Effects Of Swimming Exercise Research Articles

Effects of swimming exercise on the extinction of fear memory in rats.

We investigated the relation between swimming exercise and fear memory extinction. Rats that performed regular swimming exercise over 6 wk underwent fear conditioning. Twenty-eight days later, they were submitted to extinction tests. Swimming rats had enhanced extinction process throughout the 5 days of the extinction test compared with sedentary rats. This suggests that the swimming exercise accelerated the process of aversive memory extinction, reducing the expression of conditioned fear behavior. These results encourage further studies addressing the anxiolytic effects of exercise, with potential implications for anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have shown that rats that performed regular swimming exercise over 6 wk had enhanced extinction process compared with sedentary animals. The swimming exercise may accelerate the process of aversive memory extinction, reducing the expression of conditioned fear behavior.

The effect of swimming exercise on the expression of CYP17A1 and CYP19A1 genes in ovary tissue of healthy Wistar rats

The effect of swimming exercise on the expression of CYP17A1 and CYP19A1 genes in ovary tissue of healthy Wistar rats

Effect of swimming exercise on premenstrual syndrome.

To study the effectiveness of performing swimming on the severity of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). A randomized controlled trial that was conducted on 70 women diagnosed with PMS divided randomly into two equal groups: Group I included women who engaged into exercise and group II controls. Daily Symptoms Report was filled at the start and at end of the study. At the posttreatment evaluation, there was a highly significant difference between the study and control groups regarding anxiety (0 vs. 5), depression (3 vs. 12), tension (3 vs. 12), mood changes (0 vs. 7), feeling out of control (0 vs. 7), weak coordination (0 vs. 10), confusion (2 vs. 9), headache (3 vs. 15), tiredness (4 vs. 12), pains (5 vs. 11), tenderness of the breast (2 vs. 8), and cramps (6 vs. 17) (P<0.001), but no such difference was found regarding irritability, insomnia, crying, swelling, or food craving. Regarding the percentage of symptoms changes, there was a highly significant difference between the study and control groups regarding anxiety (-33.3 vs. 0), depression (-79.29 vs. 15.56), tension (-81.18 vs. -6.79), mood changes (-33.33 vs. 0), feeling out of control (-91.67 vs. 0), weak coordination (-100 vs. -9.55), sleeplessness (-71.43 vs. 0), confusion (-84.17 vs. -9.55), headache (-77.78 vs. -6.94), fatigue (-65.69 vs. 0), pains (-65.83 vs. -8.93), breast tenderness (-87.87 vs. 4.55), cramps (-60.77 vs. 4.55), and swellings (-55.05 vs. -8.33), but no such difference was found regarding irritability, crying, or food craving. There is beneficial effect of swimming on most of the physical and psychological symptoms of PMS. NCT03264612.

The effects of swimming exercise and dissolved oxygen on growth performance, fin condition and precocious maturation of early‐rearing Atlantic salmonSalmo salar

Swimming exercise, typically measured in body-lengths per second (BL/s), and dissolved oxygen (DO), are important environmental variables in fish culture. While there is an obvious physiological association between these two parameters, their interaction has not been adequately studied in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Because exercise and DO are variables that can be easily manipulated in modern aquaculture systems, we sought to assess the impact of these parameters, alone and in combination, on the performance, health and welfare of juvenile Atlantic salmon. In our study, Atlantic salmon fry were stocked into 12 circular 0.5 m3 tanks in a flow-through system and exposed to either high (1.5–2 BL/s) or low (<0.5 BL/s) swimming speeding and high (100% saturation) or low (70% saturation) DO while being raised from 10 g to approximately 350 g in weight. Throughout the study period, we assessed the impacts of exercise and DO concentration on growth, feed conversion, survival and fin condition. By study's end, both increased swimming speed and higher DO were independently associated with a statistically significant increase in growth performance (p < .05); however, no significant differences were noted in survival and feed conversion. Caudal fin damage was associated with low DO, while right pectoral fin damage was associated with higher swimming speed. Finally, precocious male sexual maturation was associated with low swimming speed. These results suggest that providing exercise and dissolved oxygen at saturation during Atlantic salmon early rearing can result in improved growth performance and a lower incidence of precocious parr.

