Threshold Effect Research Articles

Ocean acidification may contribute to recruitment failure for Bering Sea red king crab

We used semi-parametric Bayesian regression to determine whether ocean acidification or climate warming could explain declining productivity for southeast Bering Sea red king crab (Paralithodes camtchaticus). Negative effects of acidification explained ~21% of recruitment variability over 1980-2023, and ~45% since 2000. Ocean warming had a negligible effect in our analysis. Model-estimated annual mean bottom pH in the region has fallen from ~8.03 in 1980 to ~7.89 in 2023, approaching levels that reduce juvenile survival in laboratory studies. Improved model validation and better understanding of potential threshold effects on red king crab are needed to better understand the possible population-level acidification effect that we demonstrate.

Cerebrovascular Compliance during Progressive Hypotension in Patients with Autonomic Failure.

The compliant nature of cerebral blood vessels may represent an important mechanical protection for sustained cerebral perfusion during reductions in arterial blood pressure (ABP). However, whether the rise in cerebrovascular compliance (Ci) with falling ABP persists and exhibits a threshold effect remains unknown. Therefore, we analyzed Ci changes during graded head-up tilt (HUT) in individuals with autonomic failure (AF), a group that tolerates graded and progressive reductions in ABP. Finger ABP and middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) were recorded from five AF patients (61 ± 22 years) at supine rest and during graded-HUT. Tilt gradients increased incrementally between 30, 45, and 60 degrees every 5 minutes until ABP reached a critically low value. The total time in HUT was 11 ± 4 min. Every 5 s during supine and HUT individual ABP and MCAv waveforms were assessed for Ci and cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) using a modified Windkessel model. Pulse pressure (PP) was calculated as systolic ABP - diastolic ABP. A threshold value for the increase in Ci was determined using breakpoint analysis of the linear relationship between changes in Ci and PP or ABP across tilt periods. Graded HUT resulted in reduced ABP, PP, CVR, and mean MCAv, and increased Ci (all P < 0.01). Ci began to increase progressively after PP fell by 22 ± 6 mmHg and ABP fell by 20 ± 11 mmHg. In conclusion, the increase in Ci during progressive hypotension exhibited a threshold effect and persisted as ABP continued to fall.

Digital Economy, Green Innovation Efficiency, and New Quality Productive Forces: Empirical Evidence from Chinese Provincial Panel Data

As a new economic form driven and empowered by digital technology, the development of the digital economy has become a crucial pathway for boosting the advancement of new quality productive forces. This study employs the entropy method to measure the comprehensive evaluation index system for both the digital economy and new quality productive forces and further utilizes the unexpected output super-efficiency model to calculate the green innovation efficiency index. On this basis, panel data of 31 provinces in China from 2012 to 2022 are selected to conduct a quantitative analysis from a multidimensional perspective innovatively, examining the overall, heterogeneous, and spatial effects of the digital economy on new quality productive forces, as well as the mediating, moderated mediating, and threshold effects of green innovation efficiency. The research findings indicate that (1) the digital economy significantly promotes the development of new quality productive forces, and this conclusion is robust; (2) the impact of the digital economy on new quality productive forces exhibits regional heterogeneity; (3) there is a positive spatial spillover effect of the digital economy on new quality productive forces; (4) the digital economy can facilitate the development of new quality productive forces by enhancing green innovation efficiency; (5) industrial structure upgrading moderates the mediating effect of the digital economy on new quality productive forces, specifically regulating the promoting effect of green innovation efficiency on new quality productive forces; and (6) the impact of the digital economy on new quality productive forces exhibits a nonlinear characteristic of “increasing marginal effect”. Consequently, this study proposes targeted suggestions from four dimensions: accelerating the construction of digital infrastructure, vigorously enhancing green innovation efficiency, promoting the deep integration of digitalization and greenization, and facilitating industrial upgrading and coordinated development. These suggestions serve as valuable empirical insights into China’s transformation path selection and sustainable high-quality development in the new era.

