Effects Of Chromium Supplementation Research Articles

Effects of chromium supplementation from inorganic and organic sources on nutrient utilization, mineral metabolism and meat quality in broiler chickens exposed to natural heat stress

AbstractOne hundred 1-day-old Ven Cobb chicks were used to study the effect of supplementation with 0-2 mg chromium (Cr) per kg diet from potassium chromate (T1), chromium chloride (T2) and chromium-yeast complex (T3). The control group (C) received no supplemental chromium. Each experimental group consisted of five replicates of five birds each and the supplementation was continued for 35 days. The weekly live-weight gain, food conversion ratio and the live-weight gain: food intake ratio were unaffected by the treatments. Metabolizability of the organic nutrients increased in the Cr supplemented groups compared with the C group and significantly higher values were observed in the T3group indicating beneficial effects of Cr-yeast complex. Intake of the trace elements (copper, zinc, iron and manganese) fulfilled the requirements specified for broiler chickens. Retention of all these trace elements was higher (P < 0-001 for Cu, Zn and Fe, P <0-01 for Mn) in all the Cr supplemented groups compared with that in the C group. Furthermore, in the T3group the retention of copper, zinc, iron and manganese was higher (P < 0001) than that in the T1 and T2groups. Two birds were slaughtered from each replicate at the end of 21 and 35 days of feeding to observe Cr in the liver; this was higher (P < 0-01) after 35 days feeding only. Despite supplementation, liver Cr was lower (P < 0-01) in T1T2and T3groups. Cr concentration in the plasma was higher (P < 0-05) in the T3 and T3 groups than that in the C group although its concentration did not change with the age of the birds. Higher (P < 0-01) plasma concentrations of copper were observed in the T1T2and T3groups titan those in the C group. The differences between the Cr supplemented groups in this respect were not significant, however. Liver copper was higher (P < 0-001) in C while liver iron was the lowest (P < 0-05) in that group. The concentrations of copper, iron (P < 0-01) and zinc in the liver (P < 0-05) were higher after 35 than after 21 days while those of manganese were not affected by slaughter age. Protein accretion in the meat tended to be increased in the Cr supplemented groups while deposition of fat in the meat was lower but these differences were not significant (P > 0-05). Other meat quality parameters including sensory evaluation scores improved due to Cr supplementation and Cr-yeast complex was found to have exerted significantly greater effects on these parameters. It was concluded that the supplementation of 0-2mg Cr per kg food dry matter would improve the performance of broiler chickens in terms of metabolizability of organic nutrients, retention of trace elements and meat quality.

Effects of chromium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and reproductive function in polycystic ovarian syndrome: A pilot study

Effects of chromium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and reproductive function in polycystic ovarian syndrome: A pilot study

Effects of Chromium Supplementation on Growth Rate and Metabolism in Fattening Bulls

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Effect of Chromium Supplementation and Exercise on Body Composition, Resting Metabolic Rate and Selected Biochemical Parameters in Moderately Obese Women Following an Exercise Program

Objective: To investigate the effect of chromium picolinate (CP) supplementation on body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), selected biochemical parameters and iron and zinc status in moderately obese women participating in a 12-week exercise program.Methods: Forty-four women, 27 to 51 years of age, were randomly assigned to two groups based on their body mass index. Subjects received either 400 μg/day of chromium as a CP supplement or a placebo in double-blind fashion and participated in a supervised weight-training and walking program two days per week for 12 weeks. Body composition and RMR were measured at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks. Selected biochemical parameters and iron and zinc status were measured at baseline and 12 weeks.Results: Body composition and RMR were not significantly changed by CP supplementation. No significant differences in fasting plasma glucose, serum insulin, plasma glucagon, serum C-peptide and serum lipid concentrations or in iron and zinc indices were found between the two groups over time. Serum total cholesterol concentration significantly decreased (p = 0.0016) over time for all subjects combined, probably as a result of the exercise training. Exercise training significantly reduced total iron binding capacity (TIBC) by 3% for all subjects combined (p = 0.0011).Conclusions: Twelve weeks of 400 μg/day of chromium as a CP supplement did not significantly affect body composition, RMR, plasma glucose, serum insulin, plasma glucagon, serum C-peptide and serum lipid concentrations or iron and zinc indices in moderately obese women placed on an exercise program. The changes in serum total cholesterol levels and TIBC were a result of the exercise program.