관상동맥질환 환자에게 실시한 수영운동과 걷기운동이 혈류매개 확장반응과 혈관내피전구세포 발현에 미치는 영향

The aim of this study is to effects of swimming exercise and walking exercise for 10 weeks in patients with a coronary-artery disease on their flow mediated dilation (FMD) and the expression level of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). A patient group of 18 subjects were recruited, a walking exercise was carried out (n =10), and a swimming exercise was carried out (n = 8). The two exercises are types of the same aerobic exercise preferred by a lot of patients, but there are very insufficient grounds for scientific studies of swimming exercise as compared to those of the walking exercise. For measurement, this study measured their body composition, FMD and EPCs. As a result of this study, it turned out that there were no statistically significant changes in the expression level of EPCs and FMD in the patients with a coronary-artery disease, who carried out the swimming exercise than in those who carried out the walking exercise, but there was an effect between the times after carrying out the two exercises. In this result, since the swimming exercise and the walking exercise are the same aerobic exercises, there were no statistically significant differences, but both exercises had positive effects, so the importance of the exercises was confirmed.

The effect of swimming exercise on adenine-induced kidney disease in rats, and the influence of curcumin or lisinopril thereon

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been reported to benefit from different types of exercises. It has also been shown that the ACE inhibitor lisinopril, and the natural product curcumin are also beneficial in different models of CKD in rats. We assessed the influence of moderate swimming exercise (SE) on rats with adenine-induced CKD, and tested the possible effects of lisinopril and/or curcumin thereon using several physiological, biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical parameters. Rats (either sedentary or subjected to SE) were randomly divided into several groups, and given for five weeks either normal food or food mixed with adenine (0.25% w/w) to induce CKD. Some of these groups were also concomitantly treated orally with curcumin (75 mg/kg), or lisinopril (10 mg/kg) and were subjected to moderate SE (45 min/day three days each week). Rats fed adenine showed the typical biochemical, histopathological signs of CKD such as elevations in blood pressure, urinary albumin / creatinine ratio, and plasma urea, creatinine, indoxyl sulfate and phosphorus. SE, curcumin or lisinopril, given singly, significantly ameliorated all the adenine-induced actions. Administering curcumin or lisinopril with SE improved the histopathology of the kidneys, a salutary effect not seen with SE alone. Combining SE to the nephroprotective agents’ curcumin or lisinopril might offer additional nephroprotection.

Effects of swimming exercise on nerve regeneration in a rat sciatic nerve transection model.

Background: Swimming is commonly considered to be an efficient rehabilitation exercise to treat peripheral nerve injury. However, the most effective resistance level and exercise duration is still unclear. We investigated the effects and mechanisms of swimming at various exertion levels in a rat sciatic nerve transection model.Methods: Sciatic nerve transection rats were randomized into the following four groups based on swimming duration (from the 7th day to the 28th day post-surgery): sedentary control group (SC), S10 group (10 min/3 times/week), S20 group (20 min/3 times/week), and S30 group (30 min/3 times/week) (n = 10 each). Axon regeneration, electrophysiological properties, muscular weights, macrophage infiltration, and nerve repair associated maker, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), were measured.Results: Dramatic higher successful percentages of nerve regeneration across the 10-mm gaps in swimming groups compared to the SC group. Total area of nerve regeneration significantly improved in the S10 group; however, electrophysiological properties, muscular weights, and macrophage infiltration in the regenerated nerves of rats did not differ significantly between the various exercise groups. CGRP expression was significantly increased in the spinal cord of rats in the S20 group.Conclusions: Our data indicated that CGRP-related axonal regeneration improved significantly with moderate swimming. These results should inspire new studies in physiotherapeutic practice for related human treatment.

