Effective Dialogue Research Articles

Acquiring New Knowledge Without Losing Old Ones for Effective Continual Dialogue Policy Learning

Acquiring New Knowledge Without Losing Old Ones for Effective Continual Dialogue Policy Learning

Making Military Interventions Obsolete: Crafting r2p’s Peaceful Future through Principled Negotiation Strategies

Abstract There is a growing literature about the international community’s ‘Responsibility to Protect’ (r2p) vulnerable populations against mass atrocities, but more is needed to demonstrate the potential of principled negotiation strategies to improve the quality of r2p outcomes. Proponents of the r2p principle base their arguments on the primacy of protecting human life against mass atrocities. Opponents claim national state sovereignty and non-intervention norms must be upheld. This norm contestation often leads to a situation where r2p is either not implemented or military interventions are conducted as a last resort. From an ethical and human rights perspective, both extremes are suboptimal to prevent and reduce human suffering. This article argues that to avoid both extremes, more effective negotiation strategies are needed. An analytical framework is offered that can guide policymakers in their quest to protect human life with peaceful and humanitarian means focusing on prevention under already existing r2p mechanisms.

“Sweeten the (i)-deal”: unveiling power and influence dynamics in family small and medium-sized enterprises

PurposeFamily small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) represent a substantial part of many economies. In these organizations, close and informal relationships between employers and employees often foster a mutual understanding of each other’s needs, facilitating the negotiation of idiosyncratic deals (i-deals), special employment conditions tailored for individual employees. However, research on how i-deals are negotiated in family SMEs, especially regarding power dynamics and influence, remains limited. This study aims to identify the types of i-deals negotiated in family SMEs and explore the role of power and influence in these negotiations.Design/methodology/approachSemi-structured interviews were conducted with 45 employees and 15 employers from Spanish family SMEs. Data were analyzed using ATLAS.ti 8, and thematic analysis was performed.FindingsThe study concludes that task, flexibility, financial and development i-deals are particularly negotiated in family SMEs. It identifies that referent and expert power play an important role in initiating these negotiations. Furthermore, rational tactics are generally employed for negotiating work performance, soft tactics for employment-related aspects and hard tactics for work flexibility. Additionally, the study identified gender differences in the negotiation of i-deals.Research limitations/implicationsThis study enhances i-deal literature by highlighting the distinct characteristics of family SMEs and their impact on i-deal negotiations. The findings suggest that power dynamics and influence tactics in family SMEs differ from those in larger firms. Moreover, certain i-deals may encounter resistance due to concerns about organizational performance and economic implications. Understanding these factors is essential for developing effective negotiation strategies in family SMEs.Originality/valueThis study offers a dual perspective, analyzing the power and influence tactics used by both employees and employers in family SME i-deal negotiations and highlighting gendered dynamics in these processes.

Organizational environment and management skills in small and medium-sized enterprises

At present, managers need to acquire and master various management skills that contribute to a positive organizational environment. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between management skills and the organizational environment of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Karachi, Pakistan. The primary objective is to determine how various management skills — negotiation, decision-making, leadership, communication, and teamwork — affect the organizational environment within SMEs. Scientific methods for research adopt a descriptive and quantitative approach, utilizing a questionnaire administered to managers of 253 SMEs. Data analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling (SEM) via the partial least squares (PLS) method, employing SmartPLS 4 software. Findings of the study reveal that the latent variables of negotiation and leadership significantly impact the organizational environment, with an R-square value of 0.854. The effect size (F-square) indicates a high impact of negotiation (F-square = 0.720) on the organizational environment, while leadership has a lower but still significant effect (F-square = 0.103). Other management skills, such as decision-making, communication, and teamwork, also show positive associations with the organizational environment, although to lower degrees. Conclusions. The study emphasizes the significance of management skills, particularly effective negotiation and leadership, in fostering a productive organizational environment in SMEs. Also, it suggests that training and development in these areas could significantly improve performance.

Analysis of the case of China’s high-speed Railway Bidding negotiation in 2004

This paper analyzes the bidding negotiation of China’s high-speed railway in 2004 from the following three elements: alternative plan, target and initial offer.In 2004, China sought high-speed rail technology, negotiating with international companies such as Siemens, Shinkansen, Alstom and Bombardier. Negotiations with Japan and Germany have faced challenges due to reluctance and high costs of technology transfer.However, China shifted strategically to negotiating with Alstom and Bombardier, and in the end, China obtained a variety of high-speed rail technologies, successfully established its own high-speed rail industry, and demonstrated an effective negotiation strategy.

