Framing Effects Research Articles

Pengaruh Negative Framing dan Monitoring Control terhadap Eskalasi Komitmen dalam Pengambilan Keputusan Investasi

This study aims to examine the effect of Negative framing and Monitoring Control on escalation of commitment in investment decision making. This study uses a 2x2 factorial design with four treatments. The hypothesis in this study was tested using the One Way ANOVA test. This study used Accounting SI students at UNP. Using 4 scenario cases, participants were asked to make decisions to see how negative framing and monitoring control affect escalation of commitment when managers will make decisions. The results of this study indicate that negative framing affects managers when making decisions, this is due to the information received by managers. While monitoring control shows the same thing, monitoring control makes managers not escalate their decisions because of supervision.

How Do Behavioral Framing, Linguistic Certainty, and Target Specification Impact Responses to Vaping Prevention Messages?

While research on youth vaping prevention has begun to grow, little work has examined language choice in vaping prevention messages. This study examined adolescents’ responses to vaping prevention statements that varied on three features: behavioral framing, linguistic certainty, and target specification. We conducted a 2 (behavioral framing) by 2 (linguistic certainty) by 2 (target specification) by 3 (risk type) plus control condition between-subjects experiment using a national probability sample. Adolescents (N = 1,603) were randomly assigned to one of 25 conditions in which they viewed a vaping prevention statement (or a control statement about vape litter) followed by measures of perceived message effectiveness (PME), perceived severity and susceptibility of vaping risks, message trustworthiness, message relevance, and intentions to seek more information about vaping risks. Results showed main effects of behavioral framing, such that a declarative frame (“Vaping can … ”) led to higher PME, higher perceived severity, and greater information seeking intentions than a contingent frame (“If you vape, it can…”), while an interaction revealed that most declarative frame effects were driven by adolescents who were susceptible to vaping. There were also main effects of linguistic certainty, such that the word “can” (“Vaping can … ”) led to higher PME, higher perceived susceptibility and severity, and greater information seeking intentions than the word “could” (“Vaping could … ”). No main effect of target specification (“you” vs. “teens”) was observed. Overall, findings suggest that vaping prevention messages that communicate greater certainty have greater behavior change potential.

Tolerance for corruption and descriptive social norm: An experimental study of embezzlement.

Public tolerance for corruption within a society significantly influences the prevalence of corrupt practices, but less is known about how this tolerance evolves with social norms. This paper presents experimental evidences demonstrating that the descriptive social norm indicating widespread corruption can lead to increased tolerance for corruptive acts. We introduce an asymmetric information ultimatum game to simulate the interactions between embezzlers and citizens. Game theoretical analysis reveals that victims anticipating corruption will exhibit greater compliance with embezzlement when the offers are evaluated based on descriptive norms. To test the hypothesis, we employ a framing effect to induce variations in descriptive norms within a behavioral experiment. Although the treatment effect is significant only in the subgroup of student cadres, this subgroup demonstrated increased beliefs about embezzlement, greater tolerance for corruption, and a heightened propensity to embezzle when exposed to framings with hierarchical implications. This paper contributes to the corruption literature by examining the effects of descriptive norms on victims' responses to embezzlement. It offers a more comprehensive perspective on how social standards shape public opinions and corrupt actions, enhancing our understanding of the self-reinforcing nature of corruption.

The Implementation of Framing Effects in Product Advertising and Political News

Framing effects is a widely discussed and applied concept in social psychology and various industries. This work evaluated the findings of six different studies regarding framing effects implementation in product advertising and political journalism in this review. It considered the influence of positive, and negative framing, verbal description, and vivid imagery included in the frame content. This article discovered that consumers familiarity with products could moderate positive and negative framing; moreover, negative framing and vivid imagery such as Instagram posts are especially persuasive in political propaganda and news coverage.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Behavioral Finance and its Impact on Investment Decisions

This paper thoroughly examines behavioral finance, challenging traditional financial theories by questioning investor rationality and market efficiency. Focusing on five key phenomena—loss aversion, short-term momentum, long-term reversal, framing effect, and endowment effect—the analysis relies on real-world observations to reveal how psychological biases significantly impact investor decisions and financial markets. Loss aversion, especially evident during financial crises, highlights humans' tendency to avoid potential losses rather than pursuing equivalent gains. The study explores short-term momentum and long-term reversal, challenging market efficiency theories by illustrating how past performance influences future returns. Emphasizing cognitive biases like framing and endowment effects, the paper underscores their role in diverse investment decisions and irrational asset overvaluation based on a sense of ownership. It advocates for incorporating these biases in financial models, regulations, and investment strategies, emphasizing their importance for stakeholders to navigate the financial landscape, minimize instability, and capitalize on opportunities. The research establishes a foundation for a holistic finance approach, respecting and leveraging human behavior for market stability and benefit.

