Effects Of Forest Management Research Articles

How do management alternatives of fast‐growing forests affect water quantity and quality in southeastern Brazil? Insights from a paired catchment experiment

AbstractFast‐growing forest plantations have been expanding in Brazil in the last 50 years, which reach productivities by over 40 m3 ha−1 year−1 in reduced rotation between 5 and 15 years. In the 1990s, environmental warnings about these plantations guided research projects seeking to understand their effects on water and propose forest management actions to minimize them. The assessment of forest management effects on water resources is conducted by long‐term experiments in paired catchments. In this paper we present results of some studies conducted at the hydrological monitoring centre of Itatinga Experimental Forest Station, of the University of São Paulo, where hydrological monitoring began in 1987, and currently include three catchments (83–98 ha) under different forest management regimes: short‐rotation Eucalyptus plantation, long‐term forest plantation mosaic and native forest restoration. Results show that at similar conditions observed at study area including deep soils and good natural water regulation, hydrological effects vary according to the forest management regime adopted, increasing water consumption and making the flow regime vulnerable to intra‐ and inter‐annual seasonality. Regarding water quality, weekly sampling results showed suspended sediments and nitrate concentrations below water quality thresholds criteria by silvicultural operations, and the effects were transient but higher concentrations of nutrients were observed in intensive management regime. In the study area, reducing the management intensity of forest plantation by increasing the rotation time, adopting forest age mosaic and avoiding the coppice technique are alternative choices that reduced water use and increased flow regulation. Different adopted forest management schemes directly affected water use, showing that in water‐deficit tropical regions, management regime of fast‐growing forest plantations controls water availability.

Optimizing stand density for climate-smart forestry: A way forward towards resilient forests with enhanced carbon storage under extreme climate events

As a response to the increased pressure of global climate change on most ecosystems, national and international agreements aim at creating forests that are productive, resilient to climate change, and that store carbon to mitigate global warming. However, these aims are being challenged by increased tree mortality rates and decreased tree growth rates in response to increased incidence of extreme drought events. These phenomena make us aware of a lack of crucial insights into the effects of forest management on the growth and survival of trees, and on carbon storage in both trees and forest soils under increased incidence of drought. Here we compile current knowledge on how forest management and drought impact on tree growth and survival, and above- and belowground carbon storage in forest ecosystems. Based on this, we propose that climate-smart forestry may benefit from controlling stand density at intermediate levels (>60%, e.g.~80%) by applying low levels of tree harvest intensity on a regular base. Furthermore, we propose that the actual optimal density will depend on the tree species, site conditions and management history. As a next step, studies are needed that take an above- and belowground approach and combine forest experiments with mechanistic models on water, carbon and nutrient flows in trees and soils within forests in order to transform current results, which focus on either soil or trees and are often highly-context dependent, to a more generic forest framework. Such a generic framework would be needed to enhance understanding across forest ecosystems on how forest management may promote forest resilience, productivity and carbon storage with increasing drought.

Experimental evaluation of herbicide use on biodiversity, ecosystem services and timber production trade‐offs in forest plantations

