Effective Volume Research Articles

Fracture conductivity and rock appearance in volcanic reservoirs treated by various stimulation techniques

Volcanic reservoirs have complex mineral compositions and highly heterogeneous physical and mechanical properties, making their stimulation quite problematic. This study aimed at clarifying acid-rock reaction and stimulation mechanisms in volcanic reservoirs using 3D scanners and conductivity testing devices. Tests on rock sample conductivity and appearance under such mainstream stimulation technologies as hydraulic fracturing, acid fracturing, and proppant-carrying acid fracturing (PCAF) were performed. The effects of proppant particle size, proppant concentration, acid volume and type, proppant-carrying acid type, and proppant-carrying acid concentration on conductivity and rock sample appearance were analyzed. The appearance of rock samples included dot-, pit-, and strip-like embeddings, as well as acid-etching pits and channels. Larger particle sizes and higher proppant concentrations produced wider propped fractures and higher flow conductivity. Due to complex mineral distribution, acid fracturing failed to produce long etched channels, and the obtained conductivity was low, with a maximum of 8 D·cm at a 5 MPa closure stress. Hydraulic fracturing and PCAF reached a maximum flow conductivity of 155 D·cm at a 5 MPa closure stress, indicating their applicability to volcanic reservoir stimulation. This work helps reveal the acid-rock reaction and stimulation mechanisms of volcanic reservoirs and provides a theoretical basis for their development.

Liver resection volume-dependent pancreatic strain following living donor hepatectomy

The liver and pancreas work together to recover homeostasis after hepatectomy. This study aimed to investigate the effect of liver resection volume on the pancreas. We collected clinical data from 336 living liver donors. They were categorized into left lateral sectionectomy (LLS), left lobectomy, and right lobectomy (RL) groups. Serum pancreatic enzymes were compared among the groups. Serum amylase values peaked on postoperative day (POD) 1. Though they quickly returned to preoperative levels on POD 3, 46% of cases showed abnormal values on POD 7 in the RL group. Serum lipase levels were highest at POD 7. Lipase values increased 5.7-fold on POD 7 in the RL group and 82% of cases showed abnormal values. The RL group’s lipase was twice that of the LLS group. A negative correlation existed between the remnant liver volume and amylase (r = − 0.326)/lipase (r = − 0.367) on POD 7. Furthermore, a significant correlation was observed between POD 7 serum bilirubin and amylase (r = 0.379)/lipase (r = 0.381) levels, indicating cooccurrence with liver and pancreatic strain. Pancreatic strain due to hepatectomy occurs in a resection/remnant liver volume-dependent manner. It would be beneficial to closely monitor pancreatic function in patients undergoing a major hepatectomy.

Excluded volume effects in the quark-mass density-dependent model: Implications for the equation of state and compact star structure

Excluded volume effects in the quark-mass density-dependent model: Implications for the equation of state and compact star structure

Nitrogen doped, carbon coated (Zn0.71Mn0.29)Se/MnSe heterostructure as an anode for a fast-charging sodium ion battery

Nitrogen-doped, carbon-coated (Zn0.71Mn0.29)Se/MnSe porous nanospheres (Zn–Mn–Se@NC) were designed via a co-precipitation method and a vapor-phase selenization strategy, which maintained a capacity of 290 mAh/g for 5 A/g after 1000 cycles and 190 mAh/g at 10 A/g. The satisfied cycling performance was due to the porous nanosphere that relieve volume effect of electrode. Furthermore, the heterogeneous interface formed by (Zn0.71Mn0.29)Se and MnSe enhances thermodynamic stability and electrochemical reaction kinetics considerably, improving the electron/Na+ transfer rate. Furthermore, Zn–Mn–Se@NC, a bimetallic selenide, exhibits superior conductivity that improves the rate capacity of the Zn–Mn–Se@NC electrode. As an anode, the long-cycle and high-rate sodium-ion batteries using the Zn–Mn–Se@NC porous nanospheres have potential applications in electronic devices.