“Interrogating ‘Chinese imperialism’: Multi-polarity, inter-imperialist rivalry, and the New Cold War with China”

This article serves as an introduction to the special issue “China and the Global South: Interrogating Imperialist Ambitions.” It begins the issue by laying out the major theoretical positions developed in recent years regarding so-called “Chinese imperialism” and highlights the framing effects of the US-propagated New Cold War with China on how nations in the Global South interact with both China and the US. Finally, it briefly introduces the five articles that make up the special issue.

TOURISM ADVERTISING ATTRIBUTE FRAMING EFFECTS ON TRAVEL CONSUMERS' VISIT INTENTION

Tourist destination advertising information is the most direct tool to encourage consumers to choose travel destinations. People often describe travel motivations as either profit-driven (seeking relaxation) or avoidance-driven (escape from stress). Attribute framing is a type of framing effect. We can also describe tourism advertising messages as either highlighting the positive outcomes of travel or highlighting the avoidable negative outcomes of travel. This article is based on the relevant theories of SOR, framing effect, and elaboration possibility model, and uses a research method that combines experimental methods and questionnaire surveys to study the impact of tourism advertising attribute frames on consumers' travel intentions. The results show that: 1）Compared with the positive attribute frame, the negative attribute frame can better promote consumers' travel intention; 2）There is a significant interactive effect between consumer adjustment orientation and tourism advertising attribute frame, compared with the mismatch between adjustment orientation (promotion orientation and negative Attribute frame, defensive orientation and positive attribute frame), the matching of promotion orientation and positive attribute frame, prevention orientation and negative attribute frame significantly enhances consumers' travel intention; 3） Processing fluency in the matching of tourism advertising attribute frame and consumer adjustment orientation It plays a mediating role in the effect. When faced with positive attribute frame information, consumers with a promotion adjustment orientation will improve processing fluency and thus affect travel intention; consumers with a defense adjustment orientation will also improve processing fluency when faced with negative attribute frame information.

Positive Reframing of Psychosis Risk Is Seen as More Beneficial and Less Harmful Than Negative Framing by Clinicians: An Experimental Videotaped Simulated Feedback Study.

Recent studies show that, despite providing some relief, feedback about being at risk for psychosis often triggers negative emotional reactions. Inspired by Tversky and Kahneman's (1981) work on the framing effect and medical framings that favors positive framing like "life-threatening" over "high-risk for death," this study tested the hypothesis that positive reframing of psychosis risk (PR) could alleviate these concerns. To establish the justifiability and feasibility of testing this hypothesis with patients and their families, the study first sought to test whether mental health professionals (MHPs) view positive framing as superior to present state-of-the-art approaches. The study used an experimental design utilizing a simulated feedback session, recorded with professional actors, featuring a clinician, an adolescent, and his mother. One hundred forty-eight MHPs were randomly assigned to view either negatively or positively framed feedback and were asked about its induced impact on the adolescent and mother. The study results supported our main hypothesis, indicating significant benefits of positive framing over negative in areas like empathy, stress reduction, stigma, help-seeking, and hope. Contrary to our second hypothesis, familiarity with PR did not affect these results. These findings suggest that MHPs view positive reframing of PR as more beneficial and less harmful than present negative framing approaches. This sets the stage for subsequent phases that will assess the perceptions and preferences of individuals at risk and their families. The discussion highlights possible misconceptions of positive framing, such as labeling, positive psychology, and de-medicalization.

