Thermal Radiation Effects Research Articles

A numerical study of heat and mass transfer characteristic of three-dimensional thermally radiated bi-directional slip flow over a permeable stretching surface

Within fluid mechanics, the flow of hybrid nanofluids over a stretching surface has been extensively researched due to their influence on the flow and heat transfer properties. Expanding on this concept by introducing porous media, the current study explore the flow and heat and mass transport characteristics of hybrid nanofluid. This investigation includes the effect of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) with chemical reaction, thermal radiation, and slip effects. The nanoparticles, copper, and alumina are combined with water for the formation of a hybrid nanofluid. Using the self-similar method for the reduction of Partial differential equations (PDEs) to the system of Ordinary differential equations (ODEs). These nonlinear equation systems are solved numerically using the bvp4c (boundary value solver) technique. The effect of the different physical non-dimensional flow parameters on different flow profiles such as velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, Nusselt and mass transfer rate are depicted through graphs and tables. The velocity profiles diminish with the effect of magnetic and slip parameters. The temperature and concentration slip parameters reduce the temperature and concentration profile respectively. The higher values of magnetic factor lessened the skin friction coefficient for both slip and no-slip conditions. An elevation in the thermal slip parameter reduced the boundary layer thickness and the heat transfer from the surface to the fluid. The Nusselt number amplified with the climbing values of the radiation parameter. The mass transfer rate depressed with the solutal slip parameter. Comparison is made with the published work in the literature and there is excellent agreement between them.

Entropy generation in a chemically reactive magnetohydrodynamic unsteady micropolar nanofluid flow with activation energy over an inclined stretching sheet: A Buongiorno model approach

The goal of this research is to inspect the heat and mass transfer trends and entropy generation in a time-reliant stagnation point stream of a micropolar fluid across an inclined stretched surface. For this objective, a chemically reactive, electrically conducting fluid exposed to an orthogonal magnetic field is studied. The flow governing equations are modelled using Buongiorno model and are reformed to a system of higher order ordinary differential equations by administering appropriate similarity transformations. This system is quantitatively examined by employing the fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme with shooting approach. The effects of thermal radiation, magnetic field, uniform heat source/sink, Brownian motion, thermophoresis, activation energy, and binary chemical reaction are studied on velocity, microrotation, temperature, and concentration profiles. It is observed that magnetic field and Brownian motion elevate the flow temperature. Increased activation energy spikes the fluid concentration while increase in binary chemical reaction reduces the particle concentration. Later, impact of various parameters on skin friction coefficient and heat and mass transfer rates are tabularised. Increasing values of thermophoretic diffusion parameter, Brownian diffusion parameter, and chemical reaction parameter improve the rate of mass transfer. Unsteadiness parameter triggers the skin friction coefficient 53.2% when the parameter value was increased from 0.7 to 1.0. Viscous dissipation and thermal radiation increase the rate of entropy generation. A comparison of skin friction coefficient with previous studies demonstrates a strong agreement.

Influence of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, and joule heating on entropy generation and flow of a Maxwell hybrid nanofluid over an exponentially stretching sheet with couple stress effects

Using a numerical technique, this study explores the flow and thermal aspects of a Maxwell hybrid nanofluid across an exponentially stretched sheet. The analysis incorporates the effects of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, Joule heating, and chemical reaction. We use the in-built MATLAB function bvp4c to successfully solve the governing equations after we convert them to ordinary differential equations. The key novelty of this work lies in employing the Maxwell hybrid nanofluid, a more complex fluid than traditional nanofluids or regular Maxwell fluids and conducting a multifaceted analysis that considers factors like couple stress, chemical reaction, and entropy generation optimization alongside flow and heat transfer. The findings demonstrate that the Maxwell parameter and the magnetic field parameter both reduce fluid velocity due to opposing forces and enhanced elasticity, respectively. The temperature profile exhibits a rise with increasing thermal radiation, volume fraction of nanoparticles, and Eckert number due to enhanced radiative absorption, improved heat transfer, and internal heat generation respectively. As the Brinkman number and volume percentage of copper nanoparticles increase, the entropy generation becomes more intense and the Bejan number decreases as a result of enhanced viscous dissipation and friction. Between the values of 0.1 and 0.7 for Maxwell parameter, the friction factor exhibits a decrement of 0.1077. The Nusselt number, signifying heat transfer efficiency, reduces with the Eckert number but increases with the radiation parameter and volume fraction of nanoparticles. Between the values of 0.1 and 0.7 for Eckert number, the friction factor exhibits a decrement of 0.1077. Lastly, a steeper concentration gradient causes the Sherwood number, which is an indication of the mass transmission rate, to rise with the Schmidt number. it is detected that the rate of heat transfer increases at a rate of 0.0721 when chemical reaction values lie between 0 and 1.8.

