Support Interaction Effect Research Articles

Protective effect of social support: A longitudinal application of Family Stress Model

Mothers’ economic hardship is found to be positively associated with maternal depressive symptoms and depressed mothers are more likely to experience more parenting stress. Research shows that social support might be particularly beneficial for these families, however there are competing views on whether protective factors need to demonstrate direct or moderating effects. Thus, we examined whether the association between income-to-needs and mothers’ parenting stress is mediated via economic pressure and maternal depressive symptoms. Then, we tested the potential protective effect of social support, one model with the main effects and another model with moderating effects. The sample included 3001 mothers from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Results demonstrated that the association between income-to-needs ratio and parenting stress was significantly and serially mediated by economic pressure and depressive symptoms. Further, the main effects of social support were significant, however none of the interaction effect of social support were significant. The results suggest that the social support has direct positive effects in decreasing maladaptive outcomes, but it did not buffer earlier experiences of risks. Given the important role social support plays in low-income families with mothers who might be depressed and highly stressed, it can be specifically targeted in prevention and intervention programs.

The interaction effect of high social support and resilience on functional connectivity using seed-based resting-state assessed by 7-Tesla ultra-high field MRI.

Recent resilience research has increasingly emphasized the importance of focusing on investigating the protective factors in mentally healthy populations, complementing the traditional focus on psychopathology. Social support has emerged as a crucial element within the complex interplay of individual and socio-environmental factors that shape resilience. However, the neural underpinnings of the relationship between social support and resilience, particularly in healthy subjects, remain largely unexplored. With advances in neuroimaging techniques, such as ultra-high field MRI at 7T and beyond, researchers can more effectively investigate the neural mechanisms underlying these factors. Thus, our study employed ultra-high field rs-fMRI to explore how social support moderates the relationship between psychological resilience and functional connectivity in a healthy cohort. We hypothesized that enhanced social support would amplify resilience-associated connectivity within neural circuits essential for emotional regulation, cognitive processing, and adaptive problem-solving, signifying a synergistic interaction where strong social networks bolster the neural underpinnings of resilience. (n = 30). Through seed-based functional connectivity analyses and interaction analysis, we aimed to uncover the neural correlates at the interplay of social support and resilience. Our findings indicate that perceived social support significantly (p<0.001) alters functional connectivity in the right and left FP, PCC, and left hippocampus, affirming the pivotal roles of these regions in the brain's resilience network. Moreover, we identified significant moderation effects of social support across various brain regions, each showing unique connectivity patterns. Specifically, the right FP demonstrated a significant interaction effect where high social support levels were linked to increased connectivity with regions involved in socio-cognitive processing, while low social support showed opposite effects. Similar patterns by social support levels were observed in the left FP, with connectivity changes in clusters associated with emotional regulation and cognitive functions. The PCC's connectivity was distinctly influenced by support levels, elucidating its role in emotional and social cognition. Interestingly, the connectivity of the left hippocampus was not significantly impacted by social support levels, indicating a unique pattern within this region. These insights highlight the importance of high social support levels in enhancing the neural foundations of resilience and fostering adaptive neurological responses to environmental challenges.

Sexual harassment, bullying, burnout and organisational support during the COVID-19 pandemic in Swedish medical faculty – a survey study

ABSTRACT This study investigated the prevalence of bullying and sexual harassment in Swedish medical faculty during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, associations between these factors and burnout were investigated as well as the buffering role of social support from colleagues and managers. The study demonstrated that women tended to report more frequent bullying. Moreover, respondents who were more frequently exposed to bullying and sexual harassment reported higher levels of burnout. Those perceiving higher levels of collegial and manager support reported less frequent bullying exposure. A significant interaction effect of manager support on the relationship between bullying and burnout was observed. The current study confirmed that manager support buffered the effect of bullying on employee burnout in cases when bullying was infrequent, while there was no evidence of the mitigating role of collegial support. Therefore, employers need to establish early preventive measures against bullying to protect employees from future burnout.