Abstract The value of non‐commodity ecosystem services provided by forests is widely recognized, but intensive forest management practices are increasing, with uncertain consequences for a multitude of these services. Quantitative relationships among biodiversity conservation, timber production and other ecosystem services remain poorly understood, especially during the early‐successional period of intensively managed forestlands. We manipulated management intensity in regenerating forest plantations to test the prediction that treatments aimed at maximizing timber production decrease biodiversity conservation and non‐timber services. We measured species richness of 3 taxonomic groups and 13 proxies for provisioning, cultural and regulating services within stands randomly assigned to one of the three herbicide application intensities or an untreated control. Herbicides increased allocation of net primary production to crop trees, increasing projected timber volume and revenues at 40‐ and 60‐year harvest ages. Commonly used herbicide prescriptions reduced culturally valued plants by 71%, wild‐ungulate forage by 41%, avian richness by 20% and pollinator floral resources by 42%, the latter being associated with 38% fewer pollinator species. However, agriculturally valued bumblebees, pollination of blueberries, avian‐mediated arthropod control, wild ungulate observations and regulation services tied to forest productivity appeared unaffected by increasing management intensity and timber production. Species richness and flora‐provided services in young forest plantations exhibited strong trade‐offs with projected timber production, whereas post‐treatment vegetation regeneration and site‐level variation likely maintained a range of other services. Although vegetation recovery is important for supporting wildlife and some ecosystem services on industrial forestlands, it is unlikely that any single prescription can optimize both timber and non‐timber benefits to society across managed forest landscapes. Instead, producing different services in discrete portions of the landscape may be necessary. Synthesis and applications. We tested the effects of intensive forest management via herbicides on ecosystem services and found that biodiversity responses and services from early‐successional vegetation trade‐off against timber production. A number of services appeared to be compatible with timber production, although no single prescription optimized the full range of services. Stand‐level biodiversity conservation and a variety of services could potentially be provided by treatment skips and less‐intensive management on productive sites, although it is unlikely that all services can be optimized without landscape‐level planning.

Effect of forest management on understory vascular plants in planted Abies sachalinensis forests

The montane region of Hokkaido, northern Japan, was originally dominated by mixed forests of broad-leaved trees and conifers. Since the 19th century, human disturbance has eliminated most of the original conifers. During the second half of the 20th century, after the clearcutting of the degraded natural forests dominated by broad-leaved species, the native conifer species Abies sachalinensis was planted. We have investigated the understory vascular plants in mature planted A. sachalinensis stands (aged 47–61 years) and in neighboring natural stands to identify the importance of the planted conifer forests as habitats for understory species. Often the planted A. sachalinensis forests are mixed with broad-leaved trees retained in the planted area. Species composition was associated with elevation, thinning history, and overstory types (evergreen conifers or deciduous broad-leaved trees), and split into six community types using the non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) analysis. The understories of the stands dominated by broad-leaved trees were commonly covered with Sasa spp. and the species richness was low. At the same time, some species exhibit a positive association with the basal area of the broad-leaved trees and coverage of Sasa spp. Alternatively, the closed canopies of the A. sachalinensis kept Sasa from dominating the understory. Variable thinning operations can also lead to provide a variety of habitats for understory plants. Thus, planted conifer forests can provide habitats for various understory plants through the diversity of forest management, such as retention of broad-leaved trees and thinning operations.

Effects of Randomized Management on the Forest Distribution Patterns of Larix kaempferi Plantation in Xiaolongshan, Gansu Province, China

Patterns of tree distribution are an important attribute of forest structure and directly affect the health and stability of forest ecosystems. This paper studied the effects of forest management on the forest distribution pattern of Larix kaempferi plantations with an aim to improve the quality of the spatial structure of plantations by providing scientific grounds for near-nature distribution pattern adjustment. We set up 15 long-term positioning and monitoring plots of 20 m × 20 m of L. kaempferi plantations in Xiaolongshan, Gansu Province, China, based on the Clark and Evans index, and applied the structure analysis method of the neighboring tree relationship to determine the standard angle of the uniform angle index of regularly distributed plantation forests. The changes in forest distribution patterns were compared before and after randomized management (R1 (dumbbell-shaped random unit), R2 (torch-shaped random unit) and R1:R2 = 1:2 models) and underlayer tending and unmanaged control (CK). The results showed that (1) Under different management modes, the distribution patterns obtained by the Clark and Evans index and the mean values of the uniform angle index were entirely the same; all stand patterns were evenly distributed. (2) Regardless of randomized management or underlayer tending, the number of trees in the even distribution was the largest, accounting for more than 40%. (3) The mean values of the uniform angle index of most stands increased obviously after randomized management, among which the R1 and R2 stands showed an upward trend, while the R1:R2 = 1:2 stands showed a slight decrease. However, the mean values of the uniform angle index of the stands with underlayer management showed a decreasing trend. (4) The proportion of random trees in most stands increased significantly after randomized management, increasing by 1%~19% compared with that before adjustment, while the proportion of random trees in the underlayer tending treatment decreased by 2%~10%. Our results suggest that (1) The method based on the modified uniform angle index standard angle could effectively improve the accuracy of the distribution pattern of individual trees in plantation forests and further improve the accuracy of the overall stand pattern quantitatively. (2) Randomized management significantly increased the proportion of random trees in the stands, which accelerated the evolution of the forest distribution pattern of the L. kaempferi plantation to a random distribution.

