Combat Effectiveness Research Articles

Unmanned aerial vehicle as an air defense target

There have been reports of unauthorized use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in highly controlled areas (airports, military installations, against critical industrial infrastructure) in the media since the mid-2000s. Nowadays, small UAVs are widely used for unauthorized surveillance of important objects, conducting terrorist attacks and sabotage, carrying prohibited goods (weapons, drugs), as well as for military purposes. For this reason, the problem of countering UAVs, and especially small UAVs, has become extremely relevant. Analysis of publications in this area has shown a small number of serious studies on this topic. There are often too optimistic conclusions about the effectiveness of existing air defense systems for countering all types of UAVs in many papers. However, the problem of countering UAVs, and especially small UAVs, is highly complex, multi-faceted, and has not been solved yet. The purpose of this paper is to systematize and analyze various ways and means of countering UAVs, as well as to form general directions for effective solution of the problem. The material presented in the paper focuses on the analysis of the capabilities of air defense means to physical countering UAVs. The results of systematization and analysis of various methods and means of countering UAVs, which are based on physical interception, are presented in the article. This systematization is based on more than 60 open sources. The analysis of the sources show the main features of the UAV as an object of destruction and made possible a detailed multi-aspect analysis of modern air defense systems, their effectiveness and disadvantage. Suggestions for improving the effectiveness of the air defense systems what are used against UAVs are also summarized in this paper. Elements of the novelty of the paper are the general features of the detection and destruction of UAVs as well as systemic disadvantage in technological solutions of the air defense systems which lead to a decrease in their combat effectiveness when they are used against UAVs. The material of the paper can be used to generate initial data for modeling and studying the combat effectiveness of the air defense systems when countering UAVs. This article can be useful for designers who design countering UAV systems as well.

Unmanned aerial vehicle as a reconnaissance object

There have been reports of unauthorized use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in highly controlled areas (airports, military facilities, against critical industrial infrastructure) in the media since the mid-2000s. Nowadays, small UAVs are widely used for unauthorized surveillance of important objects, conducting terrorist attacks and sabotage, transporting prohibited goods (weapons, drugs), as well as for military purposes. For this reason, the problem of countering UAVs, and especially small UAVs, has be-come extremely relevant. Analysis of publications in this area has revealed a small number of serious studies in this topic. Conclusions, made on the effectiveness of existing air defense systems for combating all types of UAVs in several papers seem to be too optimistic. However, the problem of countering UAVs, and especially small UAVs, is highly complicated, multifaceted and has not been solved yet. The goal of this paper is to analyze UAV as an object of detection and defeating while using various ways and means of countering UAVs. This work focuses on the analysis of UAV as an object of radar, radio-reconnaissance and radio-technical, optical-electronic and acoustic intelligence, as well as an object of fire and electronic defeating. Results of systematization and analysis of UAVs as an object of fire and electronic defeating, capabilities of on time detecting and target indicating by radar, radio-reconnaissance and radio-technical, optical-electronic and acoustic means of intelligence are presented in the paper. Carried out systematization is based on information from more than 40 open sources. Analysis of the sources reveals the list of main features of the UAV as an object of defeating, and makes it possible to carry out a detailed analysis of modern detection systems, as well as their effectiveness and disadvantages. Elements of novelty of the paper are general features of UAVs detection process, as well as systemic disadvantages of the detection systems technical solutions, which lead to reduce in efficiency, while being used against UAVs. The material of the paper can be used to generate initial data for modeling and studying the combat effectiveness of the air defense systems when countering UAVs. This article can be useful for constructors, who design the countering UAV systems.

