Effects Of Apparent Temperature Research Articles

Effect of apparent temperature on daily emergency admissions for mental and behavioral disorders in Yancheng, China: a time-series study

BackgroundVery few studies have focused on the relationship between ambient apparent temperature (AT) and admission of mental and behaviour disorders (MDs). Therefore, a time-series study was conducted in Yancheng, China, to explore the effects of AT on the daily emergency admissions of patients with MDs over the period of 2014–17.MethodsA quasi-Poisson generalized linear model (GLM) combined with a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was adopted to explore the associations after adjusting for time trend, day of the week, humidity, sunshine duration, rainfall, holidays and air pollutants. In the subgroup analysis, the modification effects of age and sex were also examined.ResultsOverall, 8438 cases of MDs emergency admissions were identified. With the apparent temperature with the minimum number of admissions (− 3.4 °C) serving as a reference, a positive correlation emerged between high AT and daily emergency admissions of patients with MDs in Yancheng, China, with the lagged effect of 1 to 5 days. The subgroup analysis demonstrated a positive relationship between AT and MDs emergency admissions among males and individuals younger than 45 years old, with no lagged effect.ConclusionsThe results will provide important scientific evidence for mental health policy-makers and practitioners for possible intervention, especially among the vulnerable populations.

The influence of apparent temperature on mortality in the middle belt of Ghana

TPS 664: Climate change: temperature effects 2, Exhibition Hall, Ground floor, August 27, 2019, 3:00 PM - 4:30 PM Background/Aim: Globally, studies have shown that diurnal changes in weather conditions and extreme weather events have a profound effect on mortality. This notwithstanding, there is limited evidence of the effect of climatic factors on mortality in resource-poor settings whose populations could be excessively affected; especially in this era of climate change. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of apparent temperature on all-cause mortality and the modifying effect of sex on the apparent temperature-mortality relationship. Methods: We employed a retrospective time-series approach to assess the effect of a composite measure of temperature and relative humidity (apparent temperature) on all-cause mortality with over-dispersed Poisson regression and Distributed Lag-Nonlinear Models. Subsequently, we examined the relative risk of mortality at different temperature values over a 10 day lag period. We used daily counts of all-cause mortality archived by the Kintampo Health Research Centre’s Health and Demographic Surveillance System between 2005 and 2015 for the analysis. Besides, we obtained weather data from the Ghana Meteorological Agency and the United States’ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Climate Data Centre. Results: We observed a non-linear association between mean daily apparent temperature and all-cause mortality. At the lowest apparent temperature of 18 oC, an increased risk of death was observed from lag 2-4 with the highest relative risk of mortality (RR =1.61, 95% CI: 1.2, 2.15, p-value=0.001) occurring 3 days after exposure. At the lowest apparent temperature, the relative risk of death also varied between males (RR=0.31, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.94) and females (RR=4.88, 95% CI: 1.40, 16.99) from lag 0-1 and lag 2-4 respectively. Conclusions: The population of Kintampo is generally sensitive to both low and high apparent temperatures with males being prone to both temperature extremes whilst females are more susceptible to low temperature-related mortality.

The Effects of Apparent Temperature on Cardiovascular Mortality Using a Distributed Lag Nonlinear Model Analysis: 2005 to 2014.

The relationship between apparent temperature and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality was studied in Rasht, Iran, from 2005 to 2014. The effects of apparent temperature on CVD mortality were investigated using the distributed lag nonlinear model. Data on all types of cardiovascular mortality cases according to the International Classification of Diseases were collected from the only cardiovascular hospital in Rasht, and the meteorological variables were obtained from Rasht Meteorological Center during the period of study. Our findings showed that low temperatures had significant impacts on CVD mortality, and a reverse J-shaped temperature-mortality relationship was found. Moreover, immediate effects of hot temperatures on CVD mortality with the strongest effects on the same day but delayed effects of cold temperature was observed. This study showed that exposure to both hot and cold apparent temperatures was associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in Rasht.

