Effect Measurement System Research Articles

A study of multi-angles knife-edge method applied to digital modulation transfer function measurement

The objective of this study was to propose a newly-developed method to calculate digital modulation transfer function (DMTF) of digital image system which integrates with CCD/CMOS, non-linearity response and modulation transfer function (MTF) of optics, and is supposed to be linear response. According to previous studies, an imager in terms of its optical transfer function is not appropriate for a discrete imaging system when aliasing occurs, since these optical systems transform high spatial frequencies into low frequencies; the measure of how efficient micro-scanning method could remove the aliasing effects from various assigned optics. In this research, multiple angle knife edge as light sources are employed in this measurement to find out the pristine performance of digital image system. After a comprehensive analysis on the results of the above MTF, it was established that a quick and effective DMTF measurement system was developed to evaluate the pristine performance of digital cameras.

Radon removal trap design and coefficient testing for the development of an effective radioxenon sampling, separation and measurement system

To monitor low-level radioxenon isotopes activity concentrations in the bulk gases, a radioxenon sampling, separation and measurement system has been developed. The xenon enrichment factor of this system is more than 105 after the separation of impurities, including N2, O2, CO2and H2O, as well as radon and its progenies, such as 214Pb and 214Bi. Since radon and its progenies interfere with radioxenon measurement, they have to be removed before radioxenon counting. To separate radon from xenon, different dynamic adsorption coefficients of xenon and radon are used to design small radon removal trap to retain radon after eluting xenon, and the ratio between radon and xenon dynamic adsorption coefficient gives the adsorbent weight relationship between the xenon adsorption trap and its related radon removal trap. To test the effectiveness of radon removal, the relative measuring method is used by measuring γ-rays energies of radon progenies in canister filling with either the measuring sample prepared by the system or the original gas. The results show that the radon removal coefficient and the stable xenon recovery, which are two important parameters in the radioxenon system, are at the order of 10−6 and >70% respectively. These meet the specifications proposed by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization.

A performance measurement system for R&D activities in the software sector

R&D activities in the software sector have a key role as they lead to sustainability of the sector and rapid development activities with shorter cycles. The importance of R&D activities in this sector requires an effective performance measurement system for companies to evaluate the performance of R&D activities. Hence, this study aims to establish a performance measurement system that is applicable to the software industry. The study consists of a sequential mixed method where first key performance indicator, drawn from preliminary interviews and then the data from 2012 to 2016 are collected and analysed. The results are interpreted by conducting in-depth interviews with performance management departments. This study uses various performance indicators for R&D oriented sectors combining them with the new KPIs that are specific to the software sector. The implemented method is used to rank the performance of a software company effectively. The study offers many performance-oriented interrelationships between financial, innovation, education, customer-oriented, and organisational factors. The study also offers interesting findings, related to the quality-versus-quantity measures indicating highly qualified employees lead to higher quality levels in research and patent applications rather than a higher number of outputs.

A performance measurement system for R&D activities in the software sector

R&D activities in the software sector have a key role as they lead to sustainability of the sector and rapid development activities with shorter cycles. The importance of R&D activities in this sector requires an effective performance measurement system for companies to evaluate the performance of R&D activities. Hence, this study aims to establish a performance measurement system that is applicable to the software industry. The study consists of a sequential mixed method where first key performance indicator, drawn from preliminary interviews and then the data from 2012 to 2016 are collected and analysed. The results are interpreted by conducting in-depth interviews with performance management departments. This study uses various performance indicators for R&D oriented sectors combining them with the new KPIs that are specific to the software sector. The implemented method is used to rank the performance of a software company effectively. The study offers many performance-oriented interrelationships between financial, innovation, education, customer-oriented, and organisational factors. The study also offers interesting findings, related to the quality-versus-quantity measures indicating highly qualified employees lead to higher quality levels in research and patent applications rather than a higher number of outputs.

Combined shape measurement based on locating and tracking of an optical scanner

The existing track-based methodology for shape measurement is a combination of binocular vision system and optical scanner. We study a dedicated and effective track-based measurement system with a laser scanner, which has characteristics of non-contact, high-precision, and convenience. Although, several related approaches have been proposed, dedicated locating and tracking processing algorithm still has some improvements. This paper focuses on locating and tracking of laser scanner in overall scanning process. In this work, we propose a simple but useful five-marker target which is attached on a laser scanner, as well as the target detection and local coordinate system establishment method. We also provide details of global calibration method and scanner pose calculation method. The effectiveness of our methodology and measurement system in this paper are validated by experimental tests. We perform scanning tests on complex shape and work piece, separately, and the results show good performance in our special combined shape measurement.