The influence of thermal radiation during microwave-assisted freeze-drying of pharmaceutical unit doses

New drying technologies for biologicals have recently been developed to accelerate the time-consuming batch freeze-drying (BFD) process. Among others, microwave-assisted freeze-drying (MFD) has been suggested as a faster and more effective drying technology. In this study, MFD cycles with the microwave radiation switched on and off were performed to assess the contribution of the microwave radiation to drying acceleration. It was found that thermal radiation emitted by the drying chamber walls was predominantly accelerating the drying of monodose placebos rather than microwave radiation. The combination of ultra-low chamber pressure, high thermal heat transfer and a short primary-to-secondary phase transition reduces drying times by more than 80 % compared to conventional BFD. In a second step, a design of experiment approach was used to assess the effect of thermal radiation versus microwave radiation and their combination, together with dosage properties such as fill volume and excipient concentration upon drying rate. The outcome showed the importance of high fill volume and high excipient concentration for an effective microwave contribution to the drying rate. Nevertheless, the drying acceleration for small pharmaceutical dosages with restricted solutes was mainly driven by thermal radiation rather than 2.45 GHz microwave radiation. The inability of ice to convert microwave energy into heat hampers the potential use of microwave freeze-drying for single-dose vaccines.

Thermal radiation effect in electroosmosis regulated peristalsis transport of Williamson hybrid nanofluid via an asymmetric tapered channel

AbstractElectroosmosis effects in a peristaltic transport of nanofluids are significant for developing the biomimetic pumping structure at a microscopic extent in physiological medications, for instance, ocular drug delivery systems. The present article addresses the numerical assessment of a peristaltically driven electro‐osmotic flow of a Williamson hybrid nanofluid. The flow is intended to be two‐dimensional, incompressible, unsteady, and subjected to an asymmetric tapered micro‐channel. The characteristics of hybrid nanofluid, which consists of silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) as nanoparticles with base fluid‐blood, are explored in a relative manner with regular nanofluid Ag‐blood. Further, the study includes the impact of linear thermal radiation, energy dissipation through viscosity and resistance phenomena with an externally applied consistent magnetic field. The mathematical model is simplified using dimensionless similarity transformations and numerically solved via MATLAB software. Variations in momentum, thermal energy, and entropy generation against various emerging physical parameters are deliberated through graphical results. Longitudinal velocity towards the center line and heat transfer rate is also analyzed through numerical data illustrated in table form. This study introduces a novel mathematical model for the peristaltically driven electroosmosis flow of Ag‐Cu/blood hybrid nanofluid in a tapered asymmetric microchannel, incorporating external electric and magnetic field effects.

Applications of partial differential equations to transient heat and mass transfer in MHD flow over a porous medium

The flow problem discussed in this research is an investigation of compressible viscous fluid in an unstable 2D MHD laminar driven vortex and stable boundary layer flow, passing a heated stretched sheet at varying speeds via a porous medium exposed to a magnetic field with viscous dissipation, thermal diffusion, thermal radiation, chemical reaction and Dufour effects. With the aid of similarity transformations, PDEs that come out in governing equations of this formulations are converted into non-linear sets of ODEs. Well-defined bvp4c technique used to numerically solve these converted equations. With use of various graphs, the consequences of different factors on the distributions of velocity, temperature and concentration were examined numerically and graphically. Physical parameters for this issue are also discussed.

