Effect Of Aegle Marmelos Research Articles

Effect of Aegle marmelos on Magnetite Nanoparticles in Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species Towards the Performance for Photocatalytic and Biological Applications

Effect of Aegle marmelos on Magnetite Nanoparticles in Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species Towards the Performance for Photocatalytic and Biological Applications

Exploring antibacterial & antiulcer activity of aegle marmelos linn. : A review

Antimicrobial drugs are those drugs which are used to treat diseases caused by microorganisms. To treat the diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms antibiotic, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic medicines are used. These microbes produces diseases in humans, animals and plants. According to World Health Organization (WHO). The cases of Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasing day by day and it threatens the effective treatment and prevention of infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. AMR occurs when these microbes gets resistance against the effects of medications, which makes common infections difficult to treat and hence increases the risk of severe illness, disease spread and death. As a result, the medicines becomes ineffective, infections remains in the body and increases the probability of spread to others. WHO recommends that decreased use of synthetic antibiotics and increased use of herbal antimicrobial drugs are the only ways by which the AMR can be controlled or eliminated. Herbal drugs are considered to be effective and free from side effects. In the present article we discussed about Aegle Marmelos Linn. (Bael) which is useful in treating many health ailments. It possess many pharmacological activities like anticonvulsant, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, anxiolytic, antidepressant, antihistaminic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, analgesic, immune modulatory, cardio protective and antithyroid activity. Due to its antibacterial activity it is used to treat many infections caused by bacteria and also have antiulcer activity due to which it is used to treat ulcer patients. The bacteria, Helicobacter pylori is one of the cause of peptic ulcer. This review article discusses about the effect of Aegle Marmelos on this bacteria. Keywords: Antibacterial, Antiulcer, Aegle marmelos, Helicobacter pylori, Peptic ulcer, Antimicrobial, Bael.

Hepatoprotective and Nephroprotective Effect of Aegle marmelos and Andrographis paniculata in Aflatoxicosis of Broiler Chicken

Background: Aflatoxins (AF) are a major threat in tropical and sub-tropical countries and causes aflatoxicosis in poultry. The deleterious effect of AF are minimised by the addition of various hepatoprotectants. Study was undertaken to find out the effect of Aegle marmelos and Andrographis paniculata on aflatoxicosis of broiler chicken. Methods: Forty eight day old broiler chicks were divided into eight groups and fed with diets: standard feed (T1), T1 with 100 ppb AF (T2), T1 with 0.1 per cent A. marmelos powder and 0.1 per cent A. paniculata powder (T3), T1 with 100ppb AF and 0.10 per cent A. marmelos powder (T4), T1 with 100ppb AF and 0.10 per cent A. paniculata powder (T5), T1 with 100 ppb AF and 0.20 per cent A. marmelos powder (T6), T1 with 100ppb AF and 0.20 per cent A. paniculata powder (T7) and T1 containing 100 ppb AF, 0.1 per cent A. marmelos powder and 0.1 per cent A. paniculata powder (T8). All the experimental birds were sacrificed on 21st day of the experiment. Result: Broiler chicks of T2 group showed a significant increase in lipid peroxidation levels compared with other groups at 21st day of experiment. Liver of T2 group of birds revealed the presence of cytoplasmic vacuolations, Kupffer cell hyperplasia, focal accumulation of mononuclear cells and acinar pattern of parenchyma compared to normal histological appearance of T1 and T3 groups. Kidney of T2 birds revealed epithelial degeneration, mononuclear accumulation, desquamation of proximal convoluted tubule and vacuolation of distal convoluted tubule. The hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effect of both plant powders in aflatoxicosis was established.