Quantifying partial volume effect in SPECT and planar imaging: optimizing region of interest for activity concentration estimation in different sphere sizes.

To quantify the partial volume effect in single photon emission tomography (SPECT) and planar images of Carlson phantom as well as providing an optimum region of interest (ROI) required to more accurately estimate the activity concentration for different sphere sizes. 131I solution with the 161.16 kBq/ml concentration was uniformly filled into the different spheres of Carlson phantom (cold background condition) with the diameters of 7.3, 9.2, 11.4, 14.3, 17.9, 22.4 and 29.9 mm, and there was no background activity. In the hot background condition, the spheres were filled with the solution of 131I with the 1276.5 kBq/ml addition to the background activity concentration of 161.16 kBq/ml in all the phantoms. The spheres were mounted inside the phantom and underwent SPECT and planar images. ROI was drawn closely on the boundary of each sphere image and it was extended to extract the true count. In the cold background condition, the recovery coefficient (RC) value for SPECT images ranged between 0.8 and 1.03. However, in planar imaging, the RC value was 0.72 for the smallest sphere size and it increased for larger spheres until 0.98 for 29.9 mm. In the hot background condition, the RC value for sphere diameters larger than 20 mm was overestimated more than in the cold background condition. The ROI/size required to more accurately determine activity concentration for the cold background ranged from 1.18 to 2.7. However, in the hot background condition, this ratio varied from 1.34 to 4.05. In the quantification of partial volume effects, the spill-out effect seems to play a crucial role in the distribution of the image counts beyond the boundaries of the image pixels. However, more investigations are needed to accurately characterize limitations regarding the object size, background levels, and other factors.

Determination of abundance and symbiotic effectiveness of native rhizobia nodulating soybean and other legumes in Rwanda.

Rhizobia diversity in the rhizosphere is one of the key promoters of biological nitrogen fixation between host legumes and microsymbionts, although related complex interaction may depend on various factors. This research was intended to assess the abundance of indigenous rhizobia isolates under various soil conditions, as well as their effectiveness to nodulate legumes such as soybeans. Factors such as soil properties and legume species influence the volume and symbiotic effectiveness of native rhizobia to nodulate crop legumes. To investigate the abundance of rhizobia isolates, legume crops were uprooted to obtain nodules for most probable number (MPN) determination of rhizobia isolates, and soybean (Glycine max.) was used to verify the presence of suitable and efficient rhizobia strains for nitrogen fixation. Soil samples were obtained from the holes out of which nodules were collected, and the laboratory analysis included pH, Mg, K, available P, organic C, Ca, and N to establish the correlation between the soil status and number of rhizobia isolates' cells. Significant variations (p-value <.05) were observed in the cell counts of Rhizobia isolates from Glycine max, Phaseolus vulgaris, Pisum sativum, and Vigna unguiculata, particularly when compared to Arachis hypogaea isolates under acidic conditions. Notably, Pisum sativum and Vigna unguiculata showed consistent performance across all pH conditions. The number of rhizobia isolates was found to be significantly linked to total N and P deficiencies (p < .05). It was also established that total N was dependent on the number of rhizobia cells and that there is a strong correlation between organic carbon and N content. This study highlights the crucial role of understanding and optimizing conditions for rhizobia nodulation in diverse soil environments, emphasizing its potential impact on enhancing biological nitrogen fixation in legumes.

Dynamic multi-pinhole collimated brain SPECT of Parkinson’s disease by [123I]FP-CIT: a feasibility study of fSPECT

We investigated the feasibility of using a dopamine transporter (DaT) tracer ligand ([123I]FP-CIT) along with novel multi-pinhole brain collimators for dynamic brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in suspected Parkinson's disease patients. Thirteen patients underwent dynamic tracer acquisitions before standard imaging. Uptake values were corrected for partial volume effects. Specific binding ratio (SBRcalc) was calculated, reflecting binding potential relative to non-displaceable binding (BPND) in the cortex. Additional pharmacokinetic parameters (BPND, R1, k2) were estimated using the simplified reference tissue model, revealing differences between Kahraman low-score (LS) and high-score (HS) groups. Results showed increasing striatal tracer uptake until 100 min post-injection, with consistent values afterward. Uptake and SBRcalc ratios matched visual assessment. LS patients had lower putamen than caudate nucleus tracer uptake, decreased BPND values, while R1 and k2 values were comparable to HS patients. In conclusion, dynamic multi-pinhole SPECT using DaT tracer with the extraction of pharmacokinetic parameters is feasible and could help enable early differentiation of reduced and normal DaT values.