Research on the Impact of Fiscal Subsidies on High-Quality Development of New Energy Vehicle Companies Based on Threshold Effects

In recent years, China has made significant strides in developing the new energy vehicle industry, providing substantial financial support to this sector. The production and sales of new energy vehicles have experienced explosive growth, accompanied by notable improvements in technology and product quality. However, as the industry evolved, the effectiveness of financial subsidies in enhancing the production and technological capabilities of enterprises has gradually diminished. To foster the rapid development of new energy vehicle enterprises and facilitate the rational planning of relevant government financial subsidies, this study utilizes data from listed Chinese new energy vehicle companies spanning from 2017 to 2022 to investigate the intrinsic relationship between financial subsidies and the quality development of enterprises. The study reveals several key findings. First, when fiscal subsidies are maintained within a reasonable range, they significantly enhance the quality development of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). However, once this threshold is surpassed, further increases in fiscal subsidies do not promote quality development of enterprises, a phenomenon that does not apply to non-state enterprises. Second, the threshold effect of financial subsidies on quality development is particularly pronounced between newly listed companies and those listed for more than three years. Third, for SOEs, financial subsidies play a critical role in fostering high-quality development by boosting R&amp;D investment; this relationship is not observed in non-SOEs. Consequently, this study advocates the establishment of differentiated financial support policies for the new energy vehicle industry to maximize their effectiveness.

Association between different insulin resistance indices and all-cause mortality in patients with diabetic kidney disease: a prospective cohort study

AimPrevious research has shown a strong association between insulin resistance (IR) and both the onset and advancement of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). This research focuses on examining the relationship between IR and all-cause mortality in individuals with DKD.MethodsThis study utilized data obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), spanning the years 2001 to 2018. Insulin resistance was assessed using reliable indicators (HOMA-IR, TyG, TyG-BMI, and METS-IR). The relationship between IR indices and survival outcomes was evaluated through weighted multivariate Cox regression, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) modeling. To examine non-linear associations, the log-likelihood ratio test was employed, with piecewise regression models used to establish confidence intervals and identify threshold values. Diagnostic precision and efficacy were gauged using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, Area Under the Curve (AUC) evaluations, and calibration plots. Moreover, to verify the consistency of our results, stratified analyses and interaction tests were conducted across variables including age, gender, Body Mass Index (BMI), hypertension, and cardiovascular status.ResultsThis research involved a group of 1,588 individuals diagnosed with DKD. Over a median observation period of 74 months, 630 participants passed away. Using weighted multivariate Cox regression along with restricted cubic spline modeling, we identified non-linear associations between the four insulin resistance indices and all-cause mortality. An analysis of threshold effects pinpointed essential turning points for each IR index in this research: 1.14 for HOMA-IR, 9.18 for TyG, 207.9 for TyG-BMI, and 35.85 for METS-IR. It was noted that levels below these thresholds inversely correlated with all-cause mortality. In contrast, values above these points showed a significantly positive correlation, suggesting heightened mortality risks. The accuracy of these four IR metrics as indicators of all-cause mortality was confirmed through ROC and calibration curve analyses.ConclusionIn patients with DKD, an L-shaped association is noted between HOMA-IR and all-cause mortality, while TyG, TyG-BMI, and METS-IR exhibit U-shaped relationships. All four IR indices show good predictive performance.

Association between fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio and bone metabolism markers (β-CTX and P1NP) in Chinese individuals with osteoporotic fracture: a cross-sectional investigation