Temperature influence on phytoplankton community growth rates

AbstractA large database of field estimates of phytoplankton community growth rates in natural populations was compiled and analyzed to determine the apparent temperature effect on phytoplankton community growth rate. We conducted an ordinary least squares regression to optimize the parameters in two commonly used growth‐temperature relations (Arrhenius and Q10 models). Both equations fit the observational data equally with the optimized parameter values. The optimum apparent Q10 value was 1.47 ± 0.08 (95% confidence interval, CI). Microzooplankton grazing rates closely matched the temperature trends for phytoplankton growth. This likely reflects a dynamic adjustment of biomass and grazing rates by the microzooplankton to match their available food source, illustrating tight coupling of phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing rates. The field‐measured temperature effect and growth rates were compared with estimates from the satellite Carbon‐based Productivity Model (CbPM) and three Earth System Models (ESMs), with model output extracted at the same month and sampling locations as the observations. The optimized, apparent Q10 value calculated for the CbPM was 1.51, with overestimation of growth rates. The apparent Q10 value in the Community Earth System Model (V1.0) was 1.65, with modest underestimation of growth rates. The GFDL‐ESM2M and GFDL‐ESM2G models produced apparent Q10 values of 1.52 and 1.39, respectively. Models with an apparent Q10 that is significantly greater than ~1.5 will overestimate the phytoplankton community growth response to the ongoing climate warming and will have spatial biases in estimated growth rates for the current era.

Plant functional type affects nitrogen use efficiency in high-Arctic tundra

To unravel the potential effects of climate warming on soil N availability in a high Arctic tundra ecosystem we studied temperature effects on soil mineralization, and N uptake from different soil depths (−3, −10 and −30 cm) by tundra plants. Uptake was assessed using 15N tracer injected directly into mineral soil as 15NH4Cl solution to specifically mimic altered N availability from enhanced mineralization. Net N mineralization rates were very low, suggesting that N is strongly limiting in this system. There was no apparent temperature effect (−2 °C, 5 °C, 10 °C) on mineralization, but net nitrification was strongly limited by temperature – under the −2 °C treatment no nitrification occurred. As a consequence of ongoing mineralization and limited nitrification under freezing conditions, mineral NH4 may accumulate during the winter season and be available for plant uptake without risk of loss via NO3− leaching immediately after snowmelt. Nitrogen uptake niches were clearly stratified by depth. Graminoids (Carex misandra and Luzula arctica) were most effective at taking up N from deep soil horizons, and recovery in graminoid biomass after one year was independent of 15N injection depth. Recovery of N by the dwarf shrub Salix polaris was significantly higher following shallow application (−3 cm) compared to deeper treatments (−10 and −30 cm). Lichens and mosses also showed a decline in N uptake with application depth, and very little N was recovered by lichens and mosses even from −3 cm, in contrast to the strong uptake that has been observed in mosses when N is applied to the vegetation surface. The ability of graminoids to access nutrients from deeper mineral soil may give them an advantage over mosses and dwarf shrubs in warmer high Arctic tundra in acquiring limited available nutrient resources.

Thermal stress associated mortality risk and effect modification by sex and obesity in an elderly cohort of Chinese in Hong Kong

We assessed the effects of apparent temperature (AT) on mortality and the effect modifications attributable to individual characteristics in Hong Kong with subtropical climate conditions. Two datasets are used for analyses: one from mortality data of the general elderly population in 1998–2009; the other from an elderly cohort with 66,820 subjects recruited in 1998–2001 with mortality outcomes followed up until 2009. We found that AT below 20.8 °C was associated with an increase in mortality risk of 1.99% (95% confidence interval: 0.64%, 2.64%) for all causes, 2.48% (0.57%, 4.36%) for cardiovascular disease, and 3.19% (0.59%, 5.73%) for respiratory disease for every 1 °C decrease in AT over the following 3 days. The associations were modified by sex and body mass index, in particular stronger associations were observed for females and for obese subjects.