Effect of Injectable Acellular Adipose Matrix on Soft Tissue Reconstruction in a Murine Model.

The extracellular matrix isolated from adipose tissue, known as acellular adipose matrix (AAM), represents a novel biomaterial. AAM functions as a scaffold that not only supports stem cell proliferation and differentiation but also induces adipogenesis and angiogenesis. This study aims to investigate the volumetric effects and microenvironmental changes associated with injectable AAM in comparison to conventional fat grafting. AAM was manufactured from fresh human abdominoplasty fat using a mechanically modified method and then transformed into an injectable form. Lipoaspirate was harvested employing the Coleman technique. A weight and volume study was conducted on athymic nude mice by injecting either injectable AAM or lipoaspirate into the scalp (n=6 per group). After eight weeks, graft retention was assessed through weight measurement and volumetric analysis using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scanning. Histological analysis was performed using immunofluorescence staining for perilipin and CD31. Injectable AAM exhibited similar weight and volume effects in murine models. Histological analysis revealed comparable inflammatory cell presence with minimal capsule formation when compared to conventional fat grafts. Adipogenesis occurred in both AAM-injected and conventional fat graft models, with no significant difference in the blood vessel area (%) between the two. In summary, injectable AAM demonstrates effectiveness comparable to conventional fat grafting concerning volume effects and tissue regeneration in soft tissue reconstruction. This promising allogeneic injectable holds the potential to serve as a safe and effective "Off-the-Shelf" alternative in both aesthetic and reconstructive clinical practices. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Entropy-driven polymer collapse on increasing the temperature: The case of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)

Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam), PNVCL, chains undergo a temperature-induced, reversible and endothermic collapse in water at around 32 °C. The entropy gain driving PNVCL collapse has to come from water molecules, but it cannot be associated with their passage from the polymer hydration shell to the bulk because there is no difference in their tetrahedral structural order. I have shown that the water entropy gain comes from the decrease in solvent-excluded volume effect associated with chain collapse: there is a marked increase in the spatial configurations accessible to water molecules, leading to a large gain in their translational entropy. This mechanism, even though generic, proves to be effective solely in water and aqueous solutions because the magnitude of the solvent-excluded volume effect is amplified by the large number density of water, stemming from the strength of H-bonds and the small size of water molecules.

The Effect of Energy Production and Foreign Trade on the Economic Growth of Turkic Republics: A Study Using Panel Data Analysis Method

This study analyzes the impact of energy production and foreign trade on the economic growth of the Turkic Republics using the Panel Data method for the period 2000-2020. Previous scientific studies have shown that many different variables impact economic growth. This study, unlike others, focuses on the effect of energy production and foreign trade volume on economic growth. The findings showed that energy production affects the economic growth of Turkic Republics. Another important finding is that the effect of foreign trade volume on economic growth is not significant when exports and imports are considered together. This is noteworthy as it shows that energy production invariably has a significant impact on the economic growth of a country. In other words, it would be a beneficial approach for a country to give importance to energy production to increase economic growth.

Nationwide Audit of Postoperative Mortality and Complications After Digestive Cancer Surgery: Will New Legal Thresholds be Sufficient?