Objective numeracy exacerbates framing effects from decision-making under political risk

While Prospect Theory helps to explain decision-making under risk, studies often base frames on hypothetical events and fail to acknowledge that many individuals lack the ability and motivation to engage in complex thinking. We use an original survey of US adults (N = 2813) to test Prospect Theory in the context of the May 2023 debt ceiling negotiations in the US Congress and assess whether objective numeracy moderates framing effects. We hypothesize and find evidence to suggest that most respondents are risk-averse to potential gains and risk-accepting to potential losses; however, high numerates are more risk-averse and risk-accepting to gains and losses, respectively, than low numerates. We also find that need for cognition interacts with numeracy to moderate framing effects for prospective losses, such that higher need for cognition attenuates risk-acceptance among low numerates and exacerbates risk-acceptance among high numerates. Our results are robust to a range of other covariates and in models accounting for the interaction between political knowledge and need for cognition, indicating joint moderating effects from two knowledge domains similarly conditioned by the desire to engage in effortful thinking. Our findings demonstrate that those who can understand and use objective information may remain subjectively persuaded by certain policy frames.

Communication Strategies to Promote COVID-19 Vaccination Intention: How Effective are Source, Appeal, Framing, and Evidence Type Approaches?

ABSTRACT This systematic review analyzed the effectiveness of key persuasive strategies – source, appeal, framing, and evidence (SAFE) – on COVID-19 vaccination intention. Quantitative studies were searched in Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed following the PRISMA guidelines. From the 61 studies that met inclusion criteria, source and framing are the most commonly applied SAFE strategies. However, source characteristics are a more consistent influence on vaccine intentions than message framing strategies, with expert sources and general practitioners emerging as the key sources contributing to greater vaccine intentions. In addition, a range of mediators and moderators influence the process through which SAFE message strategies impact vaccine intentions. Framing effects, in particular, are moderated by political identity, source characteristics, and vaccine perceptions. Tests of mediating processes highlight how health behavior judgments (e.g. perceived vaccine benefits, risks, trust in vaccination, perceived severity) and message response/perceptions (e.g. counterarguing, perceived similarity/empathy) operate as key intervening factors between SAFE message strategies and vaccine intentions. Overall, when practitioners apply various structural approaches (narrative elements, fear appeals, framing cues) to vaccine promotion campaigns, they should be cognizant of who is providing that appeal. Targeted populations may benefit most from different structural elements if they are integrated with sources that resonate with the audience.

Worrying with Children and Water in ECEC: Exploring the Pedagogical framing Effects of Actions for Climate Change

AbstractBased on Sustainable Development Goals, a recent flurry of activity has begun concerning the responsibilities of teachers to support young children in recognising and responding to aspects of climate change. Less, however, is understood about the emotional impact of these interventions on children themselves, or the extent to which the way they are framed can impact on the actions that follow. The extent to which children are encouraged to worry about water and their responsibilities concerning its sustainability is of relevance to the children of Aotearoa New Zealand and orients the focus of this paper. Walking with 3–4-year-old children over several days across three early childhood education and care sites located near waterways in the South Island, researchers share examples of worrying that took place for these children as we walked together with water. Utilising Bilandzic et al. (Sci Commun 39:466–491, 2017) goal frames to analyse their significance, the ways children worried are explored in a series of narratives that identify as series of positive and negative frames and their consequences. The paper concludes by highlighting the considerable effects of worrying and their consequences for activating children towards climate action. Teachers are invited to take a nuanced view that ameliorates the counter-productive outcomes of negative frames that can immobilise action, in contemplation of positive frames with water as a relational encounter with potential for empowerment and change. As such, a shift from emphasising activities for climate change to the framings that orient their significance through children’s worrying encounters with and about water.

“It’s My Moral Responsibility to Protect Others!” Examining the Effects of Moral Framing and Message Format on Influenza Vaccination Attitude and Intention

ABSTRACT Vaccinations serve a dual purpose: safeguarding the vaccinated individuals while also preventing potential transmission to others. However, the pro-vaccine message has primarily emphasized the personal health risks and harms of not getting vaccinated, while rarely highlighting the moral responsibility of getting vaccinated to protect others. Guided by the Model of Intuitive Morality and Exemplars (MIME) along with the narrative persuasion framework, the current study conducted a 2 (moral framing: vaccination to protect oneself vs. protect others) X 2 (message format: statistical vs. narrative) between-subject online experiment to examine the effects of moral framing and message format on vaccination decision-making. The results revealed that individuals exposed to a pro-vaccine message framing vaccination as a moral responsibility to protect others from harm reported significantly higher levels of perceived moral responsibility and elevation, more positive attitudes toward the flu vaccine, and an increased intention to get vaccinated compared to a pro-vaccine message emphasizing vaccination for self-protection. Counterintuitively, presenting the moral responsibility of receiving the flu vaccine to safeguard others in a statistical format was discovered to be more effective in fostering favorable attitudes toward vaccination and increasing the intention to get vaccinated. This study offers a valuable insight: promoting vaccination as a moral duty could be a promising strategy for motivating individuals to get vaccinated.