Research progress of metal oxide supports for fuel cells electrocatalysts

AbstractFuel cell technology, as a new way of energy conversion, is widely used in various fields. At present, the electrocatalyst, as one of the key components of the electrochemical reaction of fuel cells, still suffers from the problems of high cost, low activity and poor stability. Excellent fuel cell electrocatalysts must have excellent catalytic activity, anti‐poisoning ability, electrical conductivity and stability. Metal oxides with corrosion resistance, electrochemical stability and strong metal support interaction effects have been intensively studied. The influence of the synthesis method on the catalytic performance is also crucial. In this review, the importance of fuel cells and their catalysts is introduced. The characteristics of catalysts with three metal oxides, titanium dioxide, cerium dioxide and tungsten oxide, as supports, preparation methods and applications in different fuel cells are reviewed. The synthesis of metal oxide supported catalysts by impregnation, precipitation and hydrothermal methods is described. Finally, the research on metal oxide supported catalysts is prospected.

Occupational Stress and Quality of Life among Rescue Workers: Moderating Role of Social Support

Background: Rescue workers, including firefighters, paramedics, and emergency responders, often face high levels of stress due to the nature of their work. This stress can be attributed to exposure to traumatic events, long working hours, and the pressure to make critical decisions in emergencies. Social support plays a crucial role in mitigating the effects of occupational stress and hence helps in maintaining a good quality of life. Objective: The present study aims to investigate the relationship between occupational stress, social support, and quality of life among rescue workers and to determine the moderating role of social support in the relationship between occupational stress and quality of life among rescue workers. Method: A purposive sample of 170 young adults with an age range of 22-30 years (M = 31.7, SD = 5.05) were taken from different Rescue Stations in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Occupational Stress Inventory, Pro-Quality of Life Scale, and Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale were used to assess the sample. Pearson product-moment correlation and moderation through multiple hierarchical regression analyses were run to test the hypotheses. Results: Results showed a positive relationship between occupational stress, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress among rescue workers. Further, it is found that compassion satisfaction is positive, and burnout and secondary traumatic stress domains of quality of life are negatively related to social support. Moreover, occupational stress negatively predicted the burnout and secondary traumatic stress domains of quality of life indicating higher occupational stress linked with higher burnout and secondary traumatic stress. The results also showed a significant positive interaction effect of occupational stress and support from significant others in predicting secondary traumatic stress among rescue workers. Conclusion: The study will contribute to the field of emergency services in depth. The findings will help the rescue administration improve the quality of life of rescue workers.

Strong metal support interaction (SMSI) and MoO3 synergistic effect of Pt-based catalysts on the promotion of CO activity and sulfur resistance.

In industrial applications, Pt-based catalysts for CO oxidation have the dual challenges of CO self-poisoning and SO2 toxicity. This study used synthetic Keggin-type H3PMo12O40 (PMA) as the site of Pt, and the Pt-MoO3 produced by decomposition of PMA was anchored to TiO2 to construct the dual-interface structure of Pt-MoO3 and Pt-TiO2, abbreviated as Pt-P&M/TiO2. Pt-0.125P&M/TiO2 with a molar ratio of Pt to PMA of 8:1 showed both good CO oxidation activity and SO2 tolerance. In the CO activity test, the CO complete conversion temperature T100 of Pt-0.125P&M/TiO2 was 113 ℃ (compared with 135 ℃ for Pt/TiO2). In the SO2 resistance test, the conversion efficiency of Pt-0.125P&M/TiO2 at 170 ℃ remained at 60% after 72h, while that of Pt/TiO2 was only 13%. H2-TPR and XPS tests revealed that lattice oxygen provided by TiO2 and hydroxyl produced by MoO3 increased the CO reaction rate on Pt. According to the DFT theoretical calculation, the electronegative MoO3 attracted the d-orbital electrons of Pt, which reduced the adsorption energy of CO and SO2 from - 4.15eV and - 2.54eV to - 3.56eV and - 1.52eV, respectively, and further weakened the influence of strong CO adsorption and SO2 poisoning on the catalyst. This work explored the relationship between catalyst structure and catalyst performance and provided a feasible technical idea for the design of high-performance CO catalysts in industrial applications.