Study on Thermodynamic Coupling Performance of Multi-Level Lattice Structures

With the development of hypersonic vehicle, the design of heat-resistant and load-bearing surface of hypersonic vehicle has gradually become a key technology affecting its combat effectiveness. As a new type of lightweight and high-strength structure, lattice structure has excellent mechanical properties such as ultra-light, high specific strength and high specific stiffness, and special properties such as vibration reduction, heat dissipation and sound absorption. Among them, the multi-level lattice structure can increase the bearing efficiency of the structure at low relative density, and increase the heat transfer area at the same time, so as to improve the heat protection and bearing capacity of the structure. This study includes three aspects of high temperature out-of-plane compression test, high temperature numerical simulation comparison, and structural optimization for the designed multi-level pyramid lattice, in order to obtain the bearing capacity of the multi-level pyramid lattice at 350°C, and further improve the bearing performance by optimizing the core structure. Through experiments and verification, the multi-level pyramid lattice designed and optimized in this study can further meet the requirements of thermal protection and load-bearing performance of aircraft compared with the single-level pyramid lattice, and can provide a reference for the study of high temperature mechanical properties of lattice structures, the design of new multi-level lattice structures and the engineering application of lattice structures.

Sensitivity analysis of attack helicopter combat indicators based on machine learning

This paper focuses on sensitivity analysis in the design of Attack helicopter combat indicators, and combines the advantages of machine learning to propose a combat effectiveness oriented sensitivity analysis method for Attack helicopter combat indicators. Firstly, the steps of sensitivity analysis of Attack helicopter combat indicators based on machine learning are introduced. Secondly, through operational scenarios, constructing indicator systems, collecting relevant data, evaluating effectiveness, and using machine learning algorithms for modelling and training, the sensitivity assessment of the damage probability of Attack helicopter to ground armoured weapons can be achieved. This paper is able to provide reference for the sensitivity analysis of weapon equipment system effectiveness, and provide more scientific and reasonable support for the research and application of helicopters in combat systems.

RECONNAISSANCE AND STRIKE SYSTEMS IN NETWORK-CENTRIC WARFARE

The article reveals the essence of the concept of network-centric warfare, outlines the main requirements for network-centric military control systems when they are used in modern wars (combat operations) to ensure automated control of high-tech armed forces. This article examines the current state and prospects for the development of intelligence-strike systems. Reconnaissance and strike systems are key elements of modern military operations, providing the ability to conduct reconnaissance missions and conduct strikes against enemy targets. The article analyzes modern reconnaissance and strike systems, including unmanned aerial vehicles, cruise missiles and other means. Their technical characteristics, possibilities and limitations are studied. Also considered are the main challenges and trends that affect the development of intelligence-strike systems, such as the expansion of the use of artificial intelligence and the increase of autonomy of systems. This article examines the role of intelligence-strike systems in the context of network-centric warfare. In modern military conflicts, where information technology and network interaction play a key role, reconnaissance and strike systems are becoming an integral part of strategic planning and combat effectiveness. The article analyzes the impact of network-centric warfare on intelligence and strike systems. The main characteristics and requirements for these systems for effective operation in the conditions of network warfare are considered. The latest technologies that can increase the effectiveness of intelligence-strike systems in such conditions are being investigated, including artificial intelligence, data analytics and autonomy. Based on the analysis, the article provides recommendations for the further development of reconnaissance and strike systems. Ways to improve their effectiveness, to ensure better coordination between reconnaissance and strike functions, and to ensure greater security and resistance to enemy countermeasures are proposed. The presented material should be used both by the management staff and scientists of the armed forces when developing operational-tactical requirements for network-centric management systems of military purpose, as well as by management bodies when evaluating their functioning in order to choose possible ways to implement certain measures to improve their ability to perform tasks as assigned.

Research on Combat Mission Configuration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Maritime Reconnaissance Based on Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

In recent years, in the classic battles and armed conflicts around the world, battlefield environment reconnaissance and the collection and processing of operational information play an increasingly critical role in the victory and defeat of the battlefield. Unmanned equipment, especially UAV equipment, is used by more and more countries in the field of combat reconnaissance. Meanwhile, the types of UAV are gradually diversified with the change of operational requirements. UAVs adapted to different combat environments shine brightly on the battlefield. In terms of naval battle field, due to the limitations and deficiencies of reconnaissance methods such as surface radar, UAVs play a more prominent role in combat reconnaissance. There are more scenarios for UAVs to be used in combat reconnaissance in naval battle field and higher requirements for UAVs’ combat effectiveness. Therefore, this paper takes UAVs’ naval battle reconnaissance missions as the research object. By using PSO as the research method, this paper studies the combat reconnaissance task configuration of UAVs, hoping to contribute to the improvement of UAVs’ combat reconnaissance capability and combat effectiveness.