Formation of the system of assessment of enterprise human resources while managing economic security potential

Under dynamic development of the market environment for enterprise operation, the issues of managing the potential of their economic security are becoming increasingly urgent. Businesses must confront all sorts of threats and recover from their occurrence. The successful functioning of an enterprise in the market economy requires the provision of an effective system of measures to improve the level of economic security, which is a cumulative concept because it combines different functional components. Effective management of the personnel at the enterprise is one of the priorities in achieving stability and growth of enterprises, as well as in ensuring the potential of its economic security. The methodological basis of the research is the research works of the classical economic science, publications by leading scientists and specialists in the problems of enterprise security management, combining theoretical and scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, theoretical and logical generalization. It is substantiated that in recent years, enterprises of different ownership types are experiencing increasing threats from their own personnel, this is accompanied by deterioration of the economic security of the enterprise due to increased risks in personnel management. It is proved that the successful functioning of the enterprise implies the existence of a rational system of measures to ensure the potential of its economic security through the personnel management by combining material investments in personnel with moral incentives, ensuring safe working conditions and career development of staff; implementation of strategic personnel planning at each enterprise; harmonization of market conditions and business development with the interests of employees of the enterprise, ensuring differentiation of income of employees performing different functions. It is stated that personnel management can guarantee stable and maximum effective activity of the enterprise, high potential of economic security and its development in the future.

AFM and Van der Pauw Measurements of Carbon Nanoparticles Prepared from Kerosene

In the present study, the structural and electrical properties of carbon nanoparticles, prepared from kerosene has been investigated with the help of Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and Ecopia Hall-effect measurement system. The spherical carbon particles size was observed with the help of Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and the size found 80 nm in diameter as an aggregated particles. The electrical parameters such as resistivity, conductivity, magneto-resistance, mobility, and average Hall coefficient were measured by Ecopia Hall effect measurement system by four-point probe method at a suitable condition. TheI-Vcharacteristic curve of Carbon Nanoparticle Thin Film (CNTF) was observed by a source-meter and a current rectifying behavior at the Ag/CNTF interface was found.The CNPs synthesized from kerosene was found as ann-type semiconductor and other electrical properties were compared with CNPs prepared from diesel in the previous study.

Effects of Selenized DC Sputtered Precursor Stacking Orders on the Properties of Cu2ZnSnSe4 Absorber Layer for Thin Film Solar Cells

This study investigated the effects of selenized DC sputtered precursor stacking orders on the structural, electrical and optical properties of copper zinc tin selenide (CZTSe) absorber layer for thin film solar cells. The precursors were deposited sequentially on the soda lime glass substrate at room temperature by DC magnetron sputtering. The precursors were selenized by annealing in an atmosphere containing selenium pellets and nitrogen gas. The structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties were respectively characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV/VIS/NIR lambda 9/19 spectrophotometer, Hall Effect measurement system (HMS 3000) and a four point probe system. CZTSe samples made up of three different stacking orders with configuration Mo/Cu/Zn/Sn (stack A), Mo/Cu/Sn/Zn (stack B) and Mo/Zn/Sn/Cu (stack C) were prepared. All the films showed kesterite peaks with major peak oriented along (112) plane at an angle of 2 ≈ 27.2°. Stack C was a best stacking order since it had the largest grain size 67 nm, highest carrier concentration 3.4 1020 cm–3 and the lowest sheet resistance of 6.4 /□. Also this film demonstrated higher average absorption coefficient of about 6.84 104 cm–1. Furthermore, the films were observed to have a smooth surface and well compacted with average surface roughness of about 16 nm without voids.