Time Course of Apparent Temperature Effects on Cardiovascular Mortality: A Comparative Study of Beijing, China and Brisbane, Australia

This comparative study aimed to clarify the different characteristics of time course of apparent temperature and their effect on cardiovascular mortality in Beijing, China, and Brisbane, Australia. The present study used polynomial distributed lag models to explore the lagged effects of apparent temperature on daily cardiovascular mortality up to 27 days in Beijing, China (2005–2009), and Brisbane, Australia (2004–2007). The results show a longer lagged effect on cold days and a shorter lagged effect on hot days. The cut-off points in Beijing and Brisbane were 22℃ and 27℃, respectively. In Beijing, a statistically significant association was observed for lags of 0–3 days and lags of 3–18 days on hot and cold days, respectively. In Brisbane, a significant association was found for lags of 3–4 days and lags of 10–21 days on hot and cold days, respectively. The lagged effects extended longer for cold apparent temperature but were immediate for hot apparent temperature. Though the cut-off point in Brisbane was higher than in Beijing, the population in Beijing was more resistant to high temperature above the cut-off point than the population in Brisbane.

Plum (Prunus domestica) Trees Transformed with Poplar FT1 Result in Altered Architecture, Dormancy Requirement, and Continuous Flowering

The Flowering Locus T1 (FT1) gene from Populus trichocarpa under the control of the 35S promoter was transformed into European plum (Prunus domestica L). Transgenic plants expressing higher levels of FT flowered and produced fruits in the greenhouse within 1 to 10 months. FT plums did not enter dormancy after cold or short day treatments yet field planted FT plums remained winter hardy down to at least −10°C. The plants also displayed pleiotropic phenotypes atypical for plum including shrub-type growth habit and panicle flower architecture. The flowering and fruiting phenotype was found to be continuous in the greenhouse but limited to spring and fall in the field. The pattern of flowering in the field correlated with lower daily temperatures. This apparent temperature effect was subsequently confirmed in growth chamber studies. The pleitropic phenotypes associated with FT1 expression in plum suggests a fundamental role of this gene in plant growth and development. This study demonstrates the potential for a single transgene event to markedly affect the vegetative and reproductive growth and development of an economically important temperate woody perennial crop. We suggest that FT1 may be a useful tool to modify temperate plants to changing climates and/or to adapt these crops to new growing areas.

Adsorption behavior and mechanisms of norfloxacin onto porous resins and carbon nanotube

Four adsorbents (Hypercrosslinked resin MN-202, aminated polystyrene resin MN-150, macroporous resin XAD-4, and carboxylated multiwall carbon nanotube C-MWCNT) were used to remove norfloxacin from aqueous solutions. Despite the different surface properties and pore structures of the adsorbents, similar patterns of pH-dependent adsorption showed that the adsorption amounts of norfloxacin increased with the increase of zwitterionic form, implying the importance of zwitterionic form. Norfloxacin adsorption to the three resins exhibited similar ionic strengths dependence consistent with the positive contribution of hydrophobic effect and the negative contribution of electrostatic interaction. The amounts of norfloxacin adsorbed decreased much more in the presence of CaCl 2 on the surface of C-MWCNT than that of NaCl because of the dominant contribution of electrostatic interaction and H-bond. The adsorption kinetics of the four adsorbents followed the pseudo-second order model while the adsorption isotherm data fit well to the Langmuir models, indicating the coverage of the surface by a mono-molecular layer. The apparent temperature effect on the adsorption process demonstrated that hydrophobic effect was dominant mechanisms responsible for norfloxacin removal by XAD-4, while, micropore-filling was likely main mechanisms for the adsorption by MN-202 and MN-150, with the aid of hydrophobic effect, electrostatic interaction, H-bond and π–π electron–donor–acceptor interactions.