Effects of Swimming Exercise and Nicotine Injection during Pregnancy on Spatial Memory Function and Synaptic Plasticity Neurotrophic Factor in the Hippocampus of Rat Pups

In the present study, we attempted to determine the effects of maternal swimming exercise and nicotine injection during pregnancy on spatial learning memory ability and synaptic plasticity neurotrophic factor in hippocampal in rat offspring. After confirming pregnancy, the pregnant rats were divided into four groups (n = 6 in each group): the control group (CG), the swimming group (EG), the nicotine-treated group (NCG), and the swimming and nicotine-treated group (NEG). The experimental animals received 1mg nicotine/㎏ maternal body weight/day during gestation and lactation (G&L). Beginning on the 7 day of pregnancy, the pregnant rats in the swimming group were forced to swim on a pool for 30 min at a mild-intensity, once a day until delivery. After all the pregnant rats had given birth, there were rat pups available for use in this study in each group (n = 12 in each group). Here in this study, we have shown that both synaptic-plasticity neurotrophic factor expression and PSD were suppressed in nicotine-treated rats, whereas swimming exercise alleviated the nicotine-induced suppression of both synaptic-plasticity neurotrophic factor expression and PSD in the hippocampus of rats. The results of the present study indicate that swimming exercise may facilitate recovery from the CNS complications associated with smoking by inducing enhanced the morphological development of synapses in the hippocampus via the augmentation of synaptic-plasticity neurotrophic factor expression in the hippocampus.

Effects of Swimming Exercise on Limbic and Motor Cortex Neurogenesis in the Kainate-Lesion Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common neurological disease and antiseizure medication is often inadequate for preventing apoptotic cell death. Aerobic swimming exercise (EX) augments neurogenesis in rats when initiated immediately in the postictal period. This study tests the hypothesis that aerobic exercise also augments neurogenesis over the long term. Male Wistar rats (age of 4 months) were subjected to chemical lesioning using KA and to an EX intervention consisting of a 30 d period of daily swimming for 15 min, in one experiment immediately after KA lesioning (immediate exposure) and in a second experiment after a 60 d period of normal activity (delayed exposure). Morphometric counting of neuron numbers (NN) and dendritic branch points and intersections (DDBPI) was performed in the CA1, CA3, and dentate regions of hippocampus, in basolateral nucleus of amygdala, and in several areas of motor cortex. EX increased NN and DDBPI in the normal control and the KA-lesioned rats in all four limbic and motor cortex areas studied, after both immediate and 60 d delayed exposures to exercise. These findings suggest that, after temporal lobe epileptic seizures in rats, swimming exercise may improve neural plasticity in areas of the brain involved with emotional regulation and motor coordination, even if the exercise treatment is delayed.

Effects of Swimming Exercise and Soybean Oil Administration on Blood Lipid and Endothelial Lesion in Rat

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of swimming exercise and soybean oil administration on blood lipid and endothelial lesion in rat. METHODS: Wistar rats (n=24, 180-220 g) were enrolled and allocated either to swimming exercise group (EXG, n=12) or control group (CON, n=12). Swimming exercise was performed for 60 minutes a day and 5 days a week over, 20 weeks. After swimming exercise, soybean oil was administrated through a tail vein with 1 mL per 100 mg/weight for 2 times/days with 12 hours intervals, for 8 days. Body mass, heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) were measured before exercise, after 20-week exercise and after 8-day soybean oil administration, and endothelial lesion based on the area was measured after 8 days soybean oil administration. RESULTS: Body mass and HR were significantly lower in EXG compared to those of CON after 20-week exercise (p<.05, respectively). However, there were no significant changes in HR and BP after 8-week soybean oil administration. After 20-week exercise, TC was significantly lower in EXG compared to that of CON (p<.05), but TC was significantly higher in both groups after 8-day soybean oil administration compared to at after 20 weeks exercise (p<.05). After 8 days soybean oil administration, TG was significantly lower in EXG compared to that of CON (p<.05). Endothelial lesion was observed in CON after 8-day soybean oil administration. Endothelial lesion based on the area was significantly lower at B and C of EXG compared to at CON after 8 days soybean oil administration (p<.05), and statistically significant difference in endothelial lesion according to the area was observed between C and D in CON (p<.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that positively effect on artery wall, and swimming exercise may inhibit arteriosclerosis. 색인어: 수영운동, ëŒ€ë‘ìœ , 지질성분, 내피병변 Keywords: Swimming exercise, Soybean, Blood lipid, Endothelial lesion

Effects of Swimming Exercise on Learning and Memory in the Kainate-Lesion Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.

