Effects Of Swimming Exercise Research Articles

Effects of Swimming Exercise and Protein Intake on Growth Factors and Stress Hormones in Mice

Effects of Swimming Exercise and Protein Intake on Growth Factors and Stress Hormones in Mice

Effect of Swimming Exercise on Levels of Blood Glucose, Adiponectin, Glucose-6-Phosphatase and Lipid Profile in Diabetic Wistar Rats

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition that causes persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin action or secretion. Regular physical exercise has been reported to improve glycemia and lipid profile in diabetes. However, literature is scare on the effects of swimming exercise on the serum levels of adiponectin and glucose 6 phosphatase in Wister rats with diabetes This study therefore, investigated the effects of swimming exercise on adiponectin, glucose 6-phosphatase and lipid profile in male Wistar rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. This study was carried out on 25 male Wistar rats grouped into five groups (n=5/group): group 1=control, group 2=diabetes, group 3=diabetes treated with metformin, group 4=non-diabetes and swimming exercise, group 5=diabetes and swimming exercise. Animals in groups 2, 3, and 5 were induced with Streptozotocin (STZ) 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally. After 72 hours of diabetes induction, animals with a blood glucose level of ≥ 200 mg/dl were confirmed diabetics and used for the study. Group 3 animals were treated with metformin 200mg/kg giving orally for 28 days. Animals in groups 4 and 5 were subjected to swimming exercises for 5-10 minutes during the first week until they could swim freely for 30 minutes. The animals were then allowed to swim 5 days per week for 28 days. Swimming exercise for 28 days significantly reduced blood glucose, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Ppase), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Total cholesterol (TC), and Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels but caused significant increase in adiponectin and High-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in diabetic rats compared with untreated diabetic rats. There was a significant decrease in triglyceride (TG) of diabetic animals caused by swimming for 28 days. This study demonstrated that swimming exercise for 28 days may help lower glucose level and improve insulin sensitivity by increasing adiponectin level and decreasing G6Pase activity in diabetic rats. Also, swimming exercise may help improve lipid profile in diabetic rats.

Effects of swimming exercise on neuropathic pain in a rat model: role of glutamate

ABSTRACT Objective The pain-reducing effects of the exercise were exerted through different mechanisms. Knowing more clear mechanisms helps to find more approach that is therapeutic. The objective of the present study is the evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glutamate level alteration in neuropathic pain rats and whether physical activity could modulate it. Methods In the present study 104 male Wistar rats weighing 180–220 g were randomly divided into 4 groups (Sham, Sham + Exe, Neuropathy, and Neuropathy + Exe) which in turn each group subdivided into 4 groups according to time points for behavioral testing and CSF sampling (Baseline, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks). To induction of neuropathy (by chronic constriction injury,), after anesthetizing with a mixture of ketamine (80 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg), the animal’s right sciatic nerve was exposed and was ligated using four movable catgut chromic suture 4/0. The exercise protocol included 25 min of daily swimming, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical tactile threshold were detected using the plantar test and Von Frey filaments, respectively. CSF glutamate level was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results Findings indicated that mechanical and thermal thresholds significantly (p < 0.01, p < 0.05 respectively) decreased in the neuropathy group against that in sham groups. On the other hand, exercise significantly increased mechanical tactile threshold (p < 0.0012) and thermal threshold (p < 0.05) compared to the neuropathy group. Moreover, CSF glutamate level prominently (p < 0.01) was increased in the neuropathy group compared to the sham group, and swimming exercise significantly (p < 0.001) reduced it. In conclusion The present findings provide new evidence showing that medium-intensity swimming exercise attenuates pain-like behaviors in neuropathic pain animals, which is possibly due to decreasing CSF glutamate level and its neurotransmission.