The Effect of Forest Management on the Avifauna of a Brazilian Dry Forest

The conversion of tropical habitats has dramatic implications on biodiversity and represents one of the greatest conservation challenges of our time. Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (SDTF), which are disjointly distributed throughout the Neotropics, are especially susceptible to human activities. The Caatinga Dry Forest, located in the semi-arid interior of northeastern Brazil, represents not only the largest and most biologically diverse nucleus of SDTF, but also the world’s most densely populated semi-arid region, with ever-growing pressure on its natural resources. To prevent illegal logging, conservation agencies looked at forest management, where an area is divided in smaller stands which are gradually logged and allowed to regrow for a period of time, when a new cutting cycle should reinitiate. The impacts of these management schemes on biodiversity, however, remain largely untested. We conducted standardized avian surveys to evaluate the effects of forest management on the avian community at a 1,670 ha privately owned property located on the Chapada do Araripe, northeastern Brazil. This area was divided in 22 forest stands, half of which had already been logged at the time of our sampling, creating a gradient of logged and natural forests and an 11-yr chrono-sequence of forest regeneration. Our results show that logged areas present fewer individuals, fewer species, and different avian assemblages than unlogged forests. Such differences are mostly driven by forest-dependent species, which were overwhelmingly affected by forest management. Our results show that although logged forests tend to recover its height after a decade, they do not recover the originally forest cover, measured by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. Likewise, decade-long recovering stands continue to show lower species richness, lower bird abundance, and different avian composition than unlogged forests. We identified a set of bird species that are more affected by forest management (ecological losers) and a group of birds that apparently benefit from the referred changes in land use (ecological winners). We conclude that completely managing an entire area may cause the extirpation of several forest-dependent species. We therefore suggest keeping logged and unlogged plots intermingled, to avoid local extinctions and the complete modification of the original avifauna.

Early rotation biomass and nutrient accumulation of Pinus radiata forests after harvest residue management and fertiliser treatment on contrasting types of soil

The productivity of planted forests depends upon the maintenance of soil fertility and an understanding of the relationships between site fertility and stand productivity. The effects of harvest residue and forest floor management, and fertiliser additions on ecosystem biomass, carbon and nutrient accumulation were evaluated 5 years after establishment of Pinus radiata stands growing on four contrasting soil types at Woodhill, Tarawera, Kinleith, and Golden Downs forest in New Zealand. The harvest residue removal treatments were stem only harvest, whole tree harvest, and whole tree harvest combined with forest floor removal, all with and without mostly urea-nitrogen fertiliser additions (cumulative range across the four sites 400–1150 kg N ha−1). Woodhill forest biomass and nutrient stock results at age 5 years have been previously reported and were added to with new carbon and nitrogen analysis. The results showed for all sites except on recent sands at Woodhill, where soil nutrients were very low, that harvest residue and forest floor removal had limited impact on 5 year old P. radiata productivity, above ground live biomass and nutrient accumulation, and mineral soil nutrient concentrations. Across all sites the whole tree harvest combined with forest floor removal negatively impacted the 5 year old forest floor biomass and nutrient stocks, with variable impact due to whole tree only removal. The addition of large experimental amounts of mineral nitrogen fertiliser increased tree productivity across sites, which was reflected in tree biomass for all sites except Tarawera. Based on these relatively short-term findings, when P. radiata forests in New Zealand are experiencing a peak nutrient demand (highest nutrient demand amount per year), there were limited negative impacts of harvest residue and forest floor removal on forest productivity, tree biomass and nutrient accumulation, and mineral soil nutrient concentrations. The exception was for a sand dune derived soil that had very low soil nutrients resulting in a greater proportion of the forest ecosystem nutrient pool to be held within the tree and forest floor biomass, emphasising the importance of harvest residue and forest floor retention at low nutrient sites.