An aerobic exercise (Ex) augments neurogenesis and may ameliorate learning and memory deficits in the rat Kainic Acid (KA) model of temporal lobe epilepsy in the short-term but whether it reverses learning and memory deficits after a substantial period of delay remains unclear. This study tests the hypothesis that aerobic Ex attenuates the learning and memory deficits associated with kainate seizures in the long-term. A total of 60 rats were subjected to chemical lesioning using KA and to an Ex intervention consisting of a 30 days period of daily swimming for 15 min, immediately after KA lesioning (immediate exposure) or after a 60 days period of normal activity (delayed exposure). We evaluated spatial learning on a T-maze test, expressed as percentage of correct responses. We evaluated memory on a passive-avoidance test, expressed as time spent in a compartment in which the rats were previously exposed to an aversive stimulus. Ex increases the percentage of correct responses, percentage bias, and number of alternations, associated with the T-maze testing for the normal control, sham-operated control and kainate-lesioned animals after both immediate and delayed exposures to Ex. Ex decreased the time exposed to the aversive stimulus in the smaller compartment of the two-compartment passive-avoidance test, also for the normal control, sham-operated control and kainate-lesioned animals after both immediate and delayed exposures to Ex. These findings suggest that, after temporal lobe epileptic seizures in rats, swimming exercise may attenuate the learning and memory deficits, even if the exercise treatment is delayed.

Effect of swimming exercise on three-dimensional trabecular bone microarchitecture in ovariectomized rats.

Swimming is generally considered ineffective for increasing bone mass in humans, at least compared with weight-bearing sports. However, swimming exercise has sometimes been shown to have a strong positive effect on bone mass in small animals. This study investigated the effects of swimming on bone mass, strength, and microarchitecture in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. OVX or sham operations were performed on 18-wk-old female Fisher 344 rats. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham sedentary (Sham-CON), sham swimming exercised (Sham-SWI), OVX sedentary (OVX-CON), and OVX swimming exercised (OVX-SWI). Rats in exercise groups performed swimming in a water bath for 60 min/day, 5 days/wk, for 12 wk. Bone mineral density (BMD) in right femurs was analyzed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Three-dimensional trabecular architecture at the distal femoral metaphysis was analyzed using microcomputed tomography (μCT). Geometrical properties of diaphyseal cortical bone were evaluated in the midfemoral region using μCT. The biomechanical properties of femurs were analyzed using three-point bending. Femoral BMD was significantly decreased following ovariectomy. This change was suppressed by swimming. Trabecular bone thickness, number, and connectivity were decreased by ovariectomy, whereas structure model index (i.e., ratio of rod-like to plate-like trabeculae) increased. These changes were also suppressed by swimming exercise. Femurs displayed greater cortical width and maximum load in SWI groups than in CON groups. Together, these results demonstrate that swimming exercise drastically alleviated both OVX-induced decreases in bone mass and mechanical strength and the deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture in rat models of osteoporosis.