Effects of swimming exercise during pre-adolescence on learning and memory in adult rats: behavioral and electrophysiological approaches

Effects of swimming exercise during pre-adolescence on learning and memory in adult rats: behavioral and electrophysiological approaches

Effect of Swimming Exercise on Respiratory Muscle Strength and Respiratory Functions in Children with Autism

Effect of Swimming Exercise on Respiratory Muscle Strength and Respiratory Functions in Children with Autism

The effects of swimming exercise and detraining on hemorheological parameters and oxidative stress in rats with metabolic syndrome

BackgroundModerate-intensity aerobic exercise training with high frequency is recommended in metabolic syndrome (MetS). We aimed to investigate the effects of swimming and subsequent detraining on hemorheology and oxidative stress in MetS. Material and methodsA total of 80 rats were used. MetS was induced by a 4mg/g monosodium glutamate (MSG) injection to rats on days 0–10, every other day. Swimming exercise training was applied 30minutes, 3 days/week, with a 5% body weight load, for 18 weeks. Detraining was applied for 8 weeks. Erythrocyte deformability was measured with an ektacytometer, whole blood viscosity (WBV) by a cone-plate viscometer, total oxidant-antioxidant capacity (TOS-TAS) were measured by commercial kits. ResultsExercise resulted in an increment of HDL in rats with MetS, which was not reversed by detraining. Swimming decreased HOMA-IR score in MetS. Detraining caused an increase in WBV in healthy rats. The exercise applied resulted in an increase in TAS in both healthy and MetS rats. ConclusionWe suggest that swimming may be beneficial in MetS and may contribute positively to the prevention of the development of possible complications by increasing TAS. Since some of the gains of exercise training are reversed by detraining, lifetime exercise training may be recommended.

Swimming exercise reduces oxidative stress and liver damage indices of male rats exposed to electromagnetic radiation

ObjectivesHepatic damage caused by oxidative stress is one of the problems associated with the emission of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). In this study, the effects of swimming exercise (SE) on oxidative stress and liver cell damage caused by EMR emission in rats were investigated. MethodsThirty-two rats (8 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups, including control (C), EMR, SE, and EMR + SE. During four weeks, the animals engaged in SE (30 min/session, 5session/week) and were also exposed to EMR (4 h/day, seven days/week) emission from a Wi-Fi 2.45GHZ router. The liver and blood samples were collected at 48 h after completing four weeks of SE to assess histopathological damage, oxidative stress, and liver enzymes. Key findingsTissue sections showed severe liver damage in the EMR group compared to the C group, while the SE attenuated the liver damage. In the EMR group, compared to the C, SE and EMR + SE groups, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) decreased significantly, and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP) increased significantly (P < 0.05). Swimming exercise in the SE and EMR + SE groups compared to EMR led to a significant increase in the activity of SOD and CAT and a significant decrease in the concentration of MDA and liver enzymes (P < 0.05). ConclusionThe study findings showed that the SE is beneficial in attenuating the harmful effects of RF-EMR emitted from the Wi-Fi on the liver.

Comparison of the 25 Meter Freestyle Swimming Exercise Method with Swimming Board Aids and Friends Assistance for Extracurricular Students of Nurul Huda Integrated Islamic Elementary School in 2020