Effect of Chromium Supplementation on Production and Metabolic Parameters in Periparturient Dairy Cows

The effect of supplemental chromium as chromium-methionine (Cr-Met) on production and metabolic parameters was investigated in 48 cows from 28 d before expected calving date through 28 d of lactation. Average body weight (BW) was 730±61kg before treatment. Treatments were supplementation of 0, 0.03, 0.06, and 0.12mg of Cr as Cr-Met/kg of BW0.75. Dry matter intake increased linearly and quadratically during the prepartum and postpartum periods, respectively, and body condition score loss decreased linearly during the postpartum period with increasing Cr-Met. Increasing Cr-Met supplementation caused quadratic increases in milk, fat, and lactose yields. Treatments did not affect concentrations of blood metabolites and liver triglyceride. Serum insulin concentration and molar ratio of insulin to glucose for cows receiving Cr-Met were lower than for cows not receiving Cr-Met, but they increased quadratically with increasing Cr-Met. Glucose tolerance tests (GTT) were conducted on d 10 prepartum and d 28 postpartum. Chromium-methionine supplementation attenuated insulin sensitivity prepartum and enhanced glucose tolerance postpartum, but not prepartum. Basal insulin concentrations for cows receiving Cr-Met were higher than for cows not receiving Cr-Met during the prepartum GTT. During the postpartum GTT, peak glucose concentration and clearance rate decreased and half-life (t½) and time to reach basal concentration (T) were prolonged quadratically by increasing Cr-Met. Additionally, peak insulin concentration, area under the curve, and molar ratio of insulin to glucose were higher for cows not receiving Cr-Met than for cows receiving Cr-Met and t½ and T were shortened quadratically by increasing Cr-Met.

Effects of Chromium Supplementation and Lipopolysaccharide Injection on the Immune Responses of Weanling Pigs

Effects of Chromium Supplementation and Lipopolysaccharide Injection on the Immune Responses of Weanling Pigs

Effects of Chromium Supplementation and Lipopolysaccharide Injection on Physiological Responses of Weanling Pigs

Effects of Chromium Supplementation and Lipopolysaccharide Injection on Physiological Responses of Weanling Pigs

Effects of chromium supplementation on glucose tolerance in obese and nonobese cats

Abstract Objective To determine effects of dietary supplementation with chromium (Cr) picolinate on health and response to IV glucose tolerance testing (IVGTT) in obese and nonobese cats. Animals 7 obese and 12 nonobese cats. Procedure 6 nonobese cats were untreated controls, whereas 6 different nonobese cats and 7 obese cats received oral administration of 100 μg Cr/d for 6 weeks. All cats were evaluated before and immediately after the treatment period by use of physical examination, CBC, serum biochemical analyses, and IVGTT. Calculated values included glucose half-life, coefficient of glucose disappearance, insulin peak response, insulinogenic index, and insulin secretion rate determined at various times after start of IVGTT. Results Adverse effects on cats’ health were not observed during or after treatment, and significant changes in body weight, hematologic values, or most serum biochemical values were not detected. Serum potassium concentration decreased significantly after treatment in obese cats but was within reference range. Compared with nonobese cats, obese cats had significantly higher insulin peak response, insulinogenic index, and insulin secretion rate before and after treatment. Chromium supplementation did not alter responses to IVGTT in either treatment group. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Dietary supplementation with 100 μg of Cr/d for 6 weeks is safe but does not affect glucose tolerance in obese or nonobese cats. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1360–1363)

Effects of chromium supplementation on the growth and carcass quality of bulls fed a grain-based diet during the finishing period.