French policymakers recently chose to regulate high-risk digestive cancer surgery (DCS). A minimum of five cases per year should be performed for each of the following types of curative cancer surgery: esophagus/esogastric junction (ECS), stomach (GCS), liver (LCS, metastasis included), pancreas (PCS), and rectum (RCS). This study aimed to evaluate the hypothetical beneficial effects of the new legal minimal volume thresholds on the rates of 90-day postoperative mortality (90POM) for each high-risk DCS. This nationwide observational population-based cohort study used data extracted from the French National Health Insurance Database from 1 January 2015-31 December 2017. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were performed to estimate the independent effect of hospital volume. During the study period, 61,169 patients (57.1 % male, age 69.7 ±12.2 years) underwent high-risk DCS including ECS (n = 4060), GCS (n = 5572), PCS (n = 8598), LCS (n = 10,988), and RCS (n = 31,951), with 90POM of 6.6 %, 6.9 %, 6.0 %, 5.2 %, and 2.9 %, respectively. For hospitals fulfilling the new criteria, 90POM was lower after adjustment only for LCS (odds ratio [OR],15.2; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 9.5-23.2) vs OR, 7.6; 95 % CI, 5.2-11.0; p < 0.0001) and PCS (OR, 3.6; 95 % CI, 1.7-7.6 vs OR, 2.1; 95 % CI, 1.0-4.4; p<0.0001). With higher thresholds, all DCSs showed a lower adjusted risk of 90POM (e.g., OR, 0.38; 95 % CI, 0.28-0.51) for PCS of 40 or higher. Based on retrospective data, thresholds higher than those promulgated would better improve the safety of high-risk DCS. New policies aiming to further centralize high-risk DCS should be considered, associated with a clear clinical pathway of care for patients to improve accessibility to complex health care in France.

Effects of Different Volumes of Ropivacaine for Pericapsular Nerve Group Block on Incidence of Quadriceps Weakness and Analgesic Efficacy Following Hip Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block has been shown to be an effective approach to alleviating pain and reducing the need for opioids among older adults following hip surgery, with possible motor-sparing effects. No reports to date, however, have described appropriate ropivacaine volumes for use in the context of PENG block. The present prospective randomized controlled study was thus developed to assess the quadriceps muscle strength and analgesic efficacy associated with PENG block performed using three different volumes of 0.33% ropivacaine following general anesthesia in older adults undergoing hip arthroplasty. In this prospective randomized double-blind controlled clinical study, 60 patients were assigned at random to undergo ultrasound-guided PENG block for hip arthroplasty using different volumes of ropivacaine. Specifically, these patients were administered 10ml (Group A, n = 20), 20ml (Group B, n = 20), or 30ml (Group C, n = 20) of 0.33% ropivacaine. Quadriceps muscle strength was evaluated at 6h post-surgery. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores at rest and with movement were assessed at 4, 6, 12, and 24h post-surgery. Block duration, adverse event incidence, and patient satisfaction were evaluated at 24h post-surgery. Quadriceps motor block incidence rates at 6h post-surgery in the 10ml, 20ml, and 30ml groups were 5%, 20%, and 75%, respectively. Quadriceps muscle weakness at 6h post-surgery was significantly more common in the 30ml group relative to the others (p < 0.001). Patients administered 10ml 0.33% ropivacaine exhibited significantly higher VAS pain scores at rest and with movement relative to those patients in the 20ml and 30ml treatment groups at all time points (p < 0.05). No apparent differences in analgesic efficacy were observed when comparing the 20ml and 30ml groups at 4, 6, 12, and 24h post-surgery. No significant differences in block duration, satisfaction, or adverse event incidence were observed among groups. The preservation of motor function in the 20ml 0.33% ropivacaine group was superior to that in the 30ml 0.33% ropivacaine group. Relative to the group that received 10ml 0.33% ropivacaine during PENG block, those elderly patients administered 20ml and 30ml volumes of 0.33% ropivacaine experienced superior postoperative pain relief following hip arthroplasty.