Anti-hyperglycaemic Effect of Aegle marmelos (L.) in Animal Experiments-PRISMA based Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Aegle marmelos is a folklore medicine which is widely consumed as an anti-hyperglycaemic drug, its properties are known since prehistoric times. Plenty of cell line as well as animal research have reported the anti-hyperglycaemic activity of the drug. Even though quality researches are necessary to fulfil further human studies and marketing, no quality assessments for these studies have been undertaken till date. The aim was to critically analyse the quality standards and evaluate the anti-hyperglycaemic potential of A. marmelos in rodent model researches. The search strategy was done using the key words ‘ Aegle marmelos , along with ‘Diabetes or Hyperglycaemia,’ in different databases like PubMed (n = 45), Google Scholar (n = 43) and Science Direct (n = 46). However, the filter used during the search was ‘Animal experimentation’. All animal experimentations collected with the keyword search was analysed for the inclusion criteria like serum glucose estimation as primary outcome, timeline of publication 1997 to 2017 in English and treatments containing any part and any form of A. marmelos in single or in combination. Based on the inclusion criteria, 11 articles were selected for the review. Data extraction underwent a blind procedure independently by two reviewers. If full texts were not available, communicating the authors was also tried and all the four authors responded. All the studies selected after screening were given unique codes, to ensure blind review. Result observed indicated higher reduction of serum glucose levels in hyperglycaemia-induced rodent models. After administering the drug, significant changes were observed in total cholesterol as well as triglycerides. Rest of the LDL, HDL, SOD and serum insulin were an in-significant find. Sample size calculation was not mentioned in any of the studies. Only 9% of the studies reported on blinding and 18% reported on randomisation. This might have affected the internal validity of the studies. It can be concluded that A. marmelos is effective in lowering the serum glucose levels in experimental hyperglycaemia. Further research has to be conducted to explore its target specific mode of action. This may lead to the development of an effective anti-hyperglycaemic drug with minimal side effects.

Evaluation of the effect of Aegle marmelos and Punica granatum in a murine model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis

Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a debilitating condition associated with many complications. The current treatment regimen includes the use of anti-inflammatory agents such as sulfasalazine and corticosteroids which are associated with multiple adverse effects due to which, patients of UC tend to have a reduced quality of life from continuing disease activity. Textbooks on Ayurveda, the Indian traditional system of medicine, have described plants with property to provide strength to the body tissues and protecting them from damage. Aims and Objectives: We planned to study the effect of two such plants, Aegle marmelos and Punica granatum individually and in combination regimens in a murine model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Materials and Methods: In Phase I, 42 Swiss albino mice were divided into seven groups (n = 6/group) and treated as follows: Normal control and disease control (normal saline), positive control (sulfasalazine - 100 mg/kg) and the four test groups with A. marmelos - 0.39 g/kg/day and 0.78 g/kg/day and P. granatum - 5.20 g/kg/day and 10.40 g/kg/day. In Phase II, 30 mice were divided into five groups (n = 6/group) as follows: Normal control, positive control, A. marmelos - 0.78 g/kg/day + P. granatum - 10.40 g/kg/day, A. marmelos - 0.78 g/kg/day + sulfasalazine - 50 mg/kg, and P. granatum 10.40 g/kg/day + sulfasalazine - 50 mg/kg. All groups received treatment from day 1 to 14 and the inducing agent DSS from day 8 to 14 (except normal control). Variables assessed were colon length, colon weight-by-length ratio (analyzed using one-way ANOVA) and disease activity index, colitis macroscopy, and colon histopathology (analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis test). A value of P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: The high dose of A. marmelos caused a significant improvement in all the variables (P 0.05) while the high dose of P. granatum only decreased the colon weight-by-length ratio. The plant drug combination significantly improved all variables except histopathology. A. marmelos + sulfasalazine - 50 mg/kg combination was not significantly different compared to positive control on all variables (P > 0.05), whereas P. granatum+sulfasalazine - 50 mg/kg significantly improved all variables (P < 0.05) except the colitis score and histopathology. Conclusion: The combination of A. marmelos + P. granatum and that of each plant drug with low dose sulfasalazine were as effective as the standard dose of sulfasalazine in the model of DSS induced colitis.

Effect of Aegle marmelos and Murraya koenigii in treatment of delayed pubertal buffaloes heifers.

Aim:This study aims to study the estrus induction, ovulation, and conception rate of delayed puberty in buffaloes heifers by feeding a herbal plants Aegle marmelos (bael/bili/bhel leaf) and Murraya koenigii (Curry leaf).Materials and Methods:Totally, 24 buffalo heifers with delayed puberty were selected for the present study and divided randomly in four equal groups (n=6). Before experiment, all animals were dewormed with albendazole at 10 mg/kg body weight to prevent them from the stress of parasitism. In the present experiment, four group taken and Group I (n=6) treated with A. marmelos, Group II (n=6) treated with M. koenigii, Group III (n=6) treated with mixture of A. marmelos and M. koenigii and fed for 9 days. Group IV (n=6) considered as control and fed with concentrate only. The blood samples were collected from all the animals on day 0 (before treatment), 4, 9 (during treatment), on the day of estrus and day 8 after the onset of estrus. The 10 ml blood was collected from the jugular vein of all the experimental animals for estimation of serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and progesterone (P4). The estrus response, ovulation, conception rate along with serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and progesterone level were determined by the standard protocol.Results:From Group III 4 heifers, from Group II 3 heifers, and from Group I and IV (Control) 2 heifers each, exhibited the estrus. The estrus response was recorded as 33.33%, 50.00%, 75.00%, and 33.33% in Group I, Group II, Group III, and Group IV, respectively. In treatment Group III, serum calcium found significantly more (p<0.05) on day 8 post-estrus as compared to other groups at a similar interval. Inorganic phosphorus and progesterone show no significant difference between groups. The ovulation and conception rates are comparatively better in Group III (75%) buffalo heifers than other groups.Conclusion:Herbal supplementation of A. marmelos and M. koenigii in combination, as well as M. koenigii alone, were found effective in fertility improvement in delayed pubertal buffalo heifers by increasing ovulation and conception rate.