Looking beyond the eyes of the patient: The importance of effective communication in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration.

Patients with exudative and nonexudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can experience physical, mental, social, administrative or financial burden that are associated with the treatment of this progressive chronic disease. The role of healthcare providers in supporting patients who experience high treatment burden can be important, especially when it comes to effective communication. Despite previous research underlining the need to improve patient-provider communication in AMD care, patient experiences with communication, and how these are related to perceived treatment burden, remain underexplored. A survey was distributed among Dutch patients with AMD, which contained questions on several aspects of communication with the patient's ophthalmologist, such as the Quality Of communication Through the patients' Eyes (QUOTE-COMM, including task-, affect- and therapy-oriented communication) questionnaire. Patients were primarily enlisted through a patient association. A total of 162 patients completed the questionnaire, of which 133 provided fully completed responses. While patients reported positive experiences with affect-oriented communication of their ophthalmologist, they rated task- and therapy-oriented communication as below their expectations. Most patients wished to receive (additional) information on AMD-related costs (71%), future perspectives (71%) and coping with negative emotions pertaining to the disease (68%). Both lower experience scores on task- and affect-oriented communication and lower self-efficacy were associated with higher administrative burden and mental burden among patients. Our study shows that current communication, information provision and decision-making do not fully meet patients' needs and preferences. Enhancing patient-provider communication seems important, as effective dialogue is likely to diminish patients' perceived treatment burden.

The Law of Nations in the Diplomacy of the American Revolution

Abstract Historians have long known that leaders of the American Revolution looked to the law of nations for insight into the rights and obligations of independent states. In so doing, Americans relied largely on the writings of European legal theorists, such as Hugo Grotius and Emerich de Vattel, whose treatises on the law of nations are regarded today as having laid the foundations of international law. As this article demonstrates, however, early modern statesmen did not base their conduct on such treatises, but on a customary law of nations that they derived from precedent and the text of earlier treaties. This article elucidates the distinction between the customary and theoretical branches of the law of nations. It then goes on to examine the law of nations’ impact on revolutionary-era diplomacy, drawing particular attention to a series of wartime negotiations over rights to the Mississippi River. As the article shows, most American emissaries lacked experience with the customary laws of diplomacy and struggled to use that law effectively in their negotiations. The most serious consequences were averted due in part to French legal advice, and because one American, John Jay, acquired enough competence in customary law to guide his colleagues toward an effective negotiation of peace.

How Family Communication Emerges in HPV Vaccine Parent Narratives

ABSTRACT Family communication surrounding HPV vaccination can support or hinder HPV cancer prevention strategies. We used narrative communication theory to elicit HPV vaccine decision narratives in the context of family communication from a purposive sample of 29 parents of adolescents. Parent narratives indicated that family negotiations occur throughout the decision-making process, topic avoidance was common among parents of unvaccinated and undervaccinated children, parents had concerns that vaccination is a sign of approving sexual permissiveness, and family communication was often prompted by encounters in the exam room. Understanding complex family dynamics in the context of vaccination decision-making, the role of family communication (or lack thereof) in decisions, and effective negotiation and communication strategies can inform messaging tactics aimed at addressing disagreements in families and indicate how vaccinating may align rather than conflict with family values.

Code-Switching in a Legal English Class for Egyptian Learners: A Conversation Analysis Case Study

This article addresses how code-switching facilitates language acquisition in an online legal English classroom for Arabic-speaking learners. The study aims to describe and analyze the use of code-switching as a facilitative resource for second language acquisition, particularly within the context of the online classroom. The article holds significance in two key areas: first, it contributes to the existing literature on code-switching between Arabic and English in language learning contexts. Second, it addresses a gap in research by focusing on an underexplored context: online legal English classes for Arabic-speaking learners, a topic which has not been widely researched. Applying Conversation Analysis to fragments from the online class, the findings reveal that code-switching serves as a vital resource for learners in comprehending complex legal concepts by drawing on their first language (L1) knowledge (in this case, Arabic). It also facilitates word searching, collaborative learning, and effective negotiation of meaning, aiding in the overall second language (L2) acquisition process.