IS THERE SYNERGY IN THE TEMPERATURE AND AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS ON HEALTH? RESULTS FROM THE CIRCE PROJECT IN 10 MEDITERRANEAN CITIES

Background and Aims: Climate, meteorology as well as air pollution are known to affect health. There is accumulating evidence for synergy between temperature and air pollution. Within the framework of the CIRCE project (Climate Change and Impact Research: the Mediterranean Environment) we studied the joint effects of apparent temperature and air pollution on mortality. Methods: Mortality, meteorological and air-pollution data from 10 cities around the Mediterranean were available (Athens, Bari, Barcelona, Istanbul, Lisbon, Palermo, Rome, Tel Aviv, Tunis and Valencia). We used GEE models to estimate the confounding and synergistic effects between temperature and air-pollution on total natural and cause-specific mortality. The effect of apparent temperature on mortality was estimated before and after adjustment for airpollution. To investigate possible synergy we included interaction terms between each pollutant, alternatively and apparent temperature. Results: The effect of temperature on mortality was consistently smaller when we adjusted for air-pollution. The largest difference was observed when we controlled for PM10 which resulted in a reduction of about 15% in the temperature effect estimate. We observed a higher temperature effect in days with higher PM10 and ozone concentrations. The synergistic effect was significant in the elderly. Specifically, in a day with low PM10 levels (25th percentile of the PM10 distribution) the increase in mortality associated with an increase of 1ºC in temperature was 2.37% (95%CI: 1.15-3.60) whilst the increase in days with high PM10 levels (75th percentile) was 3.02% (95%CI: 1.71-4.35). The increase in mortality associated with an increase of 1ºC in low and high ozone days was 3.56% (95%CI: 2.36-4.78) and 4.03% (95%CI: 2.65-5.43), respectively. Conclusions: There is evidence for a synergistic effect between PM10, ozone and high temperature on mortality. Adjustment for particles should be applied in the estimation of the effect of temperature on mortality.

Relationship between outdoor temperature and blood pressure

ObjectivesCardiovascular mortality has been linked to changes in outdoor temperature. However, the mechanisms behind these effects are not well established. We aimed to study the effect of outdoor temperature on...

Effects of apparent temperature on daily mortality in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal

BackgroundEvidence that elevated temperatures can lead to increased mortality is well documented, with population vulnerability being location specific. However, very few studies have been conducted that assess the effects of temperature on daily mortality in urban areas in Portugal.MethodsIn this paper time-series analysis was used to model the relationship between mean apparent temperature and daily mortality during the warm season (April to September) in the two largest urban areas in Portugal: Lisbon and Oporto. We used generalized additive Poisson regression models, adjusted for day of week and season.ResultsOur results show that in Lisbon, a 1°C increase in mean apparent temperature is associated with a 2.1% (95%CI: 1.6, 2.5), 2.4% (95%CI: 1.7, 3.1) and 1.7% (95%CI: 0.1, 3.4) increase in all-causes, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, respectively. In Oporto the increase was 1.5% (95%CI: 1.0, 1.9), 2.1% (95%CI: 1.3, 2.9) and 2.7% (95%CI: 1.2, 4.3) respectively. In both cities, this increase was greater for the group >65 years.ConclusionEven without extremes in apparent temperature, we observed an association between temperature and daily mortality in Portugal. Additional research is needed to allow for better assessment of vulnerability within populations in Portugal in order to develop more effective heat-related morbidity and mortality public health programs.

Ambient Temperature and Mortality: An International Study in Four Capital Cities of East Asia