Silvicultural Interventions Drive the Changes in Soil Organic Carbon in Romanian Forests According to Two Model Simulations

We investigated the effects of forest management on the carbon (C) dynamics in Romanian forest soils, using two model simulations: CBM-CFS3 and Yasso15. Default parametrization of the models and harmonized litterfall simulated by CBM provided satisfactory results when compared to observed data from National Forest Inventory (NFI). We explored a stratification approach to investigate the improvement of soil C prediction. For stratification on forest types only, the NRMSE (i.e., normalized RMSE of simulated vs. NFI) was approximately 26%, for both models; the NRMSE values reduced to 13% when stratification was done based on climate only. Assuming the continuation of the current forest management practices for a period of 50 years, both models simulated a very small C sink during simulation period (0.05 MgC ha−1 yr−1). Yet, a change towards extensive forest management practices would yield a constant, minor accumulation of soil C, while more intensive practices would yield a constant, minor loss of soil C. For the maximum wood supply scenario (entire volume increment is removed by silvicultural interventions during the simulated period) Yasso15 resulted in larger emissions (−0.3 MgC ha−1 yr−1) than CBM (−0.1 MgC ha−1 yr−1). Under ‘no interventions’ scenario, both models simulated a stable accumulation of C which was, nevertheless, larger in Yasso15 (0.35 MgC ha−1 yr−1) compared to CBM-CSF (0.18 MgC ha−1 yr−1). The simulation of C stock change showed a strong “start-up” effect during the first decade of the simulation, for both models, explained by the difference in litterfall applied to each scenario compared to the spinoff scenario. Stratification at regional scale based on climate and forest types, represented a reasonable spatial stratification, that improved the prediction of soil C stock and stock change.

Forest management affects seasonal source-sink dynamics in a territorial, group-living bird

The persistence of wildlife populations is under threat as a consequence of human activities, which are degrading natural ecosystems. Commercial forestry is the greatest threat to biodiversity in boreal forests. Forestry practices have degraded most available habitat, threatening the persistence of natural populations. Understanding population responses is, therefore, critical for their conservation. Population viability analyses are effective tools to predict population persistence under forestry management. However, quantifying the mechanisms driving population responses is complex as population dynamics vary temporally and spatially. Metapopulation dynamics are governed by local dynamics and spatial factors, potentially mediating the impacts of forestry e.g., through dispersal. Here, we performed a seasonal, spatially explicit population viability analysis, using long-term data from a group-living territorial bird (Siberian jay, Perisoreus infaustus). We quantified the effects of forest management on metapopulation dynamics, via forest type-specific demography and spatially explicit dispersal, and how forestry impacted the stability of metapopulation dynamics. Forestry reduced metapopulation growth and stability, through negative effects on reproduction and survival. Territories in higher quality natural forest contributed more to metapopulation dynamics than managed forests, largely through demographic processes rather than dispersal. Metapopulation dynamics in managed forest were also less resilient to disturbances and consequently, may be more vulnerable to environmental change. Seasonal differences in source-sink dynamics observed in managed forest, but not natural forests, were caused by associated seasonal differences in dispersal. As shown here, capturing seasonal source-sink dynamics allows us to predict population persistence under human disturbance and to provide targeted conservation recommendations.