ObjectiveResearch on the link between inflammatory indicators and markers of bone metabolism is currently lacking, especially the interaction between Procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), the β-C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (β-CTX), and the fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio (FAR). This study intends to fill that knowledge gap by investigating the possible link between inflammatory indicators and bone metabolism.MethodsThis observational study included 718 individuals diagnosed with osteoporotic fractures from Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University between January 2017 and July 2022. After accounting for several confounders, the independent connection between FAR levels and β-CTX and P1NP was investigated via Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE). On top of that, we used a generalized additive model (GAM) to find any non-linear correlations, and a two-piecewise linear regression model to find the threshold effects in the smoothing curves that came out of it. To ensure the aforementioned result was stable, a subgroup analysis was carried out.ResultsThe results showed a positive linear correlation between FAR and β-CTX [β = 1.077, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.24 to 1.92, P = 0.012]. The study’s findings demonstrated that FAR and P1NP fit curves in an inverted U-shaped pattern, and an inflection point K = 0.0685 for FAR was detected. P1NP showed a positive correlation with FAR below the inflection point (β = 306.10, 95% CI: 47.37 to 564.83, P = 0.021), and a negative correlation with FAR beyond the inflection point (β = -117.57, 95% CI: -231.34 to -3.80, P = 0.043). The subgroup analysis revealed that women had a more significant association between FAR and β-CTX in women than in men.ConclusionsThe results provide useful insights into the potential association between FAR and markers of bone metabolism. The study may provide a novel clinical implication by introducing FAR as a potential reference indicator for assessing bone health, offering a cost-effective and conveniently obtainable biomarker to monitor inflammation to improve bone metabolism in the treatment of osteoporosis.

Data-Driven Approach for Designing Eco-Friendly Heterocyclic Compounds for the Soil Microbiome.

Soil microbiota plays crucial roles in maintaining the health, productivity, and nutrient cycling of terrestrial ecosystems. The persistence and prevalence of heterocyclic compounds in soil pose significant risks to soil health. However, understanding the links between heterocyclic compounds and microbial responses remains challenging due to the complexity of microbial communities and their various chemical structures. This study developed a machine-learning approach that integrates the properties of chemical structures with the diversity of soil bacteria and functions to predict the impact of heterocyclic compounds on the microbial community and improve the design of eco-friendly heterocyclic compounds. We screened the key chemical structures of heterocyclic compounds─particularly those with topological polar surface areas (<74.2 Å2 or 111.3-154.1 Å2), carboxyl groups, and dissociation constant, which maintained high soil bacterial diversity and functions, revealing threshold effects where specific structural parameters dictated microbial responses. These eco-friendly compounds stabilize communities and increase beneficial carbon and nitrogen cycle functions. By applying these design parameters, we quantitatively assessed the eco-friendliness scores of 811 heterocyclic compounds, providing a robust foundation for guiding future applications. Our study disentangles the critical chemical structure-related properties that influence the soil microbial community and establishes a computational framework for designing eco-friendly compounds with ecological benefits from an ecological perspective.

Association between lymphocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in US adults: results from NHANES 2007–2018

BackgroundInsulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are significant global health challenges that increase the risk of various chronic diseases. The lymphocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (LHR) has emerged as a novel inflammatory metabolic marker. The present study focused on evaluating the association between the LHR and both IR and MetS.MethodsWe analyzed data from 14,779 adults aged ≥ 20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–2018). To investigate the relationship between LHR and both IR and MetS, we conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses. The reliability of the results was validated through both stratified and sensitivity analyses. Furthermore, we thoroughly examined possible nonlinear associations by implementing a restricted cubic spline in conjunction with a threshold effect analysis.ResultsCompared to the lowest LHR quartile, individuals in the highest quartile indicated significantly increased prevalence of IR (odds ratio = 3.72, 95% confidence intervals: 3.01–4.59) and MetS (odds ratio = 11.38, 95% confidence intervals: 8.85–14.63) in fully adjusted models. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that the association between the LHR and IR remained consistent across all subgroups, with no significant interaction effect observed. However, the association between LHR and MetS was more pronounced in female participants. Restricted cubic spline analyses revealed nonlinear associations between LHR and both IR and MetS. The threshold effect analyses identified inflection points at 0.055 for these non-linear relationships.ConclusionsAn elevated LHR was positively associated with the prevalence of IR and MetS, indicating its promising role in early screening and disease prevention through biological monitoring.

L-shaped association between leisure-time physical activity and depressive symptoms in individuals with chronic inflammatory airway disease: Data from the NHANES (2007-2018).