This research was based on the observations and experiences of researchers, which most children have dared to come in the water but in doing the correct movement for the freestyle, they still need direction. Therefore, the sports physical Education and health (PJOK) coach or teacher played an important role in directing good and correct swimming lessons. In this study, there were two ways to learn freestyle swimming they were using a float (swimming board) and with the help of friends so that the implementation of freestyle swimming can be achieved. The problems of this researcher are (1) How much was the effect of the exercise method using the swimming board on the 25 meter freestyle swimming technique? (2) How much influence did the training method with the help of a friend have on the 25 meter freestyle swimming technique? (3) Which was better the training method using a swimming board or a friend's help for the 25 meter freestyle swimming technique? This research was a type of quasi-experimental research (quay experiment) with a quantitative approach. Experimental research was a research conducted strictly to determine the causal relationship between the variables. The conclusions of this study are: (1) In this study, there was an effect of exercise using a swimming board in a 25 meter freestyle swimming speed. From the initial test/pretest the fastest time was 01.29, while the final test/posttest got the fastest time of 01.11. Based on the research problem formulation and research results, there were significant differences in freestyle swimming using a swimming board and the help of friends. It was proven from the results using the SPSS calculation where the significance of the swimming board was 0.017 &lt; 0.05, so there was a difference between the pretest and the posttest which the sig was less than 0.05. (2) The effect of swimming exercise with the help of a friend in a swimming speed of 25 meters. From the initial test/pretest the fastest time was 01.31, while the final test/posttest got the fastest time of 01.27. Then from the results of the freestyle swimming research using the help of friends, the results were 0.084&gt; 0.05, so there was no significant difference from the results of the pretest and posttest using the help of friends. (3) So, it could be the concluded that there was a significant difference between using a swimming board and using a friend's help. In this study, the method of using the swimming board was better than the 25 meter freestyle swimming. It was proven from the results using the SPSS calculation where the significance of the swimming board was 0.017 &lt; 0.05, so there was a difference between the pretest and posttest which at sig was less than 0.05. , then there was no significant difference between the results of the pretest and posttest using the help of friends. Based on the conclusions of this study: (1) For swimming students, they can use and run an exercise program with methods, either using assistive devices or not using assistive devices to increase the speed of the 25 meter freestyle swimming correctly. (2) For swimming coaches, in order to be able to innovate more in developing training methods, either using assistive devices or not to get the best results. Keywords: [Freestyle swimming, swimming board, friend's help]

Long Non-coding RNA and mRNA Expression Change in Spinal Dorsal Horn After Exercise in Neuropathic Pain Rats.

Exercise can help inhibition of neuropathic pain (NP), but the related mechanism remains being explored. In this research, we performed the effect of swimming exercise on the chronic constriction injury (CCI) rats. Compared with CCI group, the mechanical withdrawal threshold of rats in the CCI-Swim group significantly increased on the 21st and 28th day after CCI surgery. Second-generation RNA-sequencing technology was employed to investigate the transcriptomes of spinal dorsal horns in the Sham, CCI, and CCI-Swim groups. On the 28th day post-operation, 306 intersecting long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and 173 intersecting mRNAs were observed between the CCI vs Sham group and CCI-Swim vs CCI groups. Then, the biological functions of lncRNAs and mRNAs in the spinal dorsal horn of CCI rats were then analyzed. Taking the results together, this study could provide a novel perspective for the treatment for NP.

Effect of swimming exercise, insulin-associated or not, on inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis, and collagen in diabetic rat placentas.

Physical exercise is an important therapeutic agent for women with diabetes during gestation. However, its histophysiological consequences for the placenta remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the expression of VEGF-A, IL1ß, TNFα, and type I collagen in the placentas of diabetic rats subjected to a swimming program. Thirty rats were divided into the following groups: CG, pregnant nondiabetic rats; CEG, nondiabetic pregnant rats subjected to swimming; DG, pregnant diabetic rats; DEG, pregnant diabetic rats subjected to swimming; DIG, pregnant diabetic rats treated with insulin; DIEG, pregnant diabetic rats treated with insulin and subjected to swimming. Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin [50mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.)], and insulin was administered at a dose of 5U/day i.p. (2U at 10am and 3U at 7pm) in the DIG group; in the DIEG group, insulin was administered at a dose of only 2U/day at 7pm. The rats were sacrificed on the 20th day of gestation. There was an increase in the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, VEGF-A, and type I collagen and a higher apoptotic index in the placentas of the DG and DEG groups, but there was a reduction in glycemia in the latter group. In the DIG and DIEG groups, the levels remained similar to those of the control; however, in these groups the reduction was more significant for all analyzed parameters. Therefore, in rats induced to diabetes during pregnancy, swimming, although reducing glycemic levels, did not prevent immunohistochemical changes in the placenta, suggesting the need for a multidisciplinary protocol associated with traditional pharmacological treatment.