Exploring the biodiversity of key groups in coppice forests (Central Italy): the relationship among vascular plants, epiphytic lichens, and wood-decaying fungi

Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) indicators consider the main ecological and socioeconomic functions of forests but do not currently include some key groups widely adopted to assess the effects of forest management, such as herbaceous vascular plants, epiphytic lichens, and wood-decay fungi. Moreover, they are shaped into high forests while in the Mediterranean area the oldest type of forest management is coppice. We investigated the diversity and the relationships of the above-mentioned groups of taxa in three European Forest Types (EFTs) to contribute to the selection of indicator species suitable for monitoring Mediterranean coppice forests. We find only a weak cross-taxon congruence between vascular plants and lichens on considering the whole dataset, while no significant correlations are evident within the three EFTs. Species richness was significantly different among EFTs, being Thermophilous deciduous forests the richest, both considering the groups of taxa separately and the total species richness. As for species composition, significant differences were found both for the whole dataset and also for pairwise comparisons among EFTs. We provided a dwelling-species list of the three key groups of taxa, which could be suitable for monitoring the sustainability characteristics of fragmented and low continuity forests such as coppice stands.

Indigenous Forest Knowledge (IFK) and Nature Reserve Workers’ Perceptions of IFK: A Case Study of Leigongshan National Nature Reserve, China

ABSTRACT Indigenous forest knowledge (IFK) plays an important role in the sustainable utilization and protection of forest resources as it affects the implementation of forest management. The Leigongshan National Nature Reserve (LNNR) is located in the southeastern region of Guizhou Province, China. The Reserve plays an important role in regional ecological protection. The Miao people who have lived in Leigongshan for generations have managed the forest resources in this area for more than 1000 years and developed a unique body of forest knowledge. Thus, the study of IFK in the LNNR can be used as a starting point to improve the regional development and management of forest resources. In this study, we investigated IFK in the LNNR by interviewing 315 Miao people across 26 Miao villages. A questionnaire survey of 66 nature reserve workers (NRWs) (excluding nongovernmental employees) in the LNNR was used to record their perceptions of Miao IFK (MIFK), and the factors contributing to these perceptions were analyzed. The results show the following. First, MIFK includes mainly three layers (material culture, spiritual culture, system culture) and 11 types (such as logging and agroforestry patterns). It has distinct ecological protection characteristics and a simple sustainable development concept. With the development and transformation of the economy and society, the material culture and spiritual culture layers of MIFK have tended to decline, while the system culture layers present the characteristics of an initial decline and rapid recovery. Second, most of the NRWs have a positive attitude toward MIFK. They believe that MIFK has a positive effect on the management of forest resources in the reserve, especially the customary laws at the village level. This attitude is closely related to the implementation of an “ecological forest ranger project” and a “community comanagement model” in the LNNR. Third, logistic regression analysis revealed that the major factors influencing NRWs’ perceptions were the level of awareness of forest knowledge, participation in activities, and education of the interviewees. Finally, in forestry management, forest workers should fully respect the value of IFK, and forest workers’ knowledge of IFK should be continuously improved through various measures to ensure the effectiveness of forest management and sustainable development.

Avifauna and biogeographical affinities of acarrasco-dominated landscape in north-eastern Brazil: providing baseline data for future monitoring

SummaryThecarrascois a dense, shrubby vegetation type that covers the higher parts of table-top mountains in north-eastern Brazil. The vegetation of this phytophysiognomy is often considered to have biogeographical and ecological affinities with thecerradoof Central Brazil, but the biogeographical affinities of its avifauna remain unclear. In recent years, deforestation due to local economic activities has been particularly severe in somecarrasco-dominated landscapes. In 2013, we initiated avian surveys at the Fazenda Pau D‘Arco, a privately owned property located on top of the Araripe Plateau, to evaluate the effects of a legal forest management program on the avifauna. Here, we present the results of four years of avian inventories to: i) characterize a well-preserved patch ofcarrascovegetation; ii) assess avian biogeographical affinities of this vegetation type; iii) identify associations between managed/unmanaged areas and bird species; and iv) provide baseline data for future avian monitoring studies. Using different survey methods, we provide a list of 148 bird species, including several dry-forest specialists andcaatingaendemics. Biogeographically, the avifauna of thecarrascorepresents a subsample of theCaatingadry forest, lackingcerradoelements. Forest management significantly affected the distribution of several bird species in the study area. We found that 1/5 of the species (24) recorded during our standardized surveys were significantly associated with either unmanaged (14 species) or managed (10 species) areas. Species such as the Ceará LeaftosserSclerurus cearensis, a globally vulnerable species, have only been detected in non-managed areas and therefore can be negatively affected by the management program. We also present data on 16 avian taxa with ecological and conservation concerns. By presenting a fairly complete and documented list of the avifauna, we characterize thecarrascoavifauna and offer the tools to evaluate the effects of forest management on this poorly known vegetation type.