The effect of traffic volume on the noise caused by motorized vehicles in front of Karya Bhakti Pratiwi Dramaga Hospital, Bogor

Transportation is the movement or transfer of both people and goods from a place of origin to a destination. In this movement or movement, of course, using transportation facilities in the form of vehicles which in operation cause noises such as engine sound coming out through the muffler or horn. At a certain level, these sounds can still be tolerated in the sense that the consequences they cause are not a nuisance, but at a higher level, the sound generated by these vehicles is already a nuisance or pollution, which is called noise. The activity of the population of Bogor district a suburb of the capital city of Jakarta in Indonesia is relatively high. Along with economic development in the Bogor district, the number of motorized vehicles operating both private and public vehicles has also increased. The purpose of this study was to determine the average volume of motorized vehicles that pass through the Dramaga highway, especially in front of Karya Bhakti Pratiwi Hospital, and also to determine the level of noise generated due to the volume of motorized vehicles. The method used in this study is a quantitative method by calculating the number of vehicles and the average volume of vehicles and data analysis. The data taken is vehicle volume data every 15 minutes and noise levels using a Sound Level Meter (SLM). In this study, three SLMs were used which were placed at three points. The results showed that the volume of vehicles affects the noise level quite significantly. The results of data analysis show that the effect of volume on noise is 12.6%, where the equation is as follows, y = 72.898 - 0.003 x1 + 0.220x2 - 0.054x3. This equation means that if there is no decrease in motorcycle volume, light vehicle volume, and heavy vehicle volume, the noise level in SLM 1 is 72.898 dBA. However, if there is an increase in the number of light vehicles by 0.220, it is found that the number of motorcycles and heavy vehicles is decreased by 0.22, so the noise level will increase by 0.003 dBA.

Effectiveness Of Platelet Markers In Estimating The Amount Of Intraoperative Bleeding In Vertebra Surgery

AIMS: One of the most important steps in perioperative bleeding management is the predetermination of the patient at risk. Even if there is no hemostatic abnormality in vertebral surgery, which is a major surgery, severe bleeding can be encountered and many perioperative blood transfusions might be required. To date, there are no studies in the literature examining platelet markers in terms of predictivity in intraoperative bleeding during vertebral surgeries. In this study; we investigated the effectiveness of preoperative mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), plateletcrit (PCT), mean platelet volume lymphocyte count ratio (MPVLR), and platelet count to lymphocyte count ratio (PLR) values in predicting the amount of intraoperative bleeding in patients who will undergo vertebral surgery. &#x0D; METHODS: After the approval from the ethics committee, patients who were planned for vertebral surgery by the neurosurgeon were identified. Patient demographic data such as gender, age, ASA score and body mass index (BMI), MPV, PDW, PCT, MPVLR, and PLR values were recorded. Total surgery time, the number of vertebral transpedicular screwing, and laminectomy levels performed as surgical procedures were recorded. The amount of intraoperative bleeding was determined by calculating the amount of blood accumulated in the aspirator and the amount of blood collected by the sponge during surgery. &#x0D; RESULTS: Of the 63 patients included in the study, 60.3% (n=38) were female and 39.7% (n=25) were male. The mean age of the patients was 54.7 ± 11 years and the mean BMI was 29.6 ± 4.6. No correlation was found between the amount of bleeding and gender, age, MPV, PDW, PCT, MPVLR, or PLR values. A significantly high correlation was found between amount of bleeding and BMI, duration of surgery, and the number of transpedicular screwing segments. &#x0D; CONCLUSION: Platelet markers do not appear to have an effect on the amount of bleeding. However, as the BMI increases, the duration of surgery prolongs and the number of transpedicular screw segments increases for which the amount of bleeding increases.

Regional covariance of white matter hyperintensity volume patterns associated with hippocampal volume in healthy aging.