Ameliorative effect of Aegle marmelos leaf extract on early stage alloxan-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats

Objective: The pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is complex, and the therapeutic options available to treat DCM are limited. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (Rutaceae) leaf extract on early stage DCM in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.Methods: Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats (150–200 g) by injecting alloxan (150 mg kg−1; i.p.). Ethanol extract of A. marmelos leaves was administered at varying doses (100, 200, and 400 mg kg−1) and tolbutamide (100 mg kg−1) as standard. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) were determined by standard methods.Results: A. marmelos extract (AME) was found to decrease the levels of FBG, total cholesterol, TBARS, LDH and CK, and increase the levels of GSH, CAT and SOD dose dependently as compared to diabetic control groups. The maximum dose-dependent decrease in TBARS (63.46%), LDH (34.04%), CK (53.14%), and increase in GSH (64.91%), CAT (59.34%), SOD (69.65%) was evident at an optimum dose of 200 mg kg−1. Histopathological studies revealed salvage in the morphological derangements as indicated by absence of necrosis and marked decrease in inflammatory cells in AME-treated groups as compared to diabetic control.Conclusions: The present investigations conclude that treatment with AME attenuates the severity and improves the myocardium in the early stages of alloxan-induced DCM at a dose of 200 mg kg−1.

Effect of Aegle marmelos on DEN initiated and 2-AAF promoted hepatocarcinogenesis: a chemopreventive study

In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of Aegle marmelos methanolic extract on diethylnitrosamine (DEN) initiated and 2-acetyl aminofluorene (2-AAF) promoted liver carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats. Interestingly, it was found that A. marmelos (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight) resulted in a marked reduction of the incidence of liver tumors, which was further confirmed with histopathology. Furthermore to understand the underlying mechanisms of chemoprevention potential of A. marmelos, we evaluated the levels of hepatic antioxidant defence enzymes, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and hepatic DNA synthesis as a marker for tumor promotion since a direct correlation between these marker parameters and carcinogenicity have been well documented. Treatment of male Wistar rats for five consecutive days with 2-AAF induced significant hepatic toxicity, oxidative stress and hyper-proliferation. Pretreatment of A. marmelos extract (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight) prevented oxidative stress and toxicity by restoring the levels of antioxidant enzymes at both the doses. The promotion parameters (ODC activity and DNA synthesis) induced by 2-AAF administration in diet with partial hepatectomy (PH) were also significantly suppressed dose-dependently by A. marmelos. Therefore, we can conclude that ultimately the protection against liver carcinogenesis by A. marmelos methanolic extract might be mediated by multiple actions, which include restoration of cellular antioxidant enzymes, detoxifying enzymes, ODC activity and DNA synthesis.

Biochemical evaluation of the protective effect of Aegle marmelos (L.), Corr. leaf extract on tissue antioxidant defense system and histological changes of pancreatic β-cells in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Oxidative stress is produced under diabetic conditions and is likely involved in the progression of pancreatic damage found in diabetes. This study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effect of Aegle marmelos leaf extract, a medicinal plant, on the tissue antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidative status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Ethanol extract of A. marmelos was administered orally for 30 days (150 mg/kg body weight/day) to diabetic rats. Activity of the three primary scavenger enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase), levels of glutathione, and lipid peroxidation were estimated in plasma and pancreas of diabetic rats and compared to the reference drug, glibenclamide (600 µg/kg body weight/day). A significant increase in the levels of plasma glucose, vitamin E, ceruloplasmin, lipid peroxides, and a concomitant decrease in the levels of vitamin C and reduced glutathione were observed in diabetic rats. The activities of antioxidant enzymes were altered in diabetic rats. These alterations were reverted back to near normal levels after treatment with A. marmelos and glibenclamide. Histopathological studies also revealed the protective effect of A. marmelos on pancreatic β-cells. The present study indicates that extract of A. marmelos modulates the activity of enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants and enhances the defense against reactive oxygen species–generated damage in diabetic rats.