The impact of culture perception on kinship disconnection of Chinese youth: examining the chain mediating effect of kinship support, kinship burnout, and social media interaction

Kinship connections are an essential foundation of social relationships in China, yet in recent years there has been an increasing tendency toward kinship disconnection (Duanqin) among Chinese youth. In this study, based on online survey data of 555 Chinese individuals aged 18–35 years under a comprehensive explanatory framework of culturalism, functionalism, and behaviorism, regression and mediation analyses found that (1) cultural perception based on family-state values is the dominant factor influencing people’s tendency to disconnect. (2) Kinship support decreases people’s propensity to break off relatives, while kinship burnout increases people’s propensity to cut off relatives. Both act as functionalist factors in the chain that mediates the effect of cultural perception on the propensity to break kinship, and kinship burnout obscures the effect of kinship support and becomes a differentiating variable. (3) Both social media kin interaction size and kin group activity significantly reduce people’s propensity to disconnect. However, group activities are more significant in cultural perception’s mediating effect on disconnection propensity. It indicates that truly “active” social media connections are more important. The study attempts to propose a framework of “cultural perception + functional satisfaction and burnout + social media” to interpret Chinese youth kinship communication activity. On a practical level, more support for young people in social media interactions could slow or even reverse the trend of disconnection.

When and How Perceived HRM Practices Influence Career Satisfaction: A Moderated Mediation Model on Career Self-management and Organizational Support

Drawing from the social cognitive model of work satisfaction, we examine the relationship between perceived human resource management (HRM) practices and career satisfaction via career self-management moderated by organizational support. A survey was administered to the managerial-level employees ( n = 223) in India. Hayes and Scharkow’s method was used to test the mediation and first stage moderated-mediation model. The moderated mediation results based on the responses reveal that perceived HRM practices are associated with career satisfaction and this relationship is mediated by career self-management. We found a significant interaction effect of organizational support between perceived HRM practices and career self-management. Finally, the moderated mediational hypothesis is also supported where the relationship between the perceived HRM practices and career satisfaction is mediated through career self-management and this indirect effect is further strengthened by organizational support. This study extends the social cognitive model of work satisfaction and contributes to the existing literature by demonstrating when and how organizational support and career self-management impact career satisfaction through perceived HRM practices.

The interaction effects of social support and four types of bullying on sleep quality in Chinese adolescents

ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to examine the association of verbal, social, physical, and cyber bullying victimizations with sleep quality while taking social support as a moderator and to further examine gender and grade differences in the moderating effects of social support on bullying-associated sleep quality among Chinese adolescents. MethodsAn online cross-sectional survey was conducted in a province of northwestern China. A total of 20,320 students were included in our analyses. Multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between bullying victimization and sleep quality as well as the moderating effects of social support on these relationships. ResultsAfter adjusting for confounding variables, four types of bullying victimization were significantly associated with sleep quality. Social support only moderated the relationship of verbal, physical, and social bullying with sleep quality. Moreover, these positive moderating effects were found only for girls and, in terms of grade difference, only for primary students. Some reversed moderating effects of social support were also observed in the relationship of cyber, physical bullying with sleep quality. LimitationsThis was a cross-sectional study, limiting the causal inference. ConclusionsThis study revealed that bullying is a risk factor for poor sleep quality among adolescents in northwestern China. Furthermore, social support moderated the relationship between bullying and sleep quality in different ways depending on grade, gender, and type of bullying. More efforts are needed to prevent bullying and improve both school climate and students' sleep quality.

In situ topologically prepared Co–Zn-based mixed metal oxide bimetallic catalysts for guaiacol hydrodeoxygenation

Bio-oil, derived from biomass pyrolysis, can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels after treatment through hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reactions. In this study, a series of Co–Zn-based mixed metal oxide (Co-Zn-MMO) catalysts were synthesized using Co–Zn-based layered double hydroxide (Co-Zn-LDH) as a precursor. The catalysts were then used in the HDO reaction of guaiacol and larch wood-derived bio-oil. The Co–Zn-MMO catalysts were characterized via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, hydrogen-based temperature-programmed reduction, and ammonia temperature-programmed desorption techniques. Among the Co-Zn-MMO catalysts, the Co1-Zn2-MMO catalyst, with a Co-to-Zn molar ratio of 1:2, exhibited the highest acidity, the largest pore size and pore capacity, and the highest density (65.56%) of Co2+δ-Ov-Zn2-δ oxygen vacancy. These characteristics resulted from the metal–support interaction effect, leading to superior HDO activity for guaiacol. Furthermore, the Co1-Zn2-MMO catalyst effectively removed heteroatomic components from larch wood-derived bio-oil, thereby enhancing the quality of the bio-oil product.