Hippocampal volume is particularly sensitive to the accumulation of total brain white matter hyperintensity volume (WMH) in aging, but how the regional distribution of WMH volume differentially impacts the hippocampus has been less studied. In a cohort of 194 healthy older adults ages 50-89, we used a multivariate statistical method, the Scaled Subprofile Model (SSM), to (1) identify patterns of regional WMH differences related to left and right hippocampal volumes, (2) examine associations between the multimodal neuroimaging covariance patterns and demographic characteristics, and (3) investigate the relation of the patterns to subjective and objective memory in healthy aging. We established network covariance patterns of regional WMH volume differences associated with greater left and right hippocampal volumes, which were characterized by reductions in left temporal and right parietal WMH volumes and relative increases in bilateral occipital WMH volumes. Additionally, we observed lower expression of these hippocampal-related regional WMH patterns were significantly associated with increasing age and greater subjective memory complaints, but not objective memory performance in this healthy older adult cohort. Our findings indicate that, in cognitively healthy older adults, left and right hippocampal volume reductions were associated with differences in the regional distribution of WMH volumes, which were exacerbated by advancing age and related to greater subjective memory complaints. Multivariate network analyses, like SSM, may help elucidate important early effects of regional WMH volume on brain and cognitive aging in healthy older adults.

Effects of tidal volume on physiology and clinical outcomes in patients with one‑lung ventilation undergoing surgery: A meta‑analysis of randomized controlled trials.

There is no detailed study on how tidal volume (VT) affects patients during one-lung ventilation (OLV). The present study conducted a meta-analysis to assess the effect of VT on physiology and clinical outcomes in OLV patients. Databases until February 2023 were retrieved from PubMed, Cochrane Library and Web of Science. Randomized controlled trials comparing the application of low and high VT ventilation in adults with OLV were performed. Demographic variables, VT, physiology, and clinical outcomes were retrieved. The random-effects model calculated the summary of odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and mean difference with standard deviation. A total of 12 studies involving a total of 876 participants met the inclusion criteria. Low VT ventilation was associated with decreased risk of acute lung injury [relative risk 0.50, 95% CI (0.28, 0.88), P=0.02]. Low VT ventilation decreased the driving pressure (ΔP) and peak pressure (Ppeak) and improved arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2). Furthermore, the present study suggested that a significant difference in blood IL-6 was observed between low and high VT ventilation [mean difference, -35.51 pg/ml, 95% CI (-66.47, -4.54 pg/ml), P=0.02]. A decrease in the length of stay at the hospital occurred in the low VT group when set to 4-5 ml/kg. In the OLV patients, low VT ventilation decreased the risk of acute lung injury, blood IL-6, ΔP and Ppeak, and improved PaO2/FiO2. Furthermore, when low VT was set to 4-5 ml/kg, the length of stay at the hospital decreased.

Hemorrhage Volume Drives Early Brain Injury and Outcome in Poor-Grade Aneurysmal SAH.

Early brain injury is a major determinant of clinical outcome in poor-grade (World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies [WFNS] IV-V) aneurysmal SAH and is radiologically defined by global cerebral edema. Little is known, though, about the effect of global intracranial hemorrhage volume on early brain injury development and clinical outcome. Data from the multicentric prospective Poor-Grade Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (POGASH) Registry of consecutive patients with poor-grade aneurysmal SAH admitted from January 1, 2015, to August 31, 2022, was retrospectively evaluated. Poor grade was defined according to the worst-pretreatment WFNS grade. Global intracranial hemorrhage volume as well as the volumes of intracerebral hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, and SAH were calculated by means of analytic software in a semiautomated setting. Outcomes included severe global cerebral edema (defined by Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Early Brain Edema Score grades 3-4), in-hospital mortality (mRS 6), and functional independence (mRS 0-2) at follow-up. Among 400 patients (median global intracranial hemorrhage volume of 91 mL; interquartile range, 59-128), severe global cerebral edema was detected in 218/400 (54.5%) patients. One hundred twenty-three (30.8%) patients died during the acute phase of hospitalization. One hundred fifty-five (38.8%) patients achieved mRS 0-2 at a median of 13 (interquartile range, 3-26) months of follow-up. Multivariable analyses showed global intracranial hemorrhage volume as independently associated with severe global cerebral edema (adjusted OR, 1.009; 95% CI, 1.004-1.014; P < .001), mortality (adjusted OR, 1.006; 95% CI, 1.001-1.01; P = .018) and worse clinical outcome (adjusted OR, 0.992; 95% CI, 0.98-0.996; P < .010). The effect of global intracranial hemorrhage volume on clinical-radiologic outcomes changed significantly according to different age groups (younger than 50, 50-70, older than 70 year of age). Volumes of intracerebral hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, and SAH affected the 3 predefined outcomes differently. Intracerebral hemorrhage volume independently predicted global cerebral edema and long-term outcome, intraventricular hemorrhage volume predicted mortality and long-term outcome, and SAH volume predicted long-term clinical outcome. Global intracranial hemorrhage volume plays a pivotal role in global cerebral edema development and emerged as an independent predictor of both mortality and long-term clinical outcome. Aging emerged as a reducing predictor in the relationship between global intracranial hemorrhage volume and global cerebral edema.