ComBating inter-site differences in field strength: harmonizing preclinical traumatic brain injury MRI data.

Integrating datasets from multiple sites and scanners can increase statistical power for neuroimaging studies but can also introduce significant inter-site confounds. We evaluated the effectiveness of ComBat, an empirical Bayes approach, to combine longitudinal preclinical MRI data acquired at 4.7 or 9.4 T at two different sites in Australia. Male Sprague Dawley rats underwent MRI on Days 2, 9, 28, and 150 following moderate/severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) or sham injury as part of Project 1 of the NIH/NINDS-funded Centre Without Walls EpiBioS4Rx project. Diffusion-weighted and multiple-gradient-echo images were acquired, and outcomes included QSM, FA, and ADC. Acute injury measures including apnea and self-righting reflex were consistent between sites. Mixed-effect analysis of ipsilateral and contralateral corpus callosum (CC) summary values revealed a significant effect of site on FA and ADC values, which was removed following ComBat harmonization. Bland-Altman plots for each metric showed reduced variability across sites following ComBat harmonization, including for QSM, despite appearing to be largely unaffected by inter-site differences and no effect of site observed. Following harmonization, the combined inter-site data revealed significant differences in the imaging metrics consistent with previously reported outcomes. TBI resulted in significantly reduced FA and increased susceptibility in the ipsilateral CC, and significantly reduced FA in the contralateral CC compared with sham-injured rats. Additionally, TBI rats also exhibited a reversal in ipsilateral CC ADC values over time with significantly reduced ADC at Day 9, followed by increased ADC 150 days after injury. Our findings demonstrate the need for harmonizing multi-site preclinical MRI data and show that this can be successfully achieved using ComBat while preserving phenotypical changes due to TBI.

The Impact of Effective Mass on the Strength of Side and Turning Kick in Taekwon-Do Male Practitioners

Background: One of the elements of improving the striking power of combat sports athletes is the ability to use their body mass in an efficient manner; this can improve movement technique and thus increase combat effectiveness. Therefore, the aim of this study was to gain knowledge about the influence of the effective mass obtained on the strength of turning and side kicks in the context of lateralization. Material and methods: The study involved four adult taekwon-do ITF (International Taekwon-do Federation) competitors. Acceleration and force data were obtained by mounting a wireless IMU sensor manufactured by Noraxon, which was synchronized with a force plate. Results: The median force pressure values amounted to 2661.53 N for the turning kick and 4596.15 N for the side kick, with foot acceleration of 150.56 m/s2 and 74.34 m/s2, respectively. The calculated median effective mass for the turning kick was 20.12%, and for the side kick, it was 73.09% of the total body mass. The conducted analysis indicates a lack of statistically significant differences between the right and left leg in the obtained kinetic variable values (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our research suggests that the side kick achieves, on average, higher force values than the turning kick. The noted correlation between the three variables informs us that the greater the effective mass, the greater the force pressure and the smaller the foot acceleration, which is consistent with other studies. The lack of lateralization in the limbs performing the kicks is consistent with another study.

Changes in Response Time in Elite Taekwon-Do Athletes and Wrestlers Resulting From Led Lighting Training

Abstract Introduction. Fighting effectiveness of combat sports athletes depends, among other factors, on response time. Athletes must react swiftly to various actions of their opponents during the combat. Understanding the determinants of response time can provide valuable insights and optimize the sports training process. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of Led Lighting Training (LLT) on response time of athletes representing extremely different combat sports. Material and Methods. Elite taekwon-do athletes aged 26.67 ± 7.79 years with training experience of 13.67 ± 6.75 years, and elite wrestlers aged 26.0 ± 3.74 years with training experience of 13.0 ± 3.74 years, participated in the study. Each participant performed a 6-minute physical exertion requiring concentration and proper decision-making as part of LLT. It consisted of three two-minute motor tasks performed on Batak Lite. Response time was recorded during the exercise, with one-minute breaks between motor tasks. Results. Among taekwon-do athletes, the lowest level of response was noted during the first LLT task, whereas the highest was observed in the third task. Response time significantly improved with time of exertion among taekwon-do athletes, while it remained similar among wrestlers after 2, 4, and 6 minutes of the test. Only in the first round did taekwon-do athletes and wrestlers significantly differ in response time (p = 0.0025). Response time and training experience did not reveal a significant correlation. Conclusions. The specificity of training, which is determined by the specificity of combat, does not differentiate elite taekwon-do athletes and wrestlers based on their response abilities. Taekwon-do athletes should control the type and duration of warm-up exercises before combat.