Rapid Changes in Ground Vegetation of Mature Boreal Forests—An Analysis of Swedish National Forest Inventory Data

The boreal forest floor vegetation is critical for ecosystem functioning and an important part of forest biodiversity. Given the ongoing global change, knowledge on broad-scale changes in the composition and abundance of different plant species and species groups is hence important for both forest conservation and management. Here, we analyse permanent plot data from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) on changes in the vegetation over a 10-year period in four regions of Sweden. To limit the direct and relatively well-known effects of forest management and associated succession, we only included mature forest stands not influenced by forestry during the 10 years between inventories, and focused on vegetation change mainly related to other factors. Results show strong decrease among many species and species groups. This includes dominant species such as Vaccinimum myrtillus and Deschampsia flexuosa as well as several forest herbs. The only species increasing are some mosses in the southern regions. Our data do not allow for a causal interpretation of the observed patterns. However, the changes probably result from latent succession in combination with climate change and nitrogen deposition, and with time lags complicating the interpretation of their relative importance. Regardless of the cause, the observed changes are on a magnitude that suggest impacts on ecosystem functioning and hence highlight the need for more experimental work.

Forest management can mitigate negative impacts of climate and land-use change on plant biodiversity: Insights from the Republic of Korea

Over the past century, the decline in biodiversity due to climate change and habitat loss has become unprecedentedly serious. Multiple drivers, including climate change, land-use/cover change, and qualitative change in habitat need to be considered in an integrated approach, which has rarely been taken, to create an effective conservation strategy. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively evaluate and map the combined impacts of those multiple drivers on biodiversity in the Republic of Korea (ROK). To this end, biodiversity persistence (BP) was simulated by employing generalized dissimilarity modeling with estimates of habitat conditions. Habitat Condition Index was newly developed based on national survey datasets to represent the changes in habitat quality according to the land cover changes and forest management, especially after the ROK's National Reforestation Programme. The changes in habitat conditions were simulated for a period ranging from the 1960s to the 2010s; additionally, future (2050s) spatial scenarios were constructed. By focusing on the changes in forest habitat quality along with climate and land use, this study quantitatively and spatially analyzed the changes in BP over time and presented the effects of reforestation and forest management. The results revealed that continuous forest management had a positive impact on BP by offsetting the negative effects of past urbanization. Improvements in forest habitat quality also can effectively reduce the negative impacts of climate change. This quantitative analysis of successful forest restoration in Korea proved that economic development and urbanization could be in parallel with biodiversity enhancement. Nevertheless, current forest management practices were found to be insufficient in fully offsetting the decline in future BP caused by climate change. This indicates that there is a need for additional measures along with mitigation of climate change to maintain the current biodiversity level.

Explaining The Effectiveness Of Forest And Water Management And Its Spatial Distribution In The Metropolitan District Of Quito

The effective implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to forests (SDG15) and water resources (SDG6) have significant implications for achieving quality of life for people in urban and rural areas. We carried out a study in the rural parishes of the Metropolitan District of Quito (MDQ), Ecuador. The objective of the study was to assess how biophysical factors, institutional capacity and institutional complexity influence the perceived effectiveness of forest and water management. Ordinal logistic regressions were applied and spatial lag regressions were also calculated to assess the possible spatial correlation of the dependent variables. Additionally, spatial autocorrelation analyses (Gi* and Anselin Local Moran´s I) were applied to assess the perceived effectiveness. The regressions results show that the number of stakeholders involved in the management of each resource, used as a proxy for institutional complexity, was a significant variable (p-value = 0.003 for forest resource management and p-value = 0.027 for water resource management) when explaining perceived effectiveness. The spatial autocorrelation results show spatial hotspots (90% and 99% confidence) and a cluster (95 % confidence) of forest management effectiveness as well as some spatial outliers (95% confidence) of water and forest management effectiveness. These findings were put in context to assess the current institutional arrangements used by local actors to implement SDGs 6 and 15. The results obtained may be useful for improving local public policies that seek integrated implementation for SDGs 6 and 15, while the applied methods can be transferred to the study of other SDGs.