ISEE-0258 Background and Objective: Extreme ambient temperature has been associated with increased daily mortality across the world. We describe the ambient temperature-mortality association for four capital cities in East Asia, Seoul, Beijing, Tokyo, and Taipei, and identify a threshold temperature for each city and the percent increase in mortality. Methods: We observed that threshold temperatures vary by latitude. We adapted generalized linear modeling with natural cubic splines (GLM+NS) to examine the association between daily mean apparent temperature and total mortality, as well as mortality due to respiratory and cardiovascular causes in a threshold model. We conducted a time-series analysis adjusting for day of the week and long-term time trend. The study period differed by city. Results: The threshold temperature for all seasons was estimated to be 30.1–33.5°C, 31.3–32.3°C, 29.4–30.8°C, and 25.2–31.5°C for Seoul, Beijing, Tokyo, and Taipei, respectively, on the same day. For the summer season, the threshold temperature was 33.2–34.2°C, 30.8–29.7°C, 31.5°C, and 30.7–31.5°C for Seoul, Beijing, Tokyo, and Taipei, respectively. For the mean daily apparent temperature increase of 1°C above the thresholds in Seoul, Tokyo, and Taipei, estimated percentage increases in daily total mortality were 2.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.2–3.1), 1.7 (95% CI = 1.5–2.0), and 4.3 (95% CI = 2.9–5.7), respectively. Beijing provided no total mortality counts. Estimated percentage increases were 2.7–10.5 for respiratory mortality, 1.1–9.3 for cardiovascular mortality in 4 cities. Conclusions: This study identified increased mortality due to exposure to elevated apparent temperature. The importance of effects of apparent temperature and city-specific threshold temperatures suggests that analyses of the impact of climate change should take regional differences into consideration.

Premio Ángel Bayo. Caminando hacia la sexta edición

We assessed the effects of apparent temperature (AT) on mortality and the effect modifications attributable to individual characteristics in Hong Kong with subtropical climate conditions. Two datasets are used for analyses: one from mortality data of the general elderly population in 1998–2009; the other from an elderly cohort with 66,820 subjects recruited in 1998–2001 with mortality outcomes followed up until 2009. We found that AT below 20.8 °C was associated with an increase in mortality risk of 1.99% (95% confidence interval: 0.64%, 2.64%) for all causes, 2.48% (0.57%, 4.36%) for cardiovascular disease, and 3.19% (0.59%, 5.73%) for respiratory disease for every 1 °C decrease in AT over the following 3 days. The associations were modified by sex and body mass index, in particular stronger associations were observed for females and for obese subjects.

Short-term Effects of Apparent Temperature on Hospital Admissions in European Cities: Results From the PHEWE Project

Short-term Effects of Apparent Temperature on Hospital Admissions in European Cities: Results From the PHEWE Project

Apparent Temperature and Inflammatory Markers in a European Panel Study

SAA4-PD-06 Introduction: Inflammatory marker levels have been associated with cardiovascular risk, but the effect of climatologic variables in this relationship is not well understood and appreciated. Studies have shown an increase of fibrinogen in winter whereas C-reactive protein (CRP) has not been shown to be seasonally dependent so far. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between apparent temperature, an indicator of perceived temperature based on ambient temperature and dew point temperature, and the inflammatory markers CRP, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and fibrinogen in post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients. Methods: In a multicenter panel study of MI survivors, the 3 inflammatory blood markers were measured repeatedly (up to 8 times) within a period of 13 months. In total, 5835 blood samples in 1006 subjects were collected in 6 European cities. Data on patient characteristics and disease history were gathered at the baseline visit. Meteorologic data were obtained from the country-specific network stations. The association was analyzed using a generalized additive model with random patient effects. The model variables were selected in each city separately based on Akaike's Information Criterion and consisted of time-invariant baseline variables and long-term time trend. Different lag-structures of the apparent temperature effect were tested. For the analysis CRP and IL-6 had to be log-transformed. The effect estimates are presented as percent changes of geometric mean based on a 5°C decrease of apparent temperature. Results: Patient mean levels of CRP ranged between 0.2 and 37.4 mg/L (mean ± standard deviation: 2.6 ± 3.3 mg/L), IL-6 had a range of 0.5 and 61.4 pg/mL (3.0 ± 3.1 pg/L), and levels of fibrinogen were between 1.9 and 6.9 g/L (3.6 ± 0.7 g/L). In the preliminary analysis, the mean of the current and the previous day's apparent temperature was associated with CRP. The city-specific effect estimates were all positive except for one city. Although they ranged between −1.61% and 8.22%; no evidence for heterogeneity was observed. The pooled effect estimate was 1.52% change in CRP (95% CI, −0.03%, 3.10%) in association with a 5°C decrease in apparent temperature. The effects on IL-6 and fibrinogen were heterogeneous between the cities and therefore not pooled. Discussion and Conclusions: The results suggest that a decrease in apparent temperature leads to an increase in CRP level. In susceptible patients, this might lead to an additional risk for cardiovascular events and provides a hint for the observed seasonal variation in death from ischemic heart disease and stroke in the elderly.