Two groups of 12 young bulls, as similar as possible with respect to age and weight, were fed a basic diet of hay and concentrates ad libitum for 170 days. The concentrate fed to one of the groups was supplemented with 0.20 mg of organic chromium per kg DM from a fodder yeast product so that the concentration of chromium in the total dry matter of their diet was 0.90 mg/kg, compared with 0.72 mg/kg in the diet of the control group. No significant differences were observed between the two groups of animals in terms of either their daily weight gain or any of the parameters of carcass quality examined. It is therefore concluded that in Sweden there is no reason to add chromium routinely to the diet of intensively fed, growing bulls.

Effect of chromium supplementation on chromium status, insulin and glucose level in Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) subjects

Effect of chromium supplementation on chromium status, insulin and glucose level in Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) subjects

Effects of chromium supplementation on early lactation performance of Holstein cows

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of chromium (Cr) supplementation on early lactation performance of Holstein cows. Experiment 1 involved 12 primiparous (PP) and 22 multiparous (MP) cows, while exp. 2 involved 18 PP and 22 MP cows. In each trial, cows were fed total mixed rations (TMR) and assigned to one of two treatments: control or 0.5 mg kg−1 supplemental chelated Cr from week 6 prepartum to week 16 postpartum The cortisol response to synthetic adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) intramuscular (i.m.) and the luteinizing hormone (LH) response to synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) i.m. were evaluated as well, during weeks 2 and 6 postpartum in exp. 2 During the first 16 wk of lactation, supplemental Cr tended to increase milk yields in PP cows by 13% (P = 0.06) and increased milk production by 7% (P < 0.05) in exps. 1 and 2, respectively, but had no effect in MP cows. Despite increased milk yield, Cr supplementation had no adverse effect on milk composition, reproductive performance, or health status. Furthermore, Cr supplementation tended to increase the milk lactose content in PP cows. Supplemental Cr reduced serum β-hydroxybutyrate levels and may reduce subclinical ketosis in MP cows. In addition, in overconditioned, aged cows, Cr supplementation may reduce the incidence of certain other metabolic disorders. Peak values and production rates of cortisol in Cr-supplemented cows tended to be greater (P < 0.10) than in control cows at week 6 Basal LH concentrations did not differ between the two treatments for either week However, the Cr-supplemented cows released less (P < 0.05) LH than did control cows at week 6. Results from hormonestimulation tests suggest that the Cr-supplemented cows may have experienced a greater stress with their increased milk production. However the time in postpartum anestrus and the time to conception were similar, suggesting that Cr supplementation may have mitigated the slower return to fertility usually seen in higher producing PP dairy cows. Further study is needed to determine the effects of Cr supplementation on reproductive performance, health status, and metabolic disorders in dairy cows. Key words: Chromium, milk production, luteinizing hormone, cortisol, reproduction, dairy cows

Chromium and protein supplements for growing-finishing beef steers fed barley-based diets

The effect of chromium supplementation on rate and efficiency of gain and morbidity in normally managed calves and calves with additional imposed stress was assessed in a 28-d trial involving 192 crossbred steer calves (262 ± 20 kg) in exp. 1. Imposed stress consisted of withholding of feed and water for an additional 12 h after arrival in the feedlot and mixing cattle 12 and 72 h after arrival. Chromium supplementation had no influence on rate of gain or efficiency of gain or on morbidity during the initial 28 d in the feedlot. Additional imposed stress increased weight loss from 7.0 kg to 14 kg during first 10 d in the feedlot and was associated with a 19% reduction (P < 0.001) in feed dry matter (DM) intake during the first 10 d. However, by 28 d no differences in daily gain or feed conversion due to imposed stress were detected. Morbidities during exp. 1 were 31% for normally managed calves and 44% for stressed steers (P = 0.05). In exp. 2, the effect of chromium supplementation, maturity of barley silage, and type of protein supplement [control, urea, canola meal, and blood meal/corn gluten meal (bypass protein)], on rate and efficiency of gain and carcass characteristics was determined in a growing-finishing experiment using the calves from exp. 1. Supplemental chromium had no detectable effect on any measured parameter when a barley silage-based diet (silage 68% of DM) was fed for 70 d or when a high concentrate diet (concentrate 86% of DM) diet was fed for 91 d. Maturity of silage did not affect rate or efficiency of gain in the growing period however fewer steers (P = 0.03) fed the more mature silage were sick than when silage harvested 10 d earlier was fed (morbidity of 3 vs. 12%). During the 70-d growing period steers supplemented with canola meal tended (P = 0.06) to consume more DM than those fed the control or bypass protein supplements (7.84 vs. 7.37 and 7.38 kg d−1). However, no differences in rate or efficiency of gain were detected in this period. During the 91 d finishing period steers fed canola meal supplement consumed more DM (P = 0.004) than those fed control or bypass supplements. The amounts of DM consumed per kg gain during this period were 6.07, 6.05, 6.09, and 5.79 kg (P = 0.09) for steers fed the control, urea, canola, and bypass supplements, respectively. It was concluded that rate and efficiency of gain and incidence of sickness were not influenced by chromium supplementation either in the first 28 d in the feedlot or throughout the total feeding period. Protein supplementation had no detectable influence on rate or efficiency of gain in either the growing or finishing penods. Key words: Chromium, stress, protein, calves, gain, feed efficiency