Chronic inflammatory airway diseases (CIAD) are well-known risk factors for depression symptoms. There exists a complex interplay between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and depressive symptoms. However, the relationship between LTPA duration and depressive symptoms in CIAD patients remains unclear. This study investigated NHANES data from 2007 to 2018 to investigate the relationship between LTPA and depressive symptoms in CIAD patients. We collected data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2018. Weighted logistic regression was employed to analyze the correlation between CIAD and depressive symptoms. Next, CIAD patients with LTPA information, the similar method was also employed to examine the association between LTPA and depressive symptoms. Finally, the dose-response relationship between LTPA duration and depressive symptoms was explored using restricted cubic spline (RCS) plot. Consistent with previous research findings, patients with CIAD are more prone to experiencing symptoms of depression (P < 0.0001). Compared to CIAD patients without LTPA, patients who engage in LTPA have a lower probability of experiencing depressive symptoms (P < 0.0001). Interestingly, we had discovered that there is an l-shaped relationship between the duration of LTPA and the prevalence of depressive symptoms (non-linear P = 0.001). There is a threshold effect between the duration of LTPA and depressive symptoms. Within12 h/week, the risk of depressive symptoms in CIAD patients decreases with increased duration of LTPA. However, beyond 12 h/week, this association no longer exists. Our research indicates that CIAD patients can increase the prevalence of depressive symptoms. And LTPA over a period of time is negatively correlated with depressive symptoms, but only up to a total duration of 12 h/week.

Contradictory links between lipid levels and bone health: atherogenic index of plasma and bone microarchitecture

PurposeLipids increase osteoporosis and fracture risk, yet research on Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), bone mineral density declines (BMD), and trabecular bone score (TBS) is limited. This study examined the relationships between AIP, TBS, and BMD in American adults using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data, including the effect of obesity.MethodsBased on data from 3,162 Americans, multivariable logistic regression and a generalized additive model (GAM) were used to analyze AIP, BMD, and TBS. Mediation studies assessed the impact of obesity (BMI) on these relationships. A threshold effect study identified turning points.ResultsThe average participant age was 47.5 ± 17 years. AIP showed no correlation with BMD after BMI adjustment but was significantly associated with lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD without BMI adjustment. AIP negatively correlated with TBS even after adjusting for covariates. The relationship between AIP and TBS was L-shaped, with a turning point at -0.17. BMI mediated the AIP-BMD relationship by 122.01–131.49% (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThis study found AIP levels associated with decreased TBS and increased BMD, influenced by obesity. AIP may be a valuable tool in evaluating bone metabolism, indicating high BMD but poor TBS, warranting further exploration.

The relationship between non-HDL-C/HDL-C ratio and bone mineral density: an NHANES study

BackgroundThe non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) is a newly developed lipid parameter. However, the current research has only explored the relationship with lumbar spine bone mineral density, lacking studies on bone mineral density at other sites, total body bone mineral density, and an analysis of risk factors. This study aims to determine the potential association between NHHR and lumbar BMD, increase awareness of the impact of lipid levels on bone health.MethodsBy utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011 to 2018, we conducted univariate and generalized linear models (GLMs) analysis, stratified analysis, threshold effect analysis, smooth curve fitting and stratified analysis to investigate the association between NHHR and BMD. NHHR levels were categorized into tertiles (low, medium, and high) based on their distribution among the study population.ResultsThe study included 8,671participants, studies have shown, the ratio of non-high-density lipoprotein to high-density lipoprotein (NHHR) exhibits a stratified correlation with bone mineral density (BMD). In the BMI subgroup, NHHR is significantly negatively correlated with BMD at multiple sites in the low-to-middle BMI group (BMI &amp;lt;25 kg/m2), while no significant correlation is found in the high BMI group (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). In the gender subgroup, NHHR has a more pronounced effect on male BMD, mainly reflected in the reduction of lumbar spine and total body BMD. In the age subgroup, the negative correlation between NHHR and BMD is strongest in the younger group (18–30 years), gradually weakening in the middle-aged (31–44 years) and older groups (45–59 years). Further analysis suggests that dyslipidemia may influence bone metabolism through pathways such as inflammation and oxidative stress.ConclusionThe effect of NHHR on bone mineral density (BMD) varies by BMI, gender, and age. This study suggests that controlling NHHR levels may be a potential intervention target for bone health management, particularly for individuals with low-to-middle BMI, males, and younger populations. These findings offer a new perspective on the relationship between lipid metabolism and bone metabolism and provide scientific evidence for the development of personalized osteoporosis prevention and treatment strategies.