LIABILITY OF CRIMES AGAINST JUSTICE: CONDITIONS AND CAUSES OF FINDINGS, METHODS OF DETERMINATION

Objective: to reveal the concept and characteristics of the latency of crimes against justice as one of the elements of assessing the real level of crime in this area. Methods of research: the methodological basis of the study were general scientific methods of cognition, which helped to find out the objective patterns of occurrence and mechanisms for detecting latent crimes against justice. Results: the author identifies a set of prerequisites for a high level of latency of crimes against justice and formulates a system of mechanisms for detecting such crimes. Discussion: the author proposes to distinguish unknowing latent crime from the recognizable. Discusses the thesis on the prevailing knowledge of latent crimes against justice, which is of practical importance for developing a system of crime prevention measures in this area. Summing up, we note that the causes of latency in crimes against justice differ significantly from other types of crimes. First of all, there is a shameful principle of corporate solidarity of lawyers, because the overwhelming majority of complaints of victims of unlawful detention, forcing to testify, remain without consideration, or result in only disciplinary action, without opening a criminal proceeding and transferring a case to court. Also, the reasons for the latency of crimes in the field of justice can be attributed to the general low degree of evidence of committed acts; professional competence of the subject of a crime, allowing him to effectively hide a criminal offense; on the activity of the guilty regarding the concealment of a criminal offense, etc.); the lack of proper response from law enforcement agencies to the information disclosed about violence, cases of concealment of criminal offenses committed, etc. Detection of latent crime against justice is important for developing an effective system of crime prevention measures and possible through statistical, sociological, logical-mathematical, economic and political methods.

Growth optimization of ZnxCd1-xS films on ITO and FTO coated glass for alternative buffer application in CdTe thin film solar cells

In this study, ZnxCd1-xS/CdTe solar cells were fabricated on commercially available indium tin oxide (In2O3: Sn or ITO) and fluorine doped tin oxide (SnO2: F or FTO) soda-lime glass (SLG) substrates by RF magnetron sputtering. Thin ZnxCd1-xS window layers with lower zinc (Zn) content in comparison to cadmium (Cd) were deposited by co-sputtering of ZnS and CdS targets concurrently by changing the radio frequency (RF) power of both during sputtering. CdTe thin films for the complete cells were also grown by sputtering with different thickness. Prior to fabricating the complete device, characterization for growth optimization of ZnxCd1-xS window layer and CdTe absorber layer was performed by utilizing Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Hall effect measurement system. Complete ZnxCd1-xS/CdTe solar cells were fabricated with the optimized growth conditions of window and absorber layers. The best cell fabricated on ITO coated SLG substrates showed an efficiency of 8.08% with significant open circuit voltage (Voc) of 882 mV.

Design and development of a capacitance‐based wireless pressure transmitter

A novel, cost- effective and efficient wireless pressure measurement system is modeled for transmission of the signal in harsh environment. The sensing part involves rubber bellows with a capacitive sensor made of copper plates. For remote transmission, monitoring and controlling the mechanical displacement of the bellows is converted into dc output voltage using differentiator and precision half wave rectifier. A linearization circuit is also designed, which linearized the output voltage with a value of percentage deviation from linearity of ±1.8%. For further FSK mode of transmission, the obtained linearized voltage is converted into 1 to 5 volt with a signal conditioning circuit. The transmitted output voltage is recovered using FSK demodulator circuit, LPF and a Decision circuit at receiving end. The full scale percentage error of the measurement system lies within 5% which is in an acceptable range. The proposed method is an economic and efficient transmission technique in hazardous areas where wired transmission is not feasible. The mathematical equations explaining the functioning of the proposed transmitter have been derived. The operation of the proposed pressure transmitter has been experimentally tested. The design approach, mathematical analysis and experimental results of the proposed model are reported in this paper.

High-resolution surface shape measurement of parabola antenna reflector by using grating projection method with virtual targets

In this study, a high-resolution surface shape measurement system incorporating a grating projection method and a virtual-target registration method is constructed as inspection tools for precise large space structures, and the applicability of the constructed measurement system is discussed for a parabola antenna reflector with a diameter of 1.5 m. Partial surfaces of the parabola antenna reflector are initially measured by photogrammetry by using a grating projection method. The full-field surface of the parabola antenna reflector is subsequently reconstructed by merging the measured partial shape data using a virtual-target registration method. The virtual-target registration method applies feature-point matching of the virtual targets to calculate a coordinate transformation matrix that serves as an interface between two sets of the dense 3D point cloud data, and thus it can precisely connect the partial shape data even if any physical corresponding points or any signature shapes are not included in the overlap region of the connected data. The result shows that the partial surfaces of the parabola antenna reflector are successfully captured by the photogrammetry by using the grating projection method with an accuracy of 0.17 mm RMS and spatial resolution of 0.35 mm and are precisely merged by the virtual-target registration method with the same order of measurement accuracy. The validity of the reconstructed surface shape of the parabola antenna reflector is then confirmed by comparing the measurement results of the commercial photogrammetric measurement system using coded targets. The result clearly indicates that the constructed measurement system allows visualization of the intricate local surface as well as the global surface of the parabola antenna reflector with a high spatial resolution, and this cannot be achieved with a traditional photogrammetric measurement system by using the attached targets. The study offers an effective high-resolution non-contact surface shape measurement system for large space structures.