Effects of chromium supplementation on early lactation performance of Holstein cows

Effects of chromium supplementation on early lactation performance of Holstein cows

Effects of chromium supplementation on early lactation performance of Holstein cows

Effects of chromium supplementation on early lactation performance of Holstein cows

The effects of chromium supplementation on serum glucose and lipids in patients with and without non-insulin-dependent diabetes

Seventy-six patients with established atherosclerotic disease were treated daily with either 250 μg of chromium orally as chromium chloride or a placebo for a period of 7 to 16 months (mean, 11.1 months). Serum chromium increased from 2.69 ± 0.09 to 12.12 ± 0.77 nmol/L (mean ± SE, P < .005). Serum triglycerides were lower (1.68 ± 0.11 and 2.10 ± 0.14 mmol/L, respectively; P < .02) in the chromium-treated patients than in the patients who received placebo, and serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) increased (from 0.94 ± 0.05 to 1.14 ± 0.07 mmol/L, P < .005) in the patients who received chromium. There was no change in serum cholesterol or blood glucose during the study.

Effects of Chromium Supplementation on Serum High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Men Taking Beta-Blockers

To determine the efficacy of glucose tolerance factor (GTF)-chromium for increasing serum levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in patients taking beta-blockers. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Mixed primary and referral-based outpatient clinic at a university-affiliated VA Medical Center. Referred sample of 72 men receiving beta-blockers, mainly for hypertension. Sixty-three patients (88%) completed the study. Current medications, including beta-blockers, were continued. During the 8-week treatment phase, patients in the chromium group received a total daily dose of 600 micrograms of biologically active chromium divided into three equal doses; control patients received a placebo of identical appearance and taste. Serum levels of total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol were measured. Mean baseline levels of HDL and total cholesterol (+/- SD) were 0.93 +/- 0.28 mmol/L and 6.0 +/- 1.0 mmol/L (36 +/- 11.1 mg/dL and 232 +/- 38.5 mg/dL), respectively. The difference between groups in adjusted mean change in HDL cholesterol levels, accounting for baseline HDL cholesterol levels, age, weight change, and baseline total cholesterol levels, was 0.15 mmol/L (5.8 mg/dL) (P = 0.01) with a 95% Cl showing that the treatment effect was greater than +0.04 mmol/L (+1.4 mg/dL). Mean total cholesterol, triglycerides and body weight did not change significantly during treatment for either group. Compliance as measured by pill count was 85%, and few side effects were reported. Two months after the end of treatment, the between-group difference in adjusted mean change from baseline to end of post-treatment follow-up was -0.003 mmol/L (-0.1 mg/dL). Two months of chromium supplementation resulted in a clinically useful increase in HDL cholesterol levels in men taking beta-blockers.