Novel treatments for the radiative-magnetive Ellis hybrid nanofluids flow inside stenotic shrinking artery with imposed convective slip boundary conditions and entropy generation: An application in cardiovascular disease

This research delves into the theoretical and computational analysis of blood flow dynamics within a constricted, porous artery using a novel hybrid nanofluid model known as the Ellis model, which incorporates gold and silver nanoparticles. The investigation encompasses a spectrum of physical phenomena, including magnetic effects, Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium flow, viscous dissipation, and non-linear thermal radiation. Additionally, a convective slip boundary condition is applied at the arterial surface. By transforming the governing nonlinear partial differential equations into nonlinear ordinary differential equations, the study facilitates a comprehensive analysis. Subsequently, employing the bvp4c algorithm in MATLAB enables the numerical solution of these equations, yielding dual solutions for the system. Graphical representations are then utilized to elucidate various profiles, including velocity, temperature, skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and entropy. The findings highlight intriguing trends, such as the contrasting behaviors of skin friction and Nusselt number between the Au/Blood nanofluid and the Au − Ag/Blood hybrid nanofluid. Dual solutions can not be found beyond the critical values of suction (Sc) and curvature (γc) parameters. The critical values Sc are 2.3554 and 2.3170; γc are 0.2248 and 0.2654 for Au/Blood and Au − Ag/Blood, respectively. Moreover, insights are gained into the influence of magnetic field, Darcy-Forchheimer parameters on velocity reduction and the effect of the Ellis fluid, velocity slip parameters on temperature reduction profile. The heat transference rate increases in the situation of augmentation in shrinking parameyer and thermal radiation effect, which helps remove the toxic plaque from the blood flowing at the surface of the artery. Notably, the study underscores the significance of nanoparticle presence, porous and magnetic field parameters in enhancing entropy near the artery, with implications for cancer treatment and stroke prevention strategies.

Comparative study of Yamada-Ota and Xue models for MHD hybrid nanofluid flow past a rotating stretchable disk: stability analysis

PurposeThe hybrid nanofluid flow due to a rotating disk has numerous applications, including centrifugal pumps, paper production, polymers dying, air filtration systems, automobile cooling and solar collectors. This study aims to investigate the convective heat transport and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) hybrid nanofluid flow past a stretchable rotating surface using the Yamada-Ota and Xue models with the impacts of heat generation and thermal radiation.Design/methodology/approachThe carbon nanotubes such as single-wall carbon nanotubes and multi-wall carbon nanotubes are suspended in a base fluid like water to make the hybrid nanofluid. The problem’s governing partial differential equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. Then, the numerical solutions are found with a bvp4c function in MATLAB software. The impacts of pertinent parameters on the flow and temperature fields are depicted in tables and graphs.FindingsTwo solution branches are discovered in a certain range of unsteadiness parameters. The fluid temperature and the rate of heat transport are enhanced when the thermal radiation and heat generation effects are increased. The Yamada-Ota model has a higher temperature than the Xue model. Furthermore, it is observed that only the first solution remains stable when the stability analysis is implemented.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, the results stated are original and new with the investigation of MHD hybrid nanofluid flow with convective heat transfer using the extended version of Yamada-Ota and Xue models. Moreover, the novelty of the present study is improved by taking the impacts of heat generation and thermal radiation.

Significance of 3D rectangular closed domain filled with charged particles and nanoparticles engaging finite element methodology

Abstract This article aims to use passive flow control to analyze the transportation of heat, mass, and charged particles toward a 3D plate. The current problem offers a novel exploration of the flexible domain of non-Newtonian materials, which are well known for their wide range of applications in the engineering and industrial domains. The current study explores the complex dynamics of heat and mass transfer in a fluid that flows over an elongating sheet. The motion of the nanofluid on the surface is caused by the stretching of the 3D plate. The suspension of mixtures of tetra-hybrid nanoparticles can enhance thermal performance and cooling mechanism. Moreover, the 3D model includes modeling of multiple important parameters, such as heat source, thermal radiation, and Hall and Ion slip effects, in Cartesian coordinates for a three-dimensional stretched plate. This comprehensive analysis of various effects offers a new perspective to the field. Partial differential equations represent the emergent phenomena in the problem formulation process. It was estimated that an enhancement of charged particles and motion regarding nanoparticles is enhanced versus an enhancement of charged particles. With the greater power law index, suction, and Weissenberg number, the acceleration of nanoparticles is enhanced.