Characterization studies of the structure and properties of Zr-doped SnO2 thin films by spin-coating technique

Transparent electrodes made of transparent conductive oxides materials are widely used in optoelectronic devices. The zirconium doped tin oxide films as transparent conductive oxides were prepared by spin-coating technique. The morphology, structure, optical properties and electrical properties of the tin oxide thin films were investigated as a function of zirconium doping concentration. The results show that the films crystallize with a tetragonal rutile structure. And the surfaces of all the films are free of cracks. The average transmittance of the tin oxide films can be reached up to 96% in the visible region by incorporating zirconium, and the optical band gap of samples varies from 3.88 eV to 3.95 eV with the increasing zirconium doping concentration. The tin oxide films with 1 at.% zirconium doping show the lowest resistivity (2.91 × 10−2 Ω cm) and high carrier concentration (4.39 × 1019 cm−3) with mobility (4.90 cm2/V) via Hall effect measurement system.

Modification of N-doped graphene films and their applications in heterojunction solar cells

A two-step growth process was developed to synthesis N-doped graphene films by using pentachlorop-yridine as nitrogen source and methane as carbon source. The configuration and compositions of modified graphene films were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and its bonding properties were obtained with Raman spectroscopy. The films were found to be N-doped graphene films with the N/C ratio of 2.5%–4%. The electronic properties of the films have been tested by using Hall Effect Measurement System. The nitrogen doped graphene film exhibits lower resistance (7.26 × 10−6 Ω·cm) but smaller mobility (521.8 cm2/V·S). Current density-voltage feature of solar cells with different structures were measured to research the photovoltaic characteristic of Graphene/n-Si solar cells. It was found that solar cells with N-doped graphene layer shown better performance of photovoltaic in illumination. The maximum energy conversion efficiency achieved was 6.24%. The inserted nitrogen atoms can effectively reduce the resistivity of graphene films, thus solve the problem of carrier recombination which caused by slow transmission speed. As a result, N-doped graphene film can highly facilitate the transmission and exportation of current, along with the improvement of short-circuit current density, which further enhance the overall efficiency of the solar cells. This work can promote the development of graphene film in application of transparent conductive electrode fields.

Research on Embedded Measurement and Control System Based on μC OS – II

In recent years, the function of measurement and control system has become increasingly complicated. The traditional embedded microprocessor has not been able to meet the requirements. In order to meet the application requirements, the embedded operating system suitable for measurement and control system based on μC / OS-II is designed. By modifying the μC / OS-II include files and processor custom files to complete the target microprocessor platform migration; On the basis of transplantation, the common module is added to the measurement and control system, which mainly has data control, filtering, alarm and control algorithm, and the serial communication module and the network function module, Using Modbus and RS485 bus to form a field-level network monitoring and control system, the use of time scheduling to ensure system real-time. The embedded measurement and control system designed in this paper has strong adaptability and expansibility, and can be applied to the increasingly effective measurement and control system.

Protection of Scots Pine Planting Stock and Forest Plantations against Diseases and Pests in Belarus

Abstract The aim of this research is the monitoring of diseases of Scots pine in the plantings and forest stands in the Republic of Belarus depending on the species composition of pests, their biology and the effectiveness of various methods of plant protection. Significant loss of plants for planting is associated with the spread of pathogens causing damage to seedlings, mainly from the genus Fusarium, Alternaria and Botrytis. The most abundant pests of Scots pine are Coleoptera and Lepidoptera groups representing 16 and 8 species, accordingly. Numerous species represent Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae and Tortricidae family. The main components of an effective system of measures, as an integral part of the technology of growing of planting material of Scots pine in containers, are pre-sowing seed treatment with fungicides, stimulating the growth and development of seedlings. The elaborated system of protective measures of forest plantations is based on the prevalence, phenology of pests, estimation of phytopathogenic load, monitoring of diseases and seasonal climatic conditions.

Effects of thickness ratios and sputtering mode on the structural, electrical and optical properties of bilayer molybdenum thin films

In this paper, the bilayer Mo films with a constant thickness were deposited by direct current and direct current (DC/DC), radio frequency and direct current mixed (RF/DC) magnetron sputtering, respectively. Changing thickness ratios of bottom layer to total thickness of bilayer film in the range from 10% to 50%, ten types of bilayer Mo thin films were deposited. The purpose is to improve the photo-conversion efficiency of Cu(In, Ga)Se2(CIGS) solar cells by changing the sputtering modes and thickness ratio. The microstructures, electrical and optical properties of the bilayer Mo thin films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM), Hall Effect measurement system, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-vis) and four-point probe resistance system. It was found that with the increase of thickness ratios in two sputtering modes, both the crystallinity and grain size decreased, while the reflectance increased. Especially, when the thickness ratio was 40%, the resistivity of Mo film prepared in RF/DC mode was as low as 3.365 ×10-5 Ω·cm and the highest reflectance was above 60%. Using this optimized Mo thin film as electrode, the highest photo-conversion efficiency for the CIGS thin film solar cells was as high as 11.5%.