The effect of swimming exercise on thyroid function, spatial memory and anxiety in normal and propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism in Wistar rats

The effect of swimming exercise on thyroid function, spatial memory and anxiety in normal and propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism in Wistar rats

Effect of swimming exercise on spatial learning and memory, and voluntary morphine consumption in maternally separated rats in adulthood

Effect of swimming exercise on spatial learning and memory, and voluntary morphine consumption in maternally separated rats in adulthood

The effect of swimming exercise on inflammation in ovariectomized mice with non-alcoholic fatty liver

The effect of swimming exercise on inflammation in ovariectomized mice with non-alcoholic fatty liver

Effects of swimming exercise on social isolation-induced memory impairment and apoptosis in old rats.

Effect of swimming exercise on serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) expression and apoptosis in social isolation rats during old age was investigated. Rats in the old social isolation groups were housed alone per cage for 4 weeks. Rats in the swimming exercise groups were allowed to swim for 30 min once daily for 4 weeks. Morris water maze task determined spatial working memory and elevated plus maze test determined anxiety. Immunohistochemistry for tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and 5-HT in the dorsal raphe and for doublecortin (DCX) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus was conducted. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining in the hippocampal dentate gyrus was performed. Western blot analysis for Bax, Bcl-2, and cytochrome c in the hippocampus was conducted. Social isolation in rats of old age reduced spatial working memory and increased anxiety level. Swimming exercise enhanced spatial working memory and suppressed anxiety level. Social isolation in rats of old age inhibited TPH and 5-HT expression in dorsal rape. Swimming exercise increased TPH and 5-HT expression. Social isolation in rats of old age inhibited DCX-positive cells in the hippocampal dente gyrus. Swimming exercise increased DCX-positive cells. Social isolation in rats of old age increased TUNEL-positive cells, Bax and cytochrome c expression, and decreased Bcl-2 expression, which promoted apoptosis. Swimming exercise suppressed TUNEL-positive cells, Bax and cytochrome c expression, and increased Bcl-2 expression, which inhibited apoptosis. Swimming exercise improved 5-HT expression and suppressed apoptosis to alleviate anxiety and memory impairment during old age.

The effect of swimming exercise and diet on the hypothalamic inflammation of ApoE-/- mice based on SIRT1-NF-κB-GnRH expression.

A high-fat diet and sedentary lifestyle could accelerate aging and hypothalamic inflammation. In order to explore the regulatory mechanisms of lifestyle in the hypothalamus, swimming exercise and diet control were applied in the high-fat diet ApoE-/- mice in our study. 20-week-old ApoE-/- mice fed with 12-week high-fat diet were treated by high-fat diet, diet control and swimming exercise. The results showed that hypothalamic inflammation, glial cells activation and cognition decline were induced by high-fat diet. Compared with the diet control, hypothalamic inflammation, glial cells activation and learning and memory impairment were effectively alleviated by swimming exercise plus diet control, which was related to the increasing expression of SIRT1, inhibiting the expression of NF-κB and raising secretion of GnRH in the hypothalamus. These findings supported the hypothesis that hypothalamic inflammation was susceptible to exercise and diet, which was strongly associated with SIRT1-NF-κB-GnRH expression in the hypothalamus.