Effects of timber harvest on survival and movement of stream salamanders in a managed forest landscape

AbstractWith escalating anthropogenic alteration of landscapes worldwide, managed forests are increasingly important as providers of ecosystem services and wildlife habitat. Therefore, it is crucial to maintain a balance between producing forest products and biodiversity conservation. Several studies have reported negative effects of forest management on terrestrial plethodontid salamanders, but fewer have focused on stream‐dwelling species or evaluated mechanisms for shifts in their abundance (e.g., mortality vs. movement). We used a before–after–control–impact design to examine the effects of clear‐cut harvesting on a semi‐aquatic stream‐breeding salamander endemic to the Ouachita Mountains, Desmognathus brimleyorum. We conducted a three‐year capture–mark–recapture (CMR) study at three streams within a managed pine (Pinus spp.) landscape in west‐central Arkansas, USA. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) stands surrounding two of the streams were clear‐cut (leaving a 14–21 m wide forested buffer on each side of the stream) midway through the study; the third stream served as a control site and remained unharvested. We estimated apparent survival using open CMR models and compared salamander movement over time and between harvested and control streams. Overall, our models revealed seasonal and temporal variation in salamander survival and abundance, but little evidence for strong immediate effects of timber harvesting on post‐metamorphic salamanders within two years postharvest. However, there was increased salamander movement at sites where forest harvest occurred. Our results suggest that streamside buffers of at least 14–28 m on either side of a stream are effective for minimizing immediate effects of forestry activities on juvenile and adult stream‐dwelling salamanders, when timber harvest occurs in the winter months. These results will inform management decisions aimed at conserving biodiversity and ecosystem integrity in managed forest landscapes while also filling a critical gap in the knowledge of stream salamander demographic parameters.

ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСКАЯ МОТИВАЦИЯ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЛЕСНОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА РОССИИ

The article presents the results of an entrepreneur survey from the standpoint of assessing the effectiveness of forest management in Russia. It has been established that more than a half of the surveyed entrepreneurs consider their forestry business to be low profitable. Entrepreneurs have significant costs for reforestation and forestry work. The reasons for the low efficiency of forestry activities are the lack of measures for motivating entrepreneurs implemented at the state level. The necessity to improve the efficiency of state forest management has been proved. A mechanism built into the forest management system is suggested to motivate forest plot tenants. The motivational mechanism is a complex of incentive and control measures aimed at ensuring the qualitative performance of forestry work with optimal production costs. The use of the motivation mechanism at the regional level enables to provide support to tenants of forest areas performing forestry activities in a quality manner. Differentiated measures of forest user motivation, based on the results of forest activities, have been substantiated. Motivation measures should include financial support, business control and penalties. The necessity to create a motivational fund for financial support of forest area tenants in the regions of Russia has been proved. The measures for the motivation of entrepreneurs, which ensure growing attractiveness of forest exploitation, have been developed

Genetic Variability in Pinus sylvestris, Picea obovata, and Abies sibirica Populations and in Felling in the Southern Taiga of Central Siberia