Communication: concept, essence, content

The article provides a theoretical analysis of the essence and content of communication, which, being an element of social interaction, ensures the transmission and exchange of information in various spheres of human activity. The analysis of linguistic, socio-psychological, activity, cultural, informational and semiotic approaches carried out in the article made it possible to understand the diversity of ideas about communication, to formulate a more complete idea of its essence and content. It also made it possible to identify inaccuracies and discrepancies in the understanding of the concept of communication, which is important for further development and clarification of the theoretical and applied aspects of this problem, and will also contribute to the development of recommendations on the formation of effective interaction and dialogue, reducing misunderstandings, avoiding conflicts and improving the quality of relations, including and legal. The article analyzes the key components of communication. Special attention is paid to its essence, which consists in creating and maintaining social relationships. It plays an important role in the formation of social consciousness, cultural identity and social integration. Communication ensures the coordination of actions and decision-making, promotes the exchange of knowledge and experience, as well as the formation of public opinion. Emphasis is placed on the fact that, by its very nature, it is a multifaceted and dynamic process, covering various aspects of interaction between people. Such interactions include verbal and non-verbal means of communication, emotional and rational components, and social and cultural contexts. It contributes to the preservation of cultural heritage and adaptation to changes in society. It is substantiated that the main purpose of communication is the transfer and exchange of information, knowledge, emotions and ideas to achieve mutual understanding. It was found that the content of communication includes informational, emotional, motivational and evaluative aspects. Informational content refers to facts, data, and knowledge that are conveyed during communication. The emotional aspect reflects the emotional state of subjects and affects their perception of information. The motivational aspect is related to the intentions and goals that drive communication. The evaluative aspect includes the evaluation of information and the reaction to it, which determines the course of communication and the subsequent behavior of subjects.

Managerial Negotiation and Conflict Resolution on Banking Sector of Kathmandu Valley: Evidence from Structural Equation Modelling

Background: Conflict is an inevitable aspect of any organization, including the banking sector, where disagreements between parties, such as between superiors and subordinates, are common. Effective negotiation is often key to resolving these disputes, ensuring mutual satisfaction through discussion and compromise. Objective: This study aims to critically evaluate the negotiation strategies used by management in the commercial banking sector of Kathmandu Valley for conflict resolution. Method: A survey was conducted to gather data on negotiation strategies used by managers in the banking sector for conflict resolution. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, a non-probability sampling method, resulting in a total of 267 respondents, including managers and officers. The collected data were then analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to identify the preferred negotiation strategies and their effectiveness in conflict resolution. Result: The findings indicate that the majority of respondents, who are managers, prefer cooperative strategies in conflict situations, reflecting a high concern for others. The integration strategy was the most commonly used approach for negotiation, demonstrating a focus on maintaining positive relationships while resolving disputes. Conclusion: The study concludes that managers in the Kathmandu Valley banking sector prioritize maintaining good relationships during conflict resolution. This approach reflects a broader strategy of using negotiation to achieve mutually beneficial outcomes. The study provides valuable insights into current practices and offers recommendations for enhancing conflict resolution strategies in Nepal’s commercial banking sector, contributing to smoother operations and greater employee and employer satisfaction. Paper Types: Research Paper Keywords: Negotiation, conflict resolution, structure equation modeling, integrative strategy, compromising strategy, avoiding strategy JEL Classification: F51, D74, G21, C1, C5

Making sense of negotiation and AI: The blossoming of a new collaboration

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI), including the recent appearance of revolutionary large language models (LLMs), marks a transformative era in the field of negotiations, reshaping traditional practices and presenting a range of opportunities and challenges. This article delves into the evolving interplay between negotiation and various AI technologies, as they now combine massive computational power with user-friendly interfaces capable of fluent, multi-topic conversations. The article categorizes AI's role in negotiation into assistance, semi-automation, and automation, each offering unique advantages and addressing different negotiation needs. While AI's ability to compensate for human limitations in rationality, emotion, and computational capacity is promising, it also raises concerns regarding biases, ethical considerations, and the reliability of automated decision-making. The burgeoning AI and negotiation collaboration necessitates a balanced approach, harnessing AI's potential to enhance negotiation outcomes while conscientiously navigating its challenges. This article aims to foster understanding of and influence the future trajectory of negotiation and AI, highlighting the need for ongoing research and development to ensure ethical, effective, and equitable negotiation practices in an AI-augmented future.

ANALYSIS OF THE “EAST” IMAGE IN THE WORKS OF THE BEIJING SPIRITUAL MISSION LEADERS OF THE XVIII - EARLY XX CENTURIES

The purpose of the study. The article is devoted to the problem of forming ideas about the East in the representative writings of the Beijing Spiritual Mission. Special attention is paid to the ideas contributed to the formation of the socio-cultural construct “East”, which is important for the formation of the Russian state identity today, in the context of the formation of a multipolar world model. Conclusions. As a result of the research, we traced the evolution of the East images as “alien” and “other” in the intercultural interaction context through the activities of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Beijing, which created the foundations for an effective intercultural dialogue of the period previously considered.