The Evaluation of the Impact of Meteorological and Marine Environment on the Combat Effectiveness of Surface Ships

In recent years, the evaluation of the impact of meteorological marine environment on the combat effectiveness of surface ships has been an important content and hot topic in military oceanography research and naval battlefield support. In this paper, the analytic hierarchy process is adopted to establish the hierarchical structure of the evaluation model, determine the weights of each index, and quantitatively evaluate the proportion of the influence of wind, sea wave, rain, visibility, atmospheric waveguide, and other factors on the combat effectiveness of surface ships. Combined with marine hydrometeorological data examples, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to evaluate the index system, which can provide scientific and reasonable decision-making reference for ship commanders.

Military target detection method based on EfficientDet and Generative Adversarial Network

Military target identification is one of the first tasks of modern counter-terrorism operations, and military target detection methods based on unmanned system platforms can effectively reduce personnel casualties and improve combat effectiveness. Due to the complexity and variability of the actual combat environment and the demand for real-time target recognition, this paper proposes an image recognition method based on the combination of EfficientDet and Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), in which the gauged image features extracted from the EfficientDet model are used as the input of the GAN for the game learning of image categories and features. The learning results are also used as the feature reuse input of the EfficientDet for feature learning, so that this recognition model can obtain higher recognition speed and recognition accuracy. Through model testing with embedded experiments on unmanned platforms, the results show that the network has a higher mean-Average-Precision compared to the traditional one-stage approach, while improving the recognition accuracy of targets in different complex environments while maintaining no significant reduction in Frames Per Second.

Dynamic analysis and experimental investigation of particle damping for the vibration reduction and isolation of floating raft using the two-phase flow theory of gas-particle

ABSTRACT To ensure an effective and smooth operation of shipborne equipment and show ships’ vitality, the floating raft is universally used to reduce mechanical vibration and underwater-radiated noise. However, the vibration amplification phenomenon still occurs in low-frequency excitation of shipborne equipment. Accordingly, a new idea for enhancing vibration reduction and isolation performance of floating rafts for shipborne equipment based on particle damping is proposed. Considering particle-particle frictions and collisions inside the damper, a mathematical model of particle damping using the two-phase flow theory of gas-particle is derived for the dynamic analysis combined with the finite element method. The damping effect for vibration reduction is obtained by dynamic analysis with different dampers-installation schemes in raft structures. An experimental platform for the floating raft with particle dampers is built. Comparing its dynamic analysis with experimental investigation results, the rationality and feasibility of the mathematical model of particle damping are demonstrated. In addition, this research further indicates that particle damping enhances the vibration isolation performance of floating rafts in low-frequency excitation for shipborne equipment, which is of great practical significance to improve the combat effectiveness of ships.

Multiobjective Optimization of Composite Material Seat Plate for Mortar Based on the Hybrid Surrogate Model