The effects of swimming exercise and dissolved oxygen on growth performance, fin condition and survival of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Swimming exercise and dissolved oxygen (DO) are important parameters to consider when operating intensive salmonid aquaculture facilities. While previous research has focused on each of these two variables in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, studies examining both variables in combination, and their potential interaction, are absent from the scientific literature. Both swimming exercise (usually measured in body lengths per second, or BL/s) and DO can be readily controlled in modern aquaculture systems; therefore, we sought to evaluate the effects of these variables, separately and combined, on several outcomes in rainbow trout including growth performance, fin health and survival. Rainbow trout fry (18 g) were stocked into 12 circular 0.5 m³ tanks, provided with either high (1.5–2 BL/s) or low (approximately 0.5 BL/s) swimming exercise and high (100% saturation) or low (70% saturation) DO, and grown to approximately 1 kg. By the conclusion of the study, higher DO was independently associated with significantly (p < .05) increased growth performance. Significant differences were not noted in other outcomes, namely feed conversion, condition factor and mortality, although caudal and right pectoral fin damage was associated with low oxygen and low swimming exercise treatments respectively. Cardiosomatic index was significantly higher among exercised fish. These results suggest that swimming exercise and DO at saturation during the culture of rainbow trout can be beneficial to producers through improved growth performance and cardiac health.

The effect of swimming exercise on age-dependent electrophysiological changes in female rat myocardium

The effects of swimming exercise on age-associated electrical changes in female rat hearts were investigated. Four- and 24-month-old Wistar female rats were divided into three groups as follows: sedentary young, sedentary old and exercise old. Swimming exercise was performed for 8 weeks (60 min/day, 5 days/week). All recordings were taken from freshly isolated left ventricular myocytes of rat heart. Aging caused a significant increase in the size of myocytes; swimming exercise did not affect this change. The repolarization period of the action potential was prolonged in aged myocytes, but exercise training had no effect on this prolongation. Exercise suppressed the transient outward potassium currents, while the inactivation and reactivation kinetics did not change between the groups. Moreover, aging caused suppression in the inward rectifier potassium currents, and exercise increased this suppression. Consequently, changes in the action potential and potassium currents may contribute to the impaired cardiac function in the elderly female myocardium, and swimming exercise is not an effective strategy in reversing these electrical changes.

Effect of Swimming Exercise on Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Effect of Swimming Exercise on Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

수영운동이 비만이 유도된 쥐의 심장근 내 염증반응 및 FNDC5 발현에 미치는 영향

수영운동이 비만이 유도된 쥐의 심장근 내 염증반응 및 FNDC5 발현에 미치는 영향

PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF SWIMMING EXERCISE ON ACRYLAMIDE INDUCED DIAPHRAGMATIC MYOPATHY IN MALE ALBINO RATS

Background: Acrylamide (ACR) naturally forms during high-temperature cooking of food. Many studies concluded that ACR has neurological, reproductive toxicities, and can produce carcinogenesis. However, the toxic effect of acrylamide on diaphragmatic muscle is not fully investigated. Objective: To evaluate the effect of acrylamide on diaphragmatic muscle and the effect of swimming exercise on diaphragmatic muscle after exposure to acrylamide. Materials and methods: Thirty white male albino rats classified into three groups, control, acrylamide, and (swimming & acrylamide) groups. Muscle enzymes were assayed. The diaphragm was weighed, and diaphragmatic muscle contractions were recorded and assessed histologically. Results: Acrylamide group significantly increased Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and LDH insignificantly while Troponin I and T decreased. Acrylamide increased Malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased Superoxide dismutase (SOD). Swimming exercise with acrylamide increased LDH, SOD, decreased Troponin I and T and MDA. Acrylamide increased diaphragmatic muscle weight and decreased muscle contraction immediately and after 30 minutes of activity, swimming exercise returned the weight of the muscle near to normal and increased contractions. Histologically, acrylamide group showed degeneration, splitting, fatty and cellular infiltration, dilatation and hemorrhage of the blood vessel, reduction of glycogen and decrease expression of desmin. Swimming exercise improved the histological architecture of the diaphragmatic muscle, increased glycogen content and the expression of desmin. Conclusion: Acrylamide induced muscle myopathy by oxidative stress, muscle dystrophy, reduction of glycogen content and decreased desmin expression with reduction of diaphragmatic muscle contraction. Swimming exercise ameliorated the effect of acrylamide on diaphragmatic muscle by reversing the previous undesired effects of acrylamide.