Influence of thermal radiation and magnetic field on convective transfer within an inclined square enclosure filled with Cu-water nanofluid

The present work investigates the effects of thermal radiation and magnetic field on the laminar convective transfer process on copper-based nanofluid within an inclined square enclosure. The studied configuration is a rigid-walled cavity subjected to a horizontal temperature gradient where the left wall is maintained at a hot temperature Th and subjected to a magnetic field B0. In contrast, the right wall is kept at a cold temperature Tc. The horizontal walls are adiabatic. The dimensionless governing equations are solved using the finite difference method and the UPWIND scheme to solve the convective terms. Formulated using the stream function, vorticity, and temperature. Effects on mean Nusselt numbers are investigated at different Rayleigh numbers 104,105,106, Hartmann numbers HA=0to100, tilt angles γ=0,π/6,π/4andπ/3, nanofluid volume fractions 0%≤φ≤6% and different radiation parameters ( Rd=0,1,2,3 ). The findings show that the HTR increased 3.6 times by augmenting the Ra from 104 to 106. Also, increasing the Ha number from 0 to 100 causes an 83.16% reduction in the HTR. Considering the radiation mode of heat transfer causes an increase in HTR. The average Nusselt values increase by 59.72% for the concentration of 6% while increasing the radiation parameter from 0 to 3. On the other hand, an increase in volume fraction leads to a deterioration in mean Nusselt numbers (Numean).

Thermal analysis of MHD unsteady Darcy‐Forchheimer thin film flow in a porous system

AbstractThis study has investigated a Darcy‐Forchheimer thin film flow over an extended horizontal surface with thermal radiation and chemical reaction effects. The governing time‐dependent equations have been non‐dimensionalized using similarity transformations and solved numerically using the fourth‐order Runge‐Kutta method and the shooting technique. The influence of magnetohydrodynamics, non‐uniform heat sourcing, viscous heat radiation, and chemical reactions on temperature, velocity, skin friction, Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers has been examined. Results have shown that porous media, magnetic field, and transient effects decrease the velocity profile, while thermal radiation and variable thermal properties enhance temperature distributions. Findings have indicated that the magnetic field and porosity enhance the skin friction coefficient whereas the heat transfer rate increases with Eckert number and Prandtl number. Rising the chemical reaction parameter from 0.2 to 0.5 rises the mass transfer rate by approximately 9.85%. The thermal analysis of MHD Darcy‐Forchheimer thin film flow in a porous system has been crucial for understanding heat transfer and fluid dynamics in complex environments. It helped in optimizing various engineering processes, such as cooling systems, filtration, and energy conversion, by providing insights into temperature distribution, convective heat transfer, and fluid behavior. This analysis has aided in designing efficient and reliable systems with improved performance and reduced energy consumption.

Thermal Radiation Effects of Convective Flow of a Hybrid Nanofluid with Different Base Fluids in Heat Transfer Over a Stretching Sheet

Thermal Radiation Effects of Convective Flow of a Hybrid Nanofluid with Different Base Fluids in Heat Transfer Over a Stretching Sheet

A numerical approach to radiative ternary nanofluid flow on curved geometry with porous media and multiple slip constraints

AbstractEnergy scarcity is among the biggest global challenges which is aggravating with each passing day due to ever increasing energy demands of contemporary livings as well as industrial requirements verses finite and rapidly depleting fossil reserves of our planet. Improving energy efficiency is one of the effective ways to cope with this challenge. Ternary nanofluids (TNF) are a dynamic novel class of fluids possessing unique thermophysical and other functional characteristics making them the most efficient heat transporting fluids of 21st century. These fluids have promising applications in major manufacturing and processing industries, emerging nanotechnologies and bio‐medical domains. The novel theme of this pragmatic study is analysis of bio‐convective TNF flow by stretchable porous curved surface considering effects of thermal radiation, chemical reaction, magnetic field, and various slip constraints. The modeled partial differential equations (PDEs) governing fluid flow under presumptions are converted to ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by suitable transformation relations. Numerical solutions are presented in graphical sketches and tabular forms using MATLAB bvp4c package for physical interpretations of sundry controlling variables impacts. To gauge veracity of computed results, comparisons with already published results have been presented. Moreover, the statistical concept of Pearson correlation coefficient has been employed to prove strong relationship between slip parameters and physical quantities. Research concludes that thermal efficiency of TNF improves by rising velocity slip, magnetic force, curvature factor, thermal radiation, and thermophoresis effects. Velocity slip and thermal slip improve concentration boundary layer. Gyrotactic microorganisms’ density improves for higher velocity slip, temperature slip while depreciates for larger values of nanoparticle concentration slip and motile organism density slip.