As an important force transmission component of mortars, the seat plate affects some core indicators of mortars such as range, shooting accuracy, and maneuverability. In order to withstand huge impact loads, the seat plate was previously made of metal, which accounts for approximately 30%–45% of the total weight of the gun. The drawbacks of the heavy weight of the seat plate, which are not conducive to transportation and transfer, run counter to the current direction of the mortar’s lightweight development. The application of composite materials can greatly reduce the weight of the seat plate, but it exacerbates the contradiction between the mobility and combat effectiveness of mortars. In order to achieve the best match between mortar stability and maneuverability, a multiobjective optimization of composite material layers for seat plates is proposed, utilizing the designability of composite material layers. First, a fiber continuity model based on dropout sequence is adopted to solve the problems existing in the design of inherent continuity classes for composite layered fibers. Second, a hybrid surrogate model that considers the composite material seat plate quality, structural strength, shooting stability, shooting accuracy, and various working conditions is considered. Then, in order to improve the optimization efficiency and robustness of the algorithm, a multiobjective optimization algorithm based on the Chebyshev combination pattern is used to solve the mixed surrogate model. Finally, the optimization results are comprehensively evaluated against the optimization objectives. Research has shown that the method proposed in this article can effectively solve the time-consuming problem of multiobjective optimization, improve the accuracy of hybrid surrogate models, and meet the expected requirements of multiobjective optimization of composite material seat plates. While ensuring shooting stability, the weight of the seat plate is reduced by 18.43% compared to the metal seat plate, which has important application value for lightweight design of mortars.

Investigation on the health evaluation of mechanical system in powertrain based on subjective and objective fusion method

The powertrain is a core component of military heavy tracked vehicles, and the accurate evaluation of its reliability and health is gradually becoming a key technology to improve our military combat effectiveness. However, the powertrain is a complex system integrating mechanical, electrical, and hydraulic components, which is difficult to achieve its accurate assessment and comprehensive characterization. Therefore, using data-driven and expert opinion fusion method to evaluate the mechanical system health is gradually becoming a research trend. This paper points out the composition of evaluation system, and puts forward how to calculate the index. Then using subjective and objective fusion method to analyze these indexes of mechanical system health and calculate the weights of each index. Based on the weights, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to score and summarize the change law of mechanical system health. In conclusion, this study enriches the method of effectively evaluating the mechanical system health, and verifies the accuracy of this evaluation method. It will provide an evaluation basis for improving the mechanical system reliability.

Research on the Effectiveness of Tactical Missile Weapon Systems Based on Energy Big Data

Abstract The study of tactical missile weapon systems, particularly their operational efficiency, is increasingly important in modern warfare. These systems are crucial for accurately striking targets and achieving air superiority. The effectiveness evaluation of such missile systems provides a quantitative foundation for both upgrading existing weapons and setting performance benchmarks in combat exercises. This particular topic focuses on the evaluation of tactical missile weapon systems using energy big data. A comprehensive index system is utilized to conduct this evaluation, incorporating methods like fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and analytic hierarchy process. These methods enable both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the capability matrix in the ADC (Aim, Deploy, and Conclude) model. The main objective is to ensure the correctness and effectiveness of the evaluation model. An example analysis is conducted to verify the model’s validity. The results from this analysis indicate a high degree of accuracy in the model’s predictions. The disparity between the actual and expected output results is minimal, with a relative error within 4%. Furthermore, the combat effectiveness grade determined by the model aligns with the actual grade observed, confirming the model’s capability to effectively evaluate the combat effectiveness of surface-to-air missile weapon systems. This research is significant as it provides a reliable and accurate method for assessing the effectiveness of tactical missile systems. Such evaluations are vital for informed decision-making in military strategy and weapon system development. Using energy big data in this context represents a novel approach, reflecting the increasing integration of advanced data analytics in military technology assessments.

ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ИЗМЕРЕНИЕ ДЕМИЛИТАРИЗАЦИИ РУССКОГО ФРОНТА ПЕРВОЙ МИРОВОЙ ВОЙНЫ

The article presents the main approaches to understanding the environmental consequences of the demilitarization of the Russian front during the First World War. The aim of the study is to reconstruct the key aspects of the demilitarization of the military landscapes of the front during the demobilization of the Russian army from October 1917 to March 1918, and to identify the long-term consequences of the impact of this process on the environment. The geographical scope of the study is mainly limited to the South-Western Front, which until October 1917 was the longest in the European theatre of operations and the demobilization of which has hardly been studied. The study is based on archival material from the Russian State Archive of Military History, the Russian State Military Archive and the State Archive of the Russian Federation, as well as published sources. The paper contains the analysis of the threats posed to the front and the frontline territory by the collapse of the Russian army, unauthorized chaotic demobilization and loss of control over military property, the practices of remilitarization of the front space, as well as the long-term consequences of the unfinished demobilization of the army and the demilitarization of the front. The author concludes that during the demobilization and subsequent remilitarization of the former Russian front, the basic environmental practices, no longer controlled by responsible civilian institutions such as zemstvos, became even more predatory. The loss of control over military property by the military command in October-November 1917 was accompanied by the loss of control over order in the districts of the frontline provinces by the local civilian authorities. If during the war years demilitarization (cleaning trenches and their surroundings from the effects of suffocating gases, sanitation, land reclamation, collecting weapons from battlefields) was practiced as a means of preserving the combat effectiveness of the army, then chaotic demobilization overshadowed these environmental issues with trivial problems of transporting and preserving military property. In the environmental field, these effects become particularly clear when we examine the economic processes of the inter-war period.

劉暢著『中国武術の競技化―日本での普及と武術性への影響』

劉暢著『中国武術の競技化―日本での普及と武術性への影響』

Armed Forces and Police of Independent Rhodesia (1965-1979). Part 1: Police

This research is devoted to the study of the functioning of the Rhodesian Security Forces (the general name for the police and army forces of Rhodesia) during the years of its de facto independence from 1965 to 1979. The relevance of the study is due to the absence in domestic historiography of any fundamental research that would be devoted to this issue. The subject of the study is the Rhodesian Security Forces. In this (first) part of the work are considered the activities of the Rhodesian police after its declaration of independence. The author has studied the history of the development of the Rhodesian police from its founding until the official cessation of activity in 1980. Also, the author presents data on the number, racial composition, technical equipment, structure of units and other information about the police forces of Rhodesia. After the declaration of independence, the Rhodesian police faced difficulties, but even in such conditions they managed to maintain combat effectiveness and continue to improve. Based on this article, conclusions can be drawn about the important role played by the Rhodesian police in maintaining law and order in a country that was actually involved in the counter-terrorism struggle throughout its existence. Also, we can conclude that the Rhodesian police were only partly a “racist” structure, since most of the police were of African origin, although there were certain restrictions for them.

Features of aviation equipment state tests for military and special purposes in modern conditions

The article is devoted to assessing the combat effectiveness and operational qualities of aviation equipment patterns for military purposes (AEMP) in the context of a reduction in the volume of flight tests, due to the need to reduce time and material-technical costs for their conduct. Methods for assessing the characteristics of AEMP patterns based on statistical analysis of small samples are considered. A procedure for estimating the distribution density of the characteristics of an AEMP pattern by using the method of rectangular contributions is presented. Keywords military aviation equipment, testing, test conditions, small sample, probability density

ОПЫТ ДЕЙСТВИЙ БРОНЕТАНКОВЫХ ВОЙСК КРАСНОЙ АРМИИ НА ХАСАНЕ И ХАЛХИН-ГОЛЕ: РЕФЛЕКСИИ ВОЕННОЙ ЭЛИТЫ

In the article, based on documents from the collections of the Russian State Military Archive (RGVA), an attempt is made to analyze the process of understanding by representatives of the Red Army command the experience of the actions of Armored forces during local military conflicts at lake Khasan and Khalkhin Gol river in 1938–1939. The conclusions made by commanders at various levels, in general, accurately recorded the main shortcomings and errors in the use of tank units and formations, which completely repeated those during the Civil War in Spain. It is concluded that by the time the conflicts began, that experience was unknown to tank and combined arms commanders. In addition, based on content analysis, the inability of specialists to assess the weak armoring of tanks is revealed as the main reason for heavy losses. Attention is drawn to the fact that while correctly recording the extremely low level of training of commanders and personnel of the tank forces, the final conclusions of the reports to the higher command contained exceptionally high assessments of combat effectiveness and assurances of readiness to carry out any order. At the same time, the country’s top military-political leadership received a sufficient amount of truthful information from its representatives from the conflict zone, but preferred to broadcast to the public a picture of the highest combat readiness of the armored forces, which was clearly and convincingly reflected in mass Soviet culture.