High hole mobility in strained In0.25Ga0.75Sb quantum well with high quality Al0.95Ga0.05Sb buffer layer

We have demonstrated high hole mobility in strained In0.25Ga0.75Sb quantum well (QW) structure with a high quality Al0.95Ga0.05Sb buffer layer for future single channel complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor circuits. The Al0.95Ga0.05Sb buffer layer is important to achieve low substrate leakage and guarantee good channel material quality and high hole mobility. We grew buffer layers with various Sb effective flux conditions using molecular beam epitaxy to obtain high crystal quality and proper electrical properties. We systematically evaluated the relationship between the crystal quality and electrical properties using X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscope, Raman, and the Hall effect measurement system. Then, on this optimized buffer layer, we grew the In0.2Al0.8Sb/In0.25Ga0.75Sb/linear-graded Al0.8Ga0.2Sb QW structure to obtain high hole mobility with compressive strain. Moreover, the compressive strain and hole mobility were measured by Raman and Hall effect measurement system. The results show a compressive strain value of 1.1% in In0.25Ga0.75Sb QW channel, which is very close to the theoretical value of 1.1% from lattice mismatch, exhibiting the highest hole mobility of 1170 cm2/V s among reported mobility in In0.25Ga0.75Sb QW. Furthermore, it was able to be fabricated as p-type Fin-FET and shown the excellent electrical characteristics with low Smin and high gm.

Effect of laser annealing on thermally evaporated CdTe thin films for photovoltaic absorber application

CdTe thin films were deposited on soda lime glass substrates (SLG) by thermal evaporation technique under high vacuum condition. As-deposited CdTe thin films were subjected to post deposition laser annealing treatment at three laser output energies of 50, 60, and 70 J/pulse. Laser annealing was employed using the laser beam with combined wavelengths of 1064 nm and 532 nm, where the laser energy was varied and the oscillator frequency was kept fixed at 10 Hz. XRD was employed to find the structural properties of the as-deposited and laser annealed CdTe thin films. Topography and surface morphology of the CdTe thin films were investigated using AFM and FESEM, respectively. Chemical composition and stoichiometry of the films were analysed by EDX integrated with FESEM. Electrical properties of the CdTe films were measured using Hall Effect measurement system and the optical properties of the as-deposited and laser annealed CdTe films were studied by UV–Vis. XRD analysis showed that as-deposited and laser annealed CdTe thin films had a mixed phase of cubic and hexagonal structures with the preferential crystal orientation of C (1 1 1) at approximately 2θ = 23.80°. CdTe thin films laser annealed at 60 J/pulse had better crystalline property having minimum internal strain with lower surface roughness and larger grain size resulting in optimized coalescence. EDX, Hall Effect, and UV–Vis results for the film laser annealed at 60 J/pulse depicted good compositional stoichiometry, better electrical properties and optimum optical properties showing the prospects as a potential absorber for CdTe thin film solar cells.

A three-step methodology for process-oriented performance: how to enhance automated data collection in healthcare

ABSTRACTBackground. Healthcare managers often attempt to enhance process-oriented performance. However, this remains a challenge. New approaches aimed at increasing the implementation success of process-oriented performance measurement should be investigated.Methods. This study investigates and discusses a step-by-step methodology to implement an automated and effective process-oriented performance measurement system in a hospital. The methodology is based on a framework for developing dashboards based on three steps: the demand side, supply side, and the fit between the two. An illustrative case of the process of hip surgery in the operating room of two hospitals is used.Results. A methodology has been developed to define a reliable set of process-oriented performance metrics, allowing analysis and management of the different flows in healthcare in an integrated way, several methods were investigated to automatically integrate the data gathered into a reporting infrastructure that can be used to disseminate the results.Conclusion. This step-by-step methodology allows healthcare organizations to develop and implement effective process-oriented performance measurement in an automated way. This allows the alignment of the goals of hospital management and various stakeholders with the more analytical analysis of business process management notation and hospital information system (HIS) data.