Multiple slip nonlinear radiative bioconvective flow of nanofluid with variable thermal conductivity

Owing to the improved thermal applications of nanomaterials, various applications have been suggested in various era of engineering including heat transfer devices, chemical processes, thermal management devices, electronic cooling etc. The aim of current investigation is to presents the bioconvective flow of nanofluid with applications of multiple slip effects. The motivations for considering the slip effects for heat and mass transfer analysis are associated to its significance in the petroleum sciences, extrusion processes, oil recovery and plasma physics. The nonlinear thermal radiation effects and chemical reaction consequences have been attributed. In contrast to traditional investigations, the thermal conductivity of nanofluid have been assumed to be temperature dependent. Following the assumptions of dimensionless variables, a system of nonlinear differential equations is obtained. The shooting technique is employed for computing the numerical simulations. The accuracy of solution is ensured. The physical assessment of problem is incorporated in view of involved parameter. It has been claimed that interaction of slip effects enhances the heat and mass transfer effects. Change in microbes density slip parameter leads to improvement in the microorganisms profile. Moreover, local Nusselt number and Sherwood number reduces for slip parameters. Current results present significance in heat transfer systems, thermal engineering, chemical engineering, fertilizers, biofuels etc.

Exploring the influence of morphology on magnetized Ree–Eyring tri‐hybrid nanofluid flow between orthogonally moving coaxial disks using artificial neural networks with Levenberg–Marquardt scheme

AbstractThe present study presents an analysis of Ree–Eyring tri‐hybrid nanofluid flow between two expanding/contracting disks with permeable walls by applying the computing power of Levenberg–Marquardt supervised neural networks (LM‐SNNs). The effects of thermal radiation, Brownian motion, and thermophoresis were also thoroughly examined. The results are presented for tri‐hybrid nanofluid with SWCNT and MWCNT and Fe2O3 and H2O base fluid. The coupled non‐linear PDE system is transformed into a system of ODE associated with convective boundary conditions by applying the appropriate transformations. This is then accomplished numerically by using the finite difference‐based BVP‐4c MATLAB code that implements the three‐stage Lobatto IIIA formula. The results are novel and have been validated with LM‐SNNs outcomes. It has been observed that both numerical outcomes and LM‐SNNs produce equivalent results, and both approaches exhibit a drop in the velocity profile for the magnetic field near the lower plate and a rise near the upper plate. The skin friction against the Prandtl number increases, whereas the Nusselt number decreases at the upper disc. Compared to BVP‐4c numerical approaches, the given LM‐SNNs model is more dependable, efficient, and time‐saving because it requires less work and produces results quickly.

Effect of Thermal Radiation on Fractional MHD Casson Flow with the Help of Fractional Operator

This study examines the effects of Newtonian heating along with heat generation, and thermal radiation on magnetohydrodynamic Casson fluid over a vertical plate. At the boundary, the Newtonian heating phenomena has been employed. The problem is split into two sections for this reason: momentum equation and energy equations. To transform the equations of the given model into dimensionless equations, some particular dimensionless parameters are defined. In this article, generalized Fourier’s law and the recently proposed Caputo Fabrizio fractional operator are applied. The corresponding results of non-dimensional velocity and heat equations can be identified through the application of Laplace transform. Moreover, Tzou’s algorithm as well as Stehfest’s algorithm is implemented to recognize the inverted Laplace transform of heat and momentum equations. Finally, a graphical sketch is created using Mathcad 15 software to demonstrate the results of numerous physical characteristics. It has been reported that the heat and velocity drop with rising Prandtl number values, whereas the fluid’s velocity has been seen to rise with increasing Grashof number values. Additionally, current research has shown that flow velocity and temperature increase with rising values of a fractional parameter.