The variability of polymorphic enzyme loci was studied in 1180 undergrowth individuals in four Pinus sylvestris L., Picea obovata Ledeb., and Abies sibirica Ledeb. populations growing in the southern taiga of Central Siberia in the regions covered by felling of different intensity and in the control (including in 15 Scots pine samples, 13 Siberian spruce samples, and 16 Siberian fir samples). The results of the comparative analysis of data confirm a significant reduction in genetic diversity in the young generation of trees of three coniferous species at the place of high-intensity clear large-scale and selective felling (by 8–30% in the number of alleles and level of polymorphism, by 14–75% in the number of rare alleles). It was noted that the gene pools of populations of dark coniferous species are more sensitive to anthropogenic effects as compared with light coniferous species (Scots pine). The features of genetic variability of isozymes in Siberian fir populations indicate a significant loss of intraspecific allelic diversity of enzyme loci by the species, which requires a special approach to the analysis of the effect of forest management on populations of this species and preservation of its genetic diversity. Of the used indices of genetic variability, rare alleles of polymorphic loci in general (and especially the alleles of low polymorphic loci) are the most informative for the purposes of genetic monitoring of coniferous forests.

Implementasi Algoritme Support Vector Machines untuk Klasifikasi Area Terbakar di Lahan Gambut

Kebakaran hutan telah menjadi bencana tahunan di Indonesia, yang berdampak pada degradasi lahan. Kebakaran hutan banyak terjadi di lahan gambut. Pada bulan Agustus 2019 terdeteksi sebanyak 810 hotspot di Provinsi Jambi. Informasi luas area kebakaran diperlukan untuk menentukan kebijakan dalam pengelolaan hutan dan lahan. Informasi mengenai luas area kebakaran sulit didapatkan dari pengukuran lapangan karena area yang luas dan tidak mudah diakses. Data Landsat merupakan salah satu jenis citra dari teknologi remote sensing yang dapat digunakan untuk memetakan luas area kebakaran. Salah satu metode yang sering digunakan untuk mengestimasi luas area kebakaran adalah dengan teknik interpretasi visual on screen. Namun, teknik ini memerlukan tenaga interpreter yang berpengalaman. Untuk itu, pada makalah ini digunakan teknik interpretasi digital menggunakan algoritme Support Vector Machine (SVM) untuk mengklasifikasikan area kebakaran di Kabupaten Muaro Jambi pada ekosistem gambut indikatif fungsi lindung, kemudian menghitung estimasi luasan lahan vegetasi, lahan terbuka, dan area terbakar. Makalah ini menghasilkan klasifikasi dengan akurasi sebesar 99,8%. Estimasi luas gambut berdasarkan klasifikasi SVM pada tanggal 15 Agustus 2019 adalah 1.396,89 ha teridentifikasi sebagai area terbakar, 7.069,5 ha adalah area vegetasi, dan 1.089,54 ha merupakan area lahan terbuka.

Projecting future aboveground biomass and productivity of managed eastern Canadian mixedwood boreal forest in response to climate change

Eastern Canadian boreal forests are mainly influenced by natural wildfires and forest management activities. To evaluate forest dynamics under possible interactions among fire and timber harvest in a future climate warming scenario (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) the forest landscape model Landis II was used to simulate the dynamics of the 78000 km2 of boreal forests in eastern Canada. Forest management intensity scenarios were modeled considering the changes in the annual harvested area (0.5%, 1%, and 2%) and the age that conifers and hardwoods can be harvested (50 and 30 years, 70 and 50 years, and 90 and 70 years). The results of the 300-year model projections implied that both forest management intensity and climatic scenarios explained most of the variability in aboveground biomass, aboveground net primary productivity and forest composition. Forest management seems to be the most important factor that modified the landscape in the southern forests because there were scheduled stands with the age and composition required by each harvesting prescription to deal with the annual allowable cut volume. On the contrary, in the northern forests there was a mixed effect of climate change and forest management because many of the areas suitable for harvesting were previously burned limiting the amount of area available for harvesting. Thus, although it is expected an increase in wildfire area burned due to climate change, the intensification of forest management seems to be the most important driver of the increase of hardwoods and mixed stands and the decrease of conifers stands on the mixedwood boreal landscape, mainly in the southern forests. These results suggest that timber supply would be at risk in the Abitibi Plain, therefore, some strategies should be applied to adapt forest management to climate change.