A positive relationship between weight-adjusted waist index and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a study on US adolescents

BackgroundNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver condition in children, underscoring the urgent need for non-invasive markers for early detection in this population.MethodsWe utilized survey data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017–2020 regarding liver ultrasound transient elastography (LUTE) for the diagnosis of NAFLD (dependent variable), and used multiple logistic regression models to explore the association between weight-adjusted waist circumference index (WWI) and the prevalence of NAFLD in US adolescents. Smoothing curves and threshold effect analyses were used to assess the non-linear association between the independent variables and the dependent variable. Subgroup analysis was conducted to pinpoint particularly susceptible subgroups within our study cohort of 1,711 participants.ResultsOur findings indicated a positive correlation between WWI and NAFLD scores. Adjusting for all covariates revealed a significant association between increased WWI and the presence of NAFLD, with an odds ratio of 3.37 (95% CI: 2.74, 4.15). This association proved stronger than those observed with waist circumference, body mass index, and NAFLD. Stratifying WWI into quartiles showed a clear and strong positive correlation (P for trend &amp;lt; 0.0001). The results of smoothing curves and threshold effect analysis showed a non-linear relationship between WWI and NAFLD (LLR &amp;lt; 0.001). Notably, for WWI values below 10.65, a significant correlation was observed (OR = 5.25, 95% CI: 3.77,7.31). Additionally, our subgroup analysis revealed that WWI and NAFLD were associated more positively among male participants aged 16 years and older.ConclusionWWI is positively correlated with NAFLD in American adolescents and offers a straightforward and cost-effective method for identifying hepatic steatosis. The findings highlight the importance of focusing on individuals with a WWI below 10.65, where the risk of NAFLD increases. Priority should be given to the male adolescent population aged 16 and above.

Tax Incentives, Marketization Level, and Corporate Digital Transformation

This paper uses data from Chinese listed companies from 2012 to 2022 to analyze the relationship between tax incentives, marketization level, and corporate digital transformation. The results indicate that tax incentives can promote digital transformation in enterprises, and marketization levels can accelerate this transformation. There is a threshold effect on the influence of tax incentives on digital transformation; financing constraints act as a mediator in this relationship, while technological innovation capability plays a moderating role between marketization level and digital transformation. Furthermore, the moderating effect of technological innovation capability varies across different types of enterprises in terms of their relationship with marketization and digital transformation.

Effect of different scanning threshold triggers on the image quality of brain computed tomography angiography: a randomized controlled trial

Effect of different scanning threshold triggers on the image quality of brain computed tomography angiography: a randomized controlled trial

Retrospective Analysis: Exploring Transfusion Thresholds' Impact on Patients with Sepsis and Renal Failure.

Sepsis with renal failure is a common condition in intensive care units (ICUs) and is associated with poor prognosis. A unified consensus on the optimal transfusion hemoglobin concentration threshold is needed to improve outcomes. This study investigated the effects of different transfusion thresholds during hospitalization on the prognosis of patients with sepsis and renal failure. A total of 2,972 patients were included in this study. By using the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC-IV) database, data from patients with sepsis and renal failure were screened and divided into a low-threshold group (Hb ≤ 7 g/dL) and a high-threshold group (Hb > 7 g/dL) based on the average hemoglobin (Hb) level 24 hours before transfusion. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses and inverse probability weighting were used to compare in-hospital and ICU mortality rates between the two groups. Additionally, 30-day, 60-day, and 90-day survival rates, length of hospital stay, and ICU stay duration were evaluated. Statistically significant differences in baseline characteristics were observed between the two groups. After propensity score matching to eliminate baseline characteristic differences, it was found that among the Cau¬casian population a higher transfusion threshold significantly reduced the risk of in-hospital mortality (HR, 0.774; 95% CI: 0.613 - 0.978, p < 0.05). For patients with sepsis and renal failure, transfusion thresholds should be determined by considering the patient's race to achieve individualized transfusion strategies.