The effect of chromium supplementation on serum lipid levels in a selected sample of canadian postmenopausal women

Forty-seven noninstitutionalized, postmenopausal women received 200 μg of Cr (III), in the form of CrCl3 in water, daily, for 10 wk and 39 received placebo (distilled water), in a double-blind experimental design. Serum total cholesterol (total C), HDL cholesterol (HDLC), and triglyceride levels were measured before and after the supplementation period, using enzymatic colorimetric methods. Sixty-three percent of the subjects reported taking medications at the time of the study. Consequently, medicated subjects were classfied into three groups; group 1, those receiving drugs with neutral or unknown effect on serum lipid levels; group 2, those receiving drugs with the potential to decrease serum lipid levels; and group 3, those receiving drugs with the potential to increase serum lipid levels. There were no significant differences in the mean serum total C or triglyceride levels in the nonmedicated or medicated groups, following supplementation with Cr or placebo. In contrast, increases in mean serum HDLC levels were observed in both the Cr-supplemented nonmedicated and medicated groups and the placebo nonmedicated and medicated groups, at the end of the study period. Small decreases in the mean serum total C:HDL ratio also occurred in the nonmedicated Cr-supplemented (p<0.01) and nonmedicated placebo groups. Although our results fail to demonstrate effects of inorganic Cr supplementation on either serum total C, serum HDLC, or serum triglycerides, it is important to point out that this may be a result of, in part, the chosen form and mode of administration of Cr. Additional studies, preferably with food-form sources of Cr, are necessary to establish the role, if any, of Cr on these physiological parameters.

Effects of chromium supplementation on food energy utilization and the trace-element composition in the liver and heart of glucose-exposed young mice

The exposure of weanling mice to 4% glucose in the drinking water for 7 wk caused a drop in the food energy utilization (expressed in terms of weight gain per unit of food energy consumed) of close to one third. No drop in food energy utilization occurred in mice exposed to 4% glucose in the water during the same period if the Cr-content of their food was increased to 5 ppm through the addition of a Cr-rich brewer's yeast. Chromium supplementation also protected against glucose-induced losses of Cr, Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn in the liver and heart. These results indicate that the dietary Cr-requirement increases with increasing sugar content of the diet.

Serum chromium of human subjects: effects of chromium supplementation and glucose

Seventy-six adult subjects, 48 males and 28 females, were given placebo or 200 micrograms Cr in the form of chromic chloride in a double-blind crossover study, with 3-month experimental periods, to determine basal serum Cr levels and the effects of Cr supplementation on serum Cr and related variables. Basal serum Cr determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption for all subjects was 0.13 +/- 0.02 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM), and increased significantly to 0.38 +/- 0.02 ng/ml following 3 months of Cr supplementation. There were no significant differences in the serum Cr values for males and females. Serum Cr 90 min following a glucose load (1 g per kg body wt) was not significantly different from fasting during either the placebo or Cr supplementation periods. These data demonstrate that serum Cr increased significantly following Cr supplementation and is a reflection of Cr intake, but serum Cr concentration, even that following a glucose load, does not appear to be a meaningful indicator of Cr status.

Use of the artificial beta cell (ABC) in the assessment of peripheral insulin sensitivity: Effect of chromium supplementation in diabetic patients

1. 1. The artifical beta cell (ABC), a closed-loop insulin delivery system, was used to determine insulin sensitivity. 2. 2. Progressively increasing glucose loads were administered after initial stabilization of the blood glucose at euglycemic levels such that the serum C-peptide was suppressed. 3. 3. The amount of insulin required to maintain euglycemia was considered a measure of sensitivity to insulin. 4. 4. Six stable maturity onset diabetics were studied before and after supplementation with chromium-rich brewer's yeast. 5. 5. All patients demonstrated an increase in sensitivity to insulin as indicated by a decrease in the fasting blood glucose concentration and a decrease in insulin requirement during the glucose challenge ( P<0.02). 6. 6. The data obtained support the hypothesis that chromium or some other factor(s) present in brewer's yeast potentiates the peripheral effects of insulin. 7. 7. It remains to be established whether this effect occurs at the receptor or post-receptor level.