreased days with diarrhoea and treatment duration, but had minimal effects on weight gain, metabolism and indicators of oxidative stress or insulin function.

Effect of chromium supplementation with rehabilitation exercises on the restoration of functional efficiency of the posterior femoral muscles with partial muscular rupture

Effect of chromium supplementation with rehabilitation exercises on the restoration of functional efficiency of the posterior femoral muscles with partial muscular rupture

The Effects of Supplementation with Chromium on Insulin Resistance Indices in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.

Recently, the effects of nutritional supplementation on improvement or prevention of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have been considered. Several studies have been carried out on the effect of chromium supplementation in improving PCOS patients. This study aimed to summarize the available findings regarding the effect of chromium on improving the polycystic ovary syndrome. The review includes randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing chromium treatment with placebo or other treatments in women with PCOS. Women with PCOS diagnosed according to the ESHRE/ASRM or NIH criteria in reproductive age were eligible. Electronic searches using the MeSH terms were conducted in the following databases: Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library. Effects were measured as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for studies of PCOS and control subjects were calculated by using random-effects model. The initial search yielded potentially 100 relevant articles of randomized clinical trials on dietary chromium supplements: 16 from Pubmed, 36 from Embase, 29 from Scopus, and 19 from Web of Science. After studying these publications, 5 were potentially eligible and retrieved in full text. The five studies included in the meta-analysis reported data on 137 women with PCOS and 131 controls. A meta-analysis of 5 studies showed a non-significant difference in fasting insulin between chromium, and placebo or other treatment (mean difference (MD): -1.14; (95% CI: -4.11 to 1.83, p=0.45). We retrieved two randomized controlled trials, in which Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) was compared between chromium, and placebo or other treatment in 156 women with PCOS. Meta-analysis of two RCTs showed no significant difference in QUICKI score between chromium and placebo (MD: 0.01; 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.04, p=0.34). Two randomized controlled trials compared Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) between chromium, and placebo or other treatment in 81 women with PCOS. After combining the data, there was a significantly lower HOMA-IR in the chromium group (MD: -1.68; 95% CI: -2.42 to -0.94, p<0.001). One RCT reported a significant difference in Homeostatic Model Assessment-beta-cell function (HOMA-B) between chromium and placebo groups (-15.5±32.3 vs. +13.6±23.1, p<0.001). No significant effect of chromium on fasting insulin and QUICKI score was found in women with PCOS. Chromium supplementation significantly improved HOMA-IR and HOMA-B among patients with diabetes. The magnitude of the effect is small, and the clinical relevance is uncertain. Future trials in well characterized studies that address the limitations in the current evidence are needed before definitive claims can be made about the effect of chromium supplementation.

Effect of chromium supplementation with rehabilitation exercises on the restoration of functional efficiency of the posterior femoral muscles with partial muscular rupture

Effect of chromium supplementation with rehabilitation exercises on the restoration of functional efficiency of the posterior femoral muscles with partial muscular rupture

Effects of chromium supplementation on growth, nutrient digestibility and meat quality of growing pigs

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of chromium picolinate (CrPic) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and protein and lipid quality of five anatomical parts in growing pigs. The 30-day study was conducted on eight castrated Topigs growing male pigs, with an initial bodyweight of 17.16 ± 0.62 kg. The pigs were assigned to two groups (C, E), housed in individual metabolic cages, and fed on conventional diets with 17.80% crude protein (CP) and 3078 kcal/kg metabolizable energy (ME). The diet of E was supplemented with 200 ppm CrPic. Samples of ingesta and faeces were collected in three balance periods of five days each. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected, all pigs were slaughtered, and meat (tenderloin, loin, ham, shoulder, and belly) samples were collected. No significant differences of productive or plasma parameters were noticed. The results of the balance study showed that CrPic did not influence the digestibility of nitrogen, but the digestibility of fat was significantly decreased for group E. The nutritional quality of the collected samples was evaluated for proximate analysis. The tenderloin and ham samples had increased protein concentrations compared with C group. For belly and ham, the fat concentrations decreased significantly. As a result of this observation, amino acids and fatty acid profiles were analysed and a significant improvement were determined for E regarding essential amino acids. The conclusion of the study was that CrPic had positive effects on protein and fat metabolism and the meat had functional food attributes. Keywords: Amino acids, biochemical profile, chromium picolinate, digestibility, fatty acids, pork

Effects of chromium supplementation on physiology, feed intake, and insulin related metabolism in growing pigs subjected to heat stress.