Unveiling the Triple Diffusion Bioconvective Applications for Couple Stress Nanofluid Due To an Oscillating Regime with Variable Thermal Features

Thermal engineering and industrial processes see various multidisciplinary applications due to the enhanced thermal performances of nanomaterials. The nanomaterials preserve a profound breakthrough in enhancing the heat transfer phenomenon. The objective of the current investigation is to address the thermal applications of couples-stress nanofluid in the presence of triple diffusion effects. The analysis is subject to the bioconvective significance of the suspension of microbes. The viscosity and thermal conductivity of a couple stress fluids are assumed to be variable. Moreover, we endorse linear thermal radiation effects and approach the problem with an effective Prandtl number. The source of flow is an oscillatory, porous stretching surface. Based on suggested flow assumptions, the model is represented via nonlinear couple partial differential equations (PDEs). We employ the homotopy analysis scheme to forecast the analytical simulations. The physical outcomes for the involved parameters are observed for the modeled problem. Various aspects based on the deduced results are claimed. Based on the performed analysis, it is observed that the magnitude of skin friction decreases due to variations in the couple-stress fluid parameter. The heat increases with the modified Dufour number and variable thermal conductivity coefficient. Furthermore, an increasing behavior of nanoparticle solutal concentration has been observed due to the Dufour-Lewis number.

Electromagnetic mixed convective flow of dusty hyperbolic tangent hybrid nanofluid over a stretching surface: A quadratic regression analysis using RSM

This article investigates the flow dynamics of electrically conducting dusty hyperbolic tangent fluid over a stretching sheet with thermal radiation and heat source effects. Moreover, the suspension of Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and Tantalum nanoparticles in engine oil as base fluid at 300 K is considered. The flow and thermal dynamics are analysed using Xue and Hamilton Crosser's thermal conductivity models. Moreover, using various ranges, the effect of the Richardson number on forced, mixed and natural convection is examined. The governing partial differential equations of the flow model are converted into ordinary differential equations and then solved numerically using the boundary value problem solver BVP4C along with the shooting technique in MATLAB. The Xue model enhances the heat transfer rate by 3.55% compared to the Hamilton Crosser model ϕ1 = 0.03, ϕ2 = 0.01, R = 0.1, Q = 0.6, βt = 0.2, βv = 0.07. A moderate adjustment to the Richardson number can reduce skin friction by 0.889% in the case of forced convection. The absence of dust particles enhances the thermal and momentum boundary layer thickness. Tantalum nanoparticles outperform Al2O3 in terms of temperature and velocity. It is possible to regulate the temperature and velocity of the backflow by changing the heat source parameter and the nanoparticle volume percentage. The maximum achievable heat transfer rate in the fourth experimental run is 0.2609 when R = 2.5 and Q = 1.5 as determined by the quadratic regression analysis.

Simulation study on the oxidation performance of low-concentration methane preheating direct current catalytic oxidation plant considering thermal radiation

In this study, the process of catalytic oxidation of methane considering radiative heat transfer was simulated using FLUENT computational software to study the effect of thermal radiation on the oxidation performance of the simulated device, and to investigate the extent to which radiative heat transfer affects the oxidation performance of the device under different operating conditions. The results show that the extent to which thermal radiation affects the oxidative performance of the equipment increases with increasing inlet temperature. When the intake temperature reaches 900K, its proportion is close to 45 %. At the same time, as the inlet gas temperature increases, the maximum reaction temperature of the oxidation unit is 1154 K, and the methane conversion rate reaches up to 89 %. The main factor affecting the oxidation performance of the unit at this time is radiation heat transfer. The extent to which thermal radiation affects the oxidative performance of the device diminishes with increasing inlet velocity. When the wind speed reaches 2 m/s, the proportion of radiative heat transfer is only 10 %, the maximum reaction temperature of the plant falls to 993 K, and the methane conversion rate drops to 68 %. At this time, the main factor affecting the oxidation performance of the plant is convective heat transfer. The influence of thermal radiation on oxidation performance gradually diminishes with an increase in intake velocity, and the proportion of radiative heat transfer decreases continuously. At methane concentrations above 1 %, the proportion of radiative heat transfer is less than 25 per cent, the maximum reaction temperature of the unit increases to 1087 K, and the methane conversion rises to 88 %. At this point, the main factor affecting the oxidation performance of the plant is convective heat transfer.

Effects of Thermal Radiation on the Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Rotating Nanofluid Flow Passing Through an Oscillating Vertical Plate with Variable Temperature

Effects of Thermal Radiation on the Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Rotating Nanofluid Flow Passing Through an Oscillating Vertical Plate with Variable Temperature