The effect of swimming exercise and powdered-Salicornia herbacea L. ingestion on glucose metabolism in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Salicornia herbacea L. powder ingestion on carbohydrate metabolism in STZ-induced diabetic rats.MethodsTo achieve this objective, 35 Sprague-Dawley male rats were raised with feed mixed with Salicornia herbacia L. powder and given specific periods to swim for 5 weeks. There was no significant difference in the insulin increase rate while ingesting Salicornia herbacea L. powder and simultaneously exercising.ResultsCompared to the diabetes mellitus group, HOMA-IR was significantly decreased in the diabetes mellitus + exercise group, diabetes mellitus + Salicornia herbacea group, and the diabetes mellitus + Salicornia herbacea + exercise group. However, changes in blood glucose were significant in each group. Thus, for the result of GLUT-4 and GLUT-2, which are the glycose transporters of the liver and muscle, diabetes mellitus + exercise group, diabetes mellitus + Salicornia herbacea group, and diabetes mellitus + Salicornia herbacea + exercise group showed significantly higher expressions. The glycogen concentration of the liver and muscle was significantly increased in the diabetes mellitus + exercise group, diabetes mellitus + Salicornia herbacea group, and diabetes mellitus + Salicornia herbacea + exercise group.ConclusionWith the results above, it seems that taking Salicornia herbacea L. powder and exercise will help prevent various diabetic complications. Therefore, the findings of this study could justify Salicornia herbacea L. powder with its basal data of physiological activities and pharmacological components as a type of health functional food.

The effect of swimming exercise and powdered-Salicornia herbacea L. ingestion on glucose metabolism in STZ-induced diabetic rats

The effect of swimming exercise and powdered-Salicornia herbacea L. ingestion on glucose metabolism in STZ-induced diabetic rats

Effects of Swimming Exercise on GLUTs, MCTs, LDH, and Caspase-3 Expression of Skeletal Muscle in Diabetic Rats

Effects of Swimming Exercise on GLUTs, MCTs, LDH, and Caspase-3 Expression of Skeletal Muscle in Diabetic Rats

O10: Effect size of quantitative muscle imaging in Duchenne muscular dystrophy exceeds the effect size of clinical scores of muscle function

s of Oral Presentations / Clinical Neurophysiology 125, Supplement 1 (2014) S1–S339 S31 confirmed Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Physical assessment was performed using the motor function measurement (MFM) scale. Quantitative magnet resonance imaging (qMRI) of thigh muscles was performed using the two-point Dixon method. One year functional and imaging changes were different according to the age and walking abilities at inclusion (group 1: below the age of seven; group 2: seven years and older and ambulant; group 3: non-ambulant). While patients of the first group still showed improvement of motor abilities, in group 2 the largest effect size (1.2) was found in the D1 subscore (standing and transfer function) of the MFM, and in group 3 the largest effect size was found for the total MFM score (0.66). In contrast, the effect sizes using qMRI was much larger consisting of 1.6 in group 1 (all thigh muscles), 4.1 in group 2 (hamstrings), and 2.3 in group 3 (knee extensors). These data suggest that qMRI has an added value compared to clinical outcome measures when designing therapeutic clinical trials in patients with DMD. Power analysis suggest that there are only a few needed patients to show an effect of a putative novel treatment when using quantitive muscle MRI in DMD. O11 Estimation of the muscle fiber density from the motor unit action potential I. Goker1, T. Artug2, O. Osman2, B. Baslo3 1Istanbul Arel University, Biomedical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey; 2Istanbul Arel University, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey; 3Istanbul University, Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey Introduction: The aim of this study is the estimation of the muscle fiber density (FD) from the Motor Unit Action Potentials (MUAP) to form a method for monitoring the progress of neuromuscular diseases. Methods: Data groups representing motor units of neurogenic (n=5), myopathic (n=5) and healthy cases (n=5) were created via EMG Simulator v3.6. MUAPs generated from each data group have been detected through a concentric needle electrode of a scanning EMG system. The spikes of the single fiber action potentials within the MUAPs have been found by computing the second-order derivative of MUAPs to estimate the detected number of fibers. MUAPs from 20 different locations within a Motor Unit Territory (MUT) have been acquired. The fiber density (FD) has been computed by taking the average of these numbers of fibers. True FDs have been computed for each MUT. Mean Square Errors (MSE) have been computed for each data group to determine the sensitivity of the method. Results: The test statistics of the FDs (mean ± SD) have been found as 4.13±1.31 (Min: 2 and Max: 8), 2.37±0.98 (Min: 1 and Max: 5) and, 2.40±0.70 (Min: 1 and Max: 4) for neurogenic, myopathic and healthy cases respectively. Mean true fiber densities have been 5.66, 2.57 and 1.50 and MSE have been 4.02, 0.15 and, 0.86 for neurogenic, myopathic and healthy cases respectively. These MSE values have been suggested that this method is more selective for myopathic cases compared to neurogenic and healthy cases. Conclusion: Computation of FD via the second-order derivative of MUAPs can be considered as a beneficial preliminary research. Nevertheless, this method might be extended by taking into account other variables such as maximum amplitude to increase the sensitivity for neurogenic cases.