Research on the experience and lessons of ethnic and religious governance in the EU under the rise of populism

As a community of multicultural and religions, the effective governance of ethnic and religious affairs is of great significance for maintaining the stability within the EU and promoting the harmony and cooperation among member states. The EU has strengthened ethnic and religious governance by promoting multicultural policies, implementing regional policies, establishing conflict prevention and mediation mechanisms, promoting cross-border cooperation and integration process, focusing on protecting the rights and freedom of citizens, establishing a legal and policy framework, and strengthening dialogue. However, under the rise of populism, the EU is severely challenged, including the intensification of immigration and refugee problems, the insufficient response to religious extremism and terrorist threats and the lack of coherence and consistency of policies, the lack of effective communication and dialogue mechanisms, and insufficient regulation.The article suggests vigilance the dangers of populism, strengthening the rule of law, focusing on education and publicity, preventing and responding to extremism, and promoting the integration of economic development and society. The EU has taken measures, such as promoting legal policy making, strengthening dialogue mechanisms and the governance of migrants, but it still needs to focus on social integration to maintain stability and solidarity. Other countries can learn from the EU experience and develop religious governance strategies adapted to their own situation.

Arts and The Environment: Intersections and Dynamics of Community Outreach

Objective: The objective of this study aims to reflect on an organized set of synergies that contribute to an effective artistic-environmental dialogue: the aim of this interdisciplinary dialogue is to promote a balanced, conscious and informed plan of environmental education, mediated by art. In this specific case, the promotion of artistic and cultural events becomes a subsidiary of agents' ecological awareness and consequently acts as a force capable of mobilizing and raising awareness among current and future generations of the central causes and issues of contemporary society, precisely, those that relate to the “common home”. Theoretical Framework: We have put together a tripartite theoretical framework in which ethical, aesthetic and artistic issues are related from a dialogical perspective between art and the environment and their respective impacts in terms of intervention in the community and with the community. Method: Narrative literature review, seeking to describe or discuss the current state of the research topic and, in particular, to draw conclusions for the results and discussion of the effects and impacts of the practices resulting from this initiative that covers a significant and broad generational framework (from early childhood to old age), applying the same model and method. In this case, the MILMESA Method and the DEP Model. Results and Discussion: The main results emerge as the conclusion of a concrete analysis of the reality observed and the theoretical matrices that underpinned the model and method used. These results are important for future reflection, in terms of what is meant by future adjustments to the results obtained in this research context. Implications of the research: In the future, there are certain considerations that can be reflected on and improved, based on the structure and conceptual basis emanating from the reference authors (and works) that deal with the subject under debate and intergenerational reflection. Originality/Value: This research promotes, in a unique way, a reflection on the making of technical-scientific, participatory and interdisciplinary events, which are in great demand at an educational and scientific level, in which art and art education emerge as a dialogue between areas and as an added value in the framework of the methodologies used in this type of initiative. The aim is to align research and artistic work (and related works) and, at the same time, to reflect on the practices and projects carried out in this field with scientific and training institutions in general, including institutions with more plural and diverse missions in terms of formal, non-formal and informal education.

Interpreting without bannisters? The abstraction problem afflicting the basic structure doctrine

ABSTRACT The Basic Structure Doctrine, developed by the Supreme Court of India to protect the Constitution of India 1950 from undesirable amendments by Parliament, has seen tremendous growth in its 51 years of existence. This paper argues that despite its evolving scope, the doctrine suffers from an abstraction problem: it insufficiently addresses the abstraction level at which basic features should be identified. The judicial techniques employed to identify these features also do not adequately address this problem. A review of the Supreme Court’s application of the doctrine in cases involving a basic structure challenge to constitutional amendments reveals that basic features have been identified at varying abstraction levels. Consequently, this paper proposes a “stratification test” that categorizes the Constitution’s basic features and the facets of these features as two distinct abstraction levels. It argues that recognizing and stratifying varying abstraction levels is essential for effective constitutional dialogue, experimentation, and governance.

Intergovernmental coordination for a sustainable development of entrepreneurial activity in the Republic of Moldova

This article scrutinizes the multifaceted challenges inherent in intergovernmental coordination across various sectors, with a particular emphasis on sustainable development and entrepreneurial activity within the Republic of Moldova. It argues that despite the existence of intergovernmental cooperation, it often manifests as deficient, contradictory, incomplete, and inefficient. Through a meticulous analysis, this study delineates the roles of pertinent authorities and institutions in fostering the sustainable development of entrepreneurial activities, identifying critical inter-institutional coordination issues and challenges. The discourse extends to examining institutional processes and the extent to which policies, laws, and international standards are implemented to nurture and sustain business activities. Moreover, the paper explores various strategies to cultivate responsible, transparent, and effective dialogue between institutions, thereby promoting innovative practices, expanding cooperation, and fostering partnerships with national and civil society organizations, including international bodies.