Improving insulin sensitivity may reduce impacts of heat stress (HS) in pigs by facilitating heat dissipation. Chromium (Cr) has been reported to improve insulin sensitivity in pigs. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to investigate whether Cr supplementation can mitigate HS in growing pigs. Thirty-six gilts were randomly assigned to 2 diets containing 0 (control) or 400 ppb Cr. After 14 d the supplemented pigs were allocated to either 8 d thermoneutral (20°C constant; TN) or cyclic HS (35°C, 0900 h to 1700 h) conditions and continued their respective diet (n = 9 per group). Growth performance was recorded during the 14-d supplementation period. The physiological responses to HS were monitored by measuring respiration rate, rectal temperature, blood gas chemistry, and feed intake during thermal exposure. Kinetics of plasma glucose, insulin and NEFA were studied by intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) on d 8 of thermal treatment. Results showed Cr alleviated the HS-increased rectal temperature (P < 0.05) and respiration rate (P < 0.01) at 1300 h and 1600 h during thermal exposure. However, Cr did not mitigate the reduction in average daily feed intake which was reduced by 35% during HS or the HS-induced respiratory alkalosis. Chromium tended to increase average daily gain (0.86 vs. 0.95 kg, P = 0.070) during the 14-d supplementation under TN conditions before thermal exposure, which might be associated with the potential of Cr in improving overall insulin sensitivity, as evidenced by a reduced insulin resistance index calculated by Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA-IR; 0.65 vs. 0.51, P = 0.013) and a tendency of reduced fasting plasma insulin concentration (1.97 vs. 1.67 μU/mL, P = 0.094). Heat stress decreased the acute insulin releasing rate (P = 0.012) and consequently slowed glucose clearance rate (P = 0.035) during IVGTT. Besides, HS enlarged the values of area under the curve of NEFA during IVGTT (P < 0.01), indicating a reduced lipid mobilization. In conclusion, HS reduced insulin response to IVGTT. Chromium supplementation exhibited a potential in improving insulin sensitivity and mitigating HS symptoms in growing pigs.

Metabolic indicators in cattle breeding

Potential associations among glucose tolerance test (GTT) as ability to metabolize glucose, estimated breeding values (EBVs) for milk traits and selected candidate gene polymorphisms were evaluated. German Holstein sires, born in 1993 and between years 1999 and 2003, were analysed. A few significant negative correlations between milk and protein yield and GTT were found in sires born in 1993. Only a few significant correlations were found for protein yield, protein percentage and for fat percentage and yield (sires born in different years). Any linkage of DGAT1, GH1, GHR, FASN and OLR1 to GTT was found. Keywords: milk, glucose, correlation, breeding values References Deepa, P.M . et al. (2015) Alteration in clinico-biochemical profile and oxidative stress indices associated with hyperglycaemia with special reference to diabetes in cattle-a pilot study. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. , Vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 103-109. DOI:10.1007/s11250-014-0691-5 Di Stasio, L. et al. (2005) Polymorphism of the GHR gene in cattle and relationships with meat production and quality. Anim. Genet. , Vol. 36, pp. 138–140. Grisart, B. et al. (2002) Positional candidate cloning of a QTL in dairy cattle: Identification of a missense mutation in the bovine DGAT1 gene with major effect on milk yield and composition. Genome Res., Vol. 12, pp. 222-231. Kneeskern, S. G . et al. (2016) Effects of chromium supplementation to feedlot steers on growth performance, insulin sensitivity, and carcass characteristics. J. Anim. Sci. , Vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 217-226. DOI: 10.2527/jas2015-9517 Khatib, H. et al. (2006) Association of the OLR1 Gene with Milk Composition in Holstein Dairy Cattle. J. Dairy Sci. , Vol. 89, pp. 1753–1760. Morris, C. A. (2007) Fatty acid synthase effects on bovine adipose fat and milk fat. Mamm. Genome , Vol. 18, pp. 64–74. Panicke, L. et al. (2000) Relationships between parameters of the glucose tolerance test by young sires and estimated their breeding values. Arch. Tierz. , Vol. 43, pp. 231-239.

Effect of Chromium Supplementation on Performance, Mineral Retention and Tissue Mineral Accumulation in Layer Chickens

Twenty two weeks old Babcock layer chickens (324) were randomly allocated to 9 treatment groups with 3 replicates of 12 birds in each to study and compare the effect of Cr from three sources (inorganic, organic or nano) at two different dosage level on performance, mineral retention and tissue mineral accumulation in layer chickens. The trial lasted for 12 weeks. The control group (Tl) was giv en with the standard layer diet while the other groups were supplemented with Cr at 20 0 ng/kg (inorganic Cr chloride-T2, organic CrProp-T4, CrPic-T6 and nanoCr-T8) and 40 0 ng/kg (inorganic Cr chloride-T3, organic CrProp-T5, CrPic-T7 and nanoCr-T9) diets. Neither the source nor the lev el of Cr supplement had significant effect on body weight, feed consumption, egg production and egg weight during the study period. The organic and nanoCr supplementation significantly (P<0.0 5) increased the retention of Cr, Zn, Fe, Ca and P without influencing Cu retention. NanoCr and organic CrPic/CrProp (40 0 ng/kg) increased the concentration of Cr and Zn in plasma, liv er and egg shell, Ca in liv er and egg shell and Zn in egg yolk. It may be concluded that organic or nanoCr supplementation (40 0 ng/kg) in the diet improv ed the retention and tissue accumulation of minerals in layer chickens.