Yield Optimization for The Extraction of Organic Compounds from Okra Leaves Wastes

An important area of research is the extraction of organic chemicals from plants and herbs. Considering the fact that the extracts have numerous commercial and pharmacological uses. Furthermore, limiting the optimal working region is made easier by employing an appropriate experimental design. Solvent extraction is the technique most frequently used to separate organic components from plants. However, the conditions of extracting solvent that is utilized greatly affects the yields of the extract and, as a result, the organic activities of the plant parts. This research deals with the extraction of solid organic compounds from the okra leaves using water as a solvent. A Soxhlet apparatus was used for the extraction process. The influence of extraction time, solvent volume, and okra powder mass on the yield percentage was optimized. Two mathematical models were suggested: second-order polynomials and power models. A higher correlation coefficient was obtained with the polynomial model. The maximum extraction yield was obtained at optimum values of 200.3 min, 29.07 g, and 290.7 ml for time, okra powder mass, and solvent volume, respectively. It is evident from mathematical formulas that the impact of time was less significant than the effects of solvent volume and powder mass. On the other hand, the power model and the second-order quadratic interaction model had correlation coefficients of 0.4849 and 0.9707, respectively.

Implementation of a high-throughput whole genome sequencing approach with the goal of maximizing efficiency and cost effectiveness to improve public health.

Public Health Laboratories that implement whole genome sequencing (WGS) technologies may struggle to find the balance between sample volume and cost effectiveness. We present a method that allows for sequencing of a variety of bacterial isolates in a cost-effective manner. This report provides specific strategies to implement high-volume WGS, including an innovative, low-cost solution utilizing a novel quarter volume sequencing library preparation. The methods described support the use of high-throughput DNA extraction and WGS within budgetary constraints, strengthening public health responses to outbreaks and disease surveillance.

Actuation of microstructures with spin-current volume effect

Microactuators are essential for advances in micro-optics, ultrasonic transducers and microsensors, and there is a growing demand for miniaturization and improved power. Here we demonstrate the actuation of micromechanical structures based on spin-current volume effect using an amorphous magnetic film of TbFeCo with volume magnetostriction. A 2 mm-diameter circular polyimide diaphragm coated with thin TbFeCo/non-magnetic metal films is prepared as the micromechanical structure. When an alternating charge current flows through the TbFeCo/non-magnetic metal films on the diaphragm under an external magnetic field orthogonal to the charge current, an alternating spin-current flows in the non-magnetic metal film due to the spin-Hall effect. In the spin-current volume effect, the spin-current transports angular momentum from the non-magnetic metal to TbFeCo film, and the spin-transfer torque modulates the magnetization fluctuation of the TbFeCo film, causing the diaphragm to vibrate due to spin-lattice coupling. The power density of the TbFeCo/Pt films actuator is larger than 1.17 × 106 W m−3 at 20 mA charge current under 7.2 kOe magnetic field. This value is much higher than that of various existing film-type microactuators. This spin-current volume effect is effective as a new actuation mechanism for microactuators used in micro-optical systems, acoustic diagnostic equipment, and micro-fluidic systems etc.