Directed rotation of a symmetric gear driven by visual-perception-dependent particles

Rotational motor is a long-standing issue because of its important theoretical and practical implications. Previous works revealed that driving gears in reciprocal systems requires either asymmetry in the gears or chirality in the particles. However, using numerical simulations, we have demonstrated that visual-perception-dependent particles (VPDPs) with visual misalignment can induce the ratchet effect of symmetric gears in the absence of chirality. Visual-perception dependence is accompanied by non-reciprocity due to the limited visual cones, which are widespread with living systems. The coupling of non-reciprocity and visual misalignment allows particles to form clusters with persistent swirling, resulting the directed rotation of gears. The sign of visual misalignment only affects the direction of gear rotation. The effects of perception threshold and number density on the scaled average angular velocity are non-monotonic. Interestingly, when a small visual misalignment is combined with a small perception threshold or number density, the gear can exhibit rotation reversal. Additionally, the scaled average angular velocity is a peak function of rotational diffusion coefficient for liquid-like state but not sensitive to its variety for solid-like state. Our results may enhance the understanding of self-organized behavior of the perception-dependent matter, particularly accompanying non-reciprocal interactions, and potentially advance experimental research on rotational motors.

Spatiotemporal Nonlinear Characteristics and Threshold Effects of China's Water Resources

China faces shortage of water resources, particularly in the context of rapid population growth and accelerating urbanization, making the changes in its water resources among the most pronounced on Earth. Additionally, the complex interplay between climate change and human activities leads to nonlinear and non-stationary patterns in China's water resources. This study utilizes high-resolution water storage monitoring data to comprehensively analyze the nonlinear changes in water storage and its relationships with human footprint, precipitation, and temperature, revealing the complex dynamics of water storage changes across China. We used advanced data analysis techniques to identify critical points where water storage patterns shifted significantly, with categories of nonlinear changes that first decrease then increase and those that first increase then decrease together accounting for 55.62% of the observations. The northeastern and western border areas of China are hotspots for these nonlinear changes, and the analysis identifies 2019 as a year with a high frequency of turning points. The piecewise linear regression analysis found that when the human footprint exceeds a specific threshold, its negative impact on water storage significantly intensifies; when precipitation and temperature exceed certain thresholds, their impact on water storage shifts from negative to positive. These findings not only reveal the complex spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of water storage change turning points across China but also emphasize that water resource management strategies in China and globally need to adopt more comprehensive and dynamic approaches in the context of global climate change. To meet future challenges, it is essential to integrate multiple variables and develop flexible, adaptive management strategies to ensure the sustainable use and effective management of water resources.

Optimal size and PEG coating of gold nanoparticles for prolonged blood circulation: a statistical analysis of published data.

This study presents a statistical analysis of how gold nanoparticle (GNP) size and polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating molecular weight (MW) affect the circulation of nanoparticles in blood. We showed a non-linear relationship with interaction between GNP size and PEG MW. The findings revealed a threshold effect, and recommendations for GNP coating are discussed.

The impact of policy uncertainty and risk taking on the credit resource allocation of urban commercial banks

This paper investigates the impact of policy uncertainty and risk-taking on the credit resource allocation of urban commercial banks, using data from 30 urban commercial banks over the period 2012-2022 as a sample. The empirical results show that policy uncertainty reduces the allocation of credit resources by urban commercial banks; risk-taking is positively correlated with the allocation of credit resources by urban commercial banks; capital adequacy ratio plays an intermediary role in the relationship between risk-taking and credit resource allocation; the impacts of policy uncertainty and risk-taking on credit resource allocation among urban commercial banks with different equity natures exhibit variabilities. Specifically, policy uncertainty has a more pronounced effect on credit resource allocation in urban commercial banks controlled by local governments, whereas risk-taking exerts a more significant influence on credit resource allocation in those controlled by non-local governments; the impact of risk-taking on the allocation of credit resources by urban commercial banks exhibits a threshold effect, showing different characteristics as the size of the bank changes.

Threshold Effect of Inflation on the Relationship between Stock Market Index and Interest Rate

Threshold Effect of Inflation on the Relationship between Stock Market Index and Interest Rate