Nitrification of municipal wastewater in moving‐bed biofilm reactors

A moving‐bed biofilm reactor has been developed, where the biofilm grows on small, free‐floating plastic elements with a large surface area and a density slightly less than 1.0 g/cm3. Nitrification of preprecipitated wastewater in a once‐through system and raw wastewater in a recycled system with predenitrification has been studied in a pilot plant with an active, specific biofilm surface area of approximately 310 m2/m3. Maximum nitrification rates under comparable operating conditions were 20% to 25% higher with preprecipitated wastewater in the once‐through system than with raw wastewater in the recycled system. A temperature coefficient of θ = 1.09 was found. However, under oxygen‐limited conditions, the apparent temperature effect was insignificant in the temperature range from 7 to 18°C because of increased dissolved oxygen levels at low temperatures. At 10°C volumetric nitrification rates from 300 to 400 g NH4‐N/m3·d can be expected.

In-Situ Measurements of the Activation Energy for D.C. Conduction in Polar ice

AbstractElectrical resistivity measurements were carried out at station J9 on the Ross Ice Shelf where temperature measurements were available to a depth exceeding three-quarters of the thickness of the shelf. As in a previously published study at a point about 30 km up-steam (Bentley, 1977), the apparent resistivities fit well to a model based upon a steady-state ice shelf with zero bottom balance-rate and an apparent activation energy in the solid ice of 0.15 to 0.25 eV (14–24. kJ mol−1), with preference for the lower end of the range. This model also fits the observed temperature data almost perfectly. Causes of resistivity variation with depth other than the temperature, such as impurity content, metamorphic history, grain size and crystal orientation, probably do not strongly affect the resistivity depth function. Our conclusion is that the true activation energy in the solid ice is less than 0.25 eV (24 kJ mol−1) and perhaps as small as 0.15 eV (14 kJ mol−1), although a reduction by a factor of two or three in the ionic impurity concentration between 50 and 250 m depth cannot be entirely ruled out as a cause of the low apparent temperature effect. A note added in proof indicates that Herron and Langway (in press) have, in fact, reported a decrease in Na+concentration with increasing depth by a factor of two or three.

In-Situ Measurements of the Activation Energy for D.C. Conduction in Polar ice

AbstractElectrical resistivity measurements were carried out at station J9 on the Ross Ice Shelf where temperature measurements were available to a depth exceeding three-quarters of the thickness of the shelf. As in a previously published study at a point about 30 km up-steam (Bentley, 1977), the apparent resistivities fit well to a model based upon a steady-state ice shelf with zero bottom balance-rate and an apparent activation energy in the solid ice of 0.15 to 0.25 eV (14–24. kJ mol−1), with preference for the lower end of the range. This model also fits the observed temperature data almost perfectly. Causes of resistivity variation with depth other than the temperature, such as impurity content, metamorphic history, grain size and crystal orientation, probably do not strongly affect the resistivity depth function. Our conclusion is that the true activation energy in the solid ice is less than 0.25 eV (24 kJ mol−1) and perhaps as small as 0.15 eV (14 kJ mol−1), although a reduction by a factor of two or three in the ionic impurity concentration between 50 and 250 m depth cannot be entirely ruled out as a cause of the low apparent temperature effect. A note added in proof indicates that Herron and Langway (in press) have, in fact, reported a decrease in Na+ concentration with increasing depth by a factor of two or three.