Overconfidence and Contract Framing

ABSTRACT Prior contract framing research finds that agents generally choose to provide greater effort under penalty contracts than under economically equivalent bonus contracts. At the same time, many individuals tend to be overconfident in their own abilities, which may alter agents’ expectancies when making effort provision decisions. In this study, we extend the contract framing literature by conducting an experiment in which participants can improve the likelihood of earning a bonus or avoiding a penalty by providing greater costly effort and by performing well on the experimental task. We find that participants who are not overconfident in their ability to perform the task well exhibit the general contract framing effect, whereas overconfident participants do not. This suggests that for work tasks where production is a function of both effort and ability, the preponderance of overconfident individuals consistent with the “better-than-average effect” mutes the effect of contract framing on effort. Data Availability: Contact the authors. JEL Classifications: M49; M12; M11.

Support for Social Movements

The factors that contribute to support for social movements and penalizing extreme protest actions are not well understood; this study aims to identify those factors. We tested three hypotheses in this study. Hypothesis 1 expects that support for the goal of the movement will go down when presented with more extreme protest actions. Hypothesis 2 predicts that the size of the extremity penalty will depend on the framing of the movement (group versus goal of the movement). Hypothesis 3 predicts that the effect of framing on the size of extremity penalty will depend on the described morality of the movement. One pilot study and two experimental studies were conducted, with a 2x2 manipulation and ratings of ten protest actions. Data were collected via an online survey (consisting of 336 undergraduate students) and were analyzed using multilevel models. Results showed that as protest actions became more extreme, support for the movement decreased. Study 1A found larger extremity penalties when the framing of the movement was focused on the group compared to the goal of the movement. Additionally, morality moderated the interaction of framing and extremity. Study 1B found larger extremity penalties when the group was perceived as highly moral. This study identified that extremity levels, framings of the movement and perceived morality act as factors influencing extremity penalties. Identifying these factors encourages a better understanding of how social movements can become more effective. For the full text, please visit https://scholar.colorado.edu/concern/undergraduate_honors_theses/pv63g1800.

Scientific Advice and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Revisiting the Asian Disease Problem

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has underscored the importance of scientific knowledge and highlighted the challenge for politicians: They had to rely on expert advice and still had to make decisions under uncertainty due to the lack of long-term health data. This article investigates how expert judgments and expert advice affect the choices between programs that are proposed to combat the outbreak of a viral disease by means of a between-subjects design embedded in a survey. We use the classic Asian disease experiment and extend earlier applications by varying the professional background of the experts (virologists vs. social scientists) within the experimental set-up. We use data from a university wide web-survey to show the persistence of framing effects and that the disciplinary background of the expert is not related to individual decision-making under risk.

Behavioral Finance: The Impact of Investor Expectation on Financial Decision-Making

Behavioral finance challenges traditional financial theories by questioning the assumption of investor rationality, highlighting the influence of cognitive biases, emotions, and psychological factors on decision-making. This deviation from conventional models like the Efficient Market Hypothesis recognizes the complexity of human decision-making in financial contexts. The field focuses on key phenomena: loss aversion, market anomalies, the framing effect, and the endowment effect. Loss aversion reveals a stronger reaction to losses than equivalent gains, influencing overly cautious decisions. Market anomalies, such as momentum and trend reversals, challenge efficient market expectations. The framing effect shows how decision-making is swayed by information presentation. The endowment effect impacts perceived asset value, affecting financial decisions. These biases significantly impact investor behavior, potentially leading to suboptimal portfolio choices. Recognizing these biases is crucial for making informed financial decisions. Behavioral finance research has profound implications, emphasizing the integration of behavioral insights with traditional models. Future studies should explore cumulative behavioral effects, conduct cross-cultural analyses, and investigate diverse market conditions for more effective investment strategies and regulations. Understanding global financial behavior through behavioral finance is essential for comprehensive insights into market dynamics and decision-making processes.