Moderate swimming exercise and caffeine supplementation reduce the levels of inflammatory cytokines without causing oxidative stress in tissues of middle-aged rats

The levels of circulatory inflammatory markers, including interleukin (IL) IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon (INF-γ), are known to increase associated to aging. Caffeine has been reported to produce many beneficial effects for health. Exercise is considered to be a safe medicine to attenuate inflammation and cellular senescence. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of a moderate-intensity swimming exercise (3 % of body weight, 20 min per day, 4 weeks) and sub-chronic supplementation with caffeine (30 mg/kg, 4 weeks) on the serum cytokine levels in middle-aged (18 months) Wistar rats. The effects of swimming exercise and caffeine on oxidative stress in muscle and liver of middle-aged rats were also investigated. The two-way ANOVA of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels demonstrated a significant exercise x caffeine interaction for IL-1β (F (1, 16) = 9.5772; p = 0.0069), IL-6 (F (1, 16) = 8.0463; p = 0.0119) and INF-γ (F (1, 16) = 15.078; p = 0.0013). The two-way ANOVA of TNF-α levels revealed a significant exercise × caffeine interaction (F (1, 16) = 9.6881; p = 0.00670). Swimming exercise and caffeine supplementation increased the ratio of reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione in the rat liver and gastrocnemius muscle. Hepatic and renal markers of damage were not modified. In conclusion, a moderate-intensity swimming exercise protocol and caffeine supplementation induced positive adaptations in modulating cytokine levels without causing oxidative stress in muscle and liver of middle-aged rats.

Effects of Swimming Exercise and Combined Exercise for 16 Weeks on Hearth-related Physical Fitness and physical self-concept of Elementary School Boys

Effects of Swimming Exercise and Combined Exercise for 16 Weeks on Hearth-related Physical Fitness and physical self-concept of Elementary School Boys

The effects of swimming exercise on recognition memory for objects and conditioned fear in rats

Experiments conducted in animals have repeatedly demonstrated the ability of exercise to enhance cognitive function. This study examines the effects of chronic swimming exercise on non-spatial memory in adult rats after 12 weeks of swimming exercise in object recognition and elevated T-maze tests. In the object recognition test, repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a group effect (F1,42 = 26,093; p < 0.001), control rats had lower discrimination ratios than the exercise group. However, the swimming exercise did not affect the performance of inhibitory avoidance and escapes, when memory was tested in elevated T-maze. Analysis of variance showed a significant reduction in inhibitory avoidance 24h after the first training (F1,42 = 14,552; p < 0.001). Results indicated that regular swimming exercise significantly increased non-spatial memory in object recognition behavior, but did not affect the performance of inhibitory avoidance and escape on elevated T-maze test in adult rats. These findings suggest that the perirhinal cortex plays a role in memory consolidation and storage in addition to that of the amygdala, which could be regarded as the center of a second memory system, separate from those governed by the perirhinal cortex.

비만여성에 수영운동이 체중과 체지방량, leptin, ghrelin, superoxide dismutase 및 malondialdehyde에 미치는 영향

비만여성에 수영운동이 체중과 체지방량, leptin, ghrelin, superoxide dismutase 및 malondialdehyde에 미치는 영향