Challenges in the Amazon Forest: an Integrative Analysis of the Social, Environmental and Economic Aspects of the Environmental Crisis

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the challenges of the Amazon forest in a three-dimensional way, evaluating the social, environmental and economic aspects in the face of the environmental crisis and aiming at commitment to future generations. Theoretical Framework: The conceptualization of the environmental crisis and the study of the economic, social and environmental dimensions stand out as the basis of the research, providing an interesting foundation for understanding the context of the investigation. Method: Integrative, descriptive study with a qualitative approach anchored in a narrative review that allowed us to converge on interpretative understanding and results regarding the social, environmental and economic aspects of the environmental crisis that is plaguing the Amazon Forest. Results and Discussion: The need to implement effective public policies, sustainable practices and dialogue between public authorities, civil society, the private sector and the community in order to preserve and develop in a sustainable way. The community of Sarayaku stands out, an example of resilience amid deforestation in the Amazon. Research Implications: Reflections involving the adverse effects arising from the contrast between deforestation and economic development in the Amazon forest. Originality/Value: The importance of a collaborative and comprehensive approach is defended, to recognize and value the complexities and interconnections of the challenges faced by the Amazon region in order to achieve better levels of environmental preservation and sustainable development as paths to protect future generations.

“My brain doesn't communicate with my hands”: navigating negotiated interaction in Swedish and Indonesian supervision

IntroductionThe importance of supervisory interaction facilitated by dialogic feedback is known to create a shared understanding between supervisors and students. However, previous studies of supervisory interaction mainly focus on exploring feedback provision as an input for specific improvement rather than as a process of interaction regardless of its discursivity. Informed by learning community theory, this study explores how thesis supervision in English as an Additional Language contexts is negotiated to identify the supervisory interaction patterns and strategies.MethodThis study applied a qualitative case study by involving six supervisory dyads (six supervisors and 15 students) in English- medium study programs. Thematic analysis was used to analyze 18 video-recorded supervision sessions from the beginning, the middle, and the end of the supervision process.Findings and discussionThe findings illuminate the negotiated interaction patterns and strategies in supervisory meetings that can be organized into three themes: (1) managing correction, (2) managing scaffolding, and (3) managing students' emotional expressions. The supervisory interaction patterns tend to take the form of a common institutional talk due to the students' desire for confirmation and suggestions. Prompting strategies through exploratory questions can scaffold students' development of argumentative skills although students' deviant responses frequently lead to supervisors' further explanation. The theoretical analysis underscores that learning community theory emphasizes the development of student's academic literacy and argumentative proficiency through dialogic inquiry. Yet, effective engagement in such inquiry necessitates prerequisite academic literacy and rhetorical competencies.ConclusionThis study highlights the need for developing student's academic literacy, research literacy, and communication skills to achieve an effective inquiry dialogue in thesis supervision.

The Jawi Wetan Christian Church in the Muslim community: SDGs perspective

This article examines the existence of the Jawi Wetan Mojokerto Christian Church in the Muslim community, not only the existence of its buildings and community, but its interaction and collaboration with the Muslim community in social activities which generally focus on the areas that are the main objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals. The religious life that is built is not just about tolerance, but spaces for harmony in social and humanitarian aspects have been created. Through qualitative research with descriptive presentation, case study analysis was used to reveal the social, economic and environmental impacts of this collaboration. The research object is GKJW Mojokerto, located in Sentanan Village, Kranggan District, Mojokerto City, which is less than 20 meters from the AL Muaishym Mosque. The four research sources are Koster GKJW Mojokerto, Chairman of the Mosque Takmir, a historian, former Bible teacher at GKJW Mojokerto, and the Sentantan Neighborhood RT Management. The concept and perspective of Sustainable Development Goals is the author's main focus in conducting the analysis. These findings lead to the conclusion that interfaith cooperation between Christians and Muslims is important in achieving the SDGs in Indonesia. Effective dialogue and collaboration in responding to crucial issues such as the environment, human rights and economic development. It is important to strengthen interfaith dialogue and cooperation efforts and establish sustainable dialogue forums to support the achievement of SDGs targets.