Preventing bypass on sharing economy platforms: The impact of message framing on users’ bypass intention

Bypass happens when sharing economy users intentionally circumvent platforms’ payment process to transact directly with each other. For sharing platforms, it is a form of dark behavior that could represent a threat. This study focuses on the mitigation of bypass and whether message framing can reduce bypass, examining the impact of a negatively-framed message (highlighting risks and disadvantages associated with bypass) and a positively-framed message (highlighting benefits associated with finalizing the payment on the platform). Based on an experiment (N = 600), results show that both messages impact bypass intention significantly, especially the negatively-framed message. Moreover, our model unravels insights into some of the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of different message frames: both messages impact directly bypass intention, however, while the negative message reduces bypass indirectly via reduced perceived economic benefit and increased perceived risk, the corresponding indirect effects of the positive message are non significant.

Persepsi Wajib Pajak pada Pembingkaian Pemberitaan Kasus Penghindaran Pajak dalam Keputusan Kepatuhan Pajak

Framing causes individuals to have different behavior in making various decisions. In this research, the framing of tax avoidance news is one of the factors in taxpayers' perceptions of whether or not they will remain compliant with taxes after reading tax avoidance news. This research aims to find out how taxpayers perceive the framing of tax avoidance news in tax compliance decisions using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) which are used as a basis for explaining changes in individual behavior when receiving the framing effect. This descriptive research was carried out by collecting primary data on the population, namely taxpayers in Pontianak City, West Kalimantan. This research data was collected from May to June 2023. Data was collected using interview techniques. Respondents in this study were selected using a purposive sampling technique. The findings in this research are the perception that taxpayers still choose to comply with taxes after hearing news about tax avoidance, which means that taxpayers think that news about tax avoidance is framed positively.

Problems of the US Recycling Programs: What Experienced Recycling Program Managers Tell

Recycling is a cornerstone of waste management. Despite its significance and growing interest, the US recycling rate has stagnated at around 35% for more than the past decade. In this study, we investigate an effective waste collection method as well as factors that may negatively affect recycling program management as a proxy measure of the recycling rate. To this end, recycling program managers and coordinators were surveyed since they play a pivotal role in the flow of recyclable materials. We found a combination of curbside and drop-off recycling to be the most cost-effective, but when managers’ experience level is factored in, the perceived significance of the combination approach decreases. Concerning barriers to recycling, we found that market variability for recycled materials, insufficient public participation in waste collection, and knowledge of best practices are critical inhibiting factors. In addition, China’s complete ban on waste import by 2030, an organizational framing effect of recycling, and a strong need for public education and outreach activities about recycling have emerged as new problems for recycling. Our findings point out recycling systems that reduce those setbacks to improve recycling performance and increase the recycling rate.

Insulation performance evaluation of stone-finished exterior insulation systems with insulation frames for green remodeling of concrete exterior walls

This study aimed to evaluate the thermal bridge reduction effect of insulation frames applied to a stone-finished exterior insulation system, which is commonly used in green remodeling projects. The insulation performance of the exterior walls and the energy performance of the building in a baseline case in which an existing steel pipe frame was applied were compared with those in cases alt 1 and alt 2, which included application of double- and single-wired truss-shaped insulation frames, respectively. First, a three-dimensional steady-state heat transfer simulation was conducted for the exterior wall-floor joint of the model building, and the effective U-factor was obtained. Next, mock-ups were constructed and the U-factor was tested to verify the insulation performance of cases alt 1 and alt 2. The heat loss decreased as the effective U-factors of alt 1 and alt 2 decreased by 19.0 % and 19.7 %, respectively, compared to the baseline case, according to the heat transfer simulations. In the mock-up test, the U-factors of alt 1 and alt 2 were similar to design U-factor, indicating almost no heat loss caused by the thermal bridges. Notably, the U-factor of alt 2 was 2.4 % lower than that of alt 1. Finally the energy performance of the entire building was compared through dynamic building energy simulations by reflecting the thermal bridging effect. The annual heating and cooling energy use of alt 1 and alt 2 were 2.5 % and 2.6 % lower than those of the baseline case, respectively, confirming the energy-saving effect of reducing thermal bridges.