The intriguing bifunctional effect of strong metal support interaction (SMSI) and hydrogen spillover effect (HSPE) for effective hydrogen evolution reaction

The mechanistic insights behind the kinetics of Hydrogen evolution reaction are unraveled through the bifunctional effect - Strong Metal Support Interaction (SMSI) and Hydrogen Spillover Effect (HSPE) on the WO3 hexagonal nanorods decorated with gold clusters and supported on the reduced graphene layers. The investigation is extended to scaling the electrocatalyst in a flexible electrode-carbon fiber for robust hydrogen evolution reaction in broad pH spectra. The research found that the proposed electrocatalyst demonstrated a reduced overpotential of 20 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm2 in acidic conditions and the stability of the ternary catalyst was verified through the Pourbaix profile. The Tafel slope was also comparable to that of the noble metal electrocatalyst Pt/C, with values of 35 mV dec–1 in 0.5 M H2SO4. The study demonstrated the potential for large-scale application of the proposed catalyst with stable operation observed for 24 h.

Linking government interventions to firm performance: the influence of stringency and support during the COVID-19 pandemic

PurposeThis study uncovers how government interventions, in terms of stringency and support, shape coronavirus disease 2019's (COVID-19) detrimental impact on organizations' performance. Specifically, this paper studies whether stringency and support play complementary or substitutive roles in lowering COVID-19's impact on organizations' performance.Design/methodology/approachThe authors gathered primary data from USA manufacturing companies and combined this with secondary data from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT) to test the proposed model with structural equation modeling (SEM).FindingsThe results show that the stringency approach increases the detrimental impact on both operational and financial performance, while economic support (to households) and fiscal spending (to organizations) work differently on lowering the impacts of COVID-19. Further, these combinative effects only influence the firm's operational performance, albeit in opposite directions.Originality/valueThis study advances the knowledge of government interventions by examining stringency and support's direct and interaction effects on firm performance as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings contribute to the literature by uncovering the unique roles of both supportive policies, thus differentiating economic support (to individuals/households) from fiscal spending (to organizations) and providing important academic, managerial and policy insights into how government should best initiate and blend stringency and support policies during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Nitrogen-Coordinated Cobalt Single Atoms for Achieving Pt with Superhigh Power and Stability in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

To achieve widespread implementation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), developing efficient electrocatalysts with excellent activity and durability is of great significance. However, it still remains a big challenge to enhance the durability of low Pt catalysts and simultaneously maintain their high activity under PEMFC operation conditions. In this work, an innovative strategy has been proposed to couple nitrogen-coordinated Co single atoms with Pt nanoparticles (NPs) for a superhigh power and stable catalyst in PEMFCs. Due to the strong metal–support interaction and synergistic effect of Pt and Co atoms, the PtNP–Co1NC catalyst shows excellent catalytic activity and durability in both the liquid half-cell and PEMFC operations, achieving a high power density of 1.38 W·cm–2 and superior stability of 6 mV cell voltage loss at 1.0 A·cm–2 after 5000 potential cycles in PEMFC applications, which is better than that of 1.20 W·cm–2 and 16 mV voltage loss for the commercial Pt/C catalyst. Comprehensive investigations reveal that such excellent durability is ascribed to the anchoring effect of Co1–Nx sites with Pt, which strengthen the interaction between Pt and the nanosheet support, thus significantly mitigating Pt NP ripening and agglomeration, and enhancing catalyst stability under challenging PEMFC operation conditions. This work of integration nitrogen-coordinated Co atoms with Pt may cause profound research on a multiscale design of long-term stable electrocatalyst in PEMFC applications.

The mediating effects of social support on the association between depression and life satisfaction among patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.

Patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorders in community had poor psychosocial functioning, social support, and life satisfaction. However, the interaction effects of social support and depression on life satisfaction remains unclear. Thus, we examined these associations among patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. This cross-sectional study was conducted from October to December 2020 in Shenzhen, China. Information on social support, depression, and life satisfaction was assessed by standardized questionnaires through a face-to-face interview. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed to estimate the associations of social support and depression with life satisfaction and to explore the mediation effect of social support. A total of 293 patients aged 39.7 ± 11.1 years (males: 47.1 %) were included in this study. Social support was positively associated with high life satisfaction (explaining 7.2% of the variance), while depression was negatively associated with life satisfaction (explaining 17.8% of the variance). Furthermore, social support mediated 12.5% of the association between depression and life satisfaction. Social support and depression were significantly associated with life satisfaction in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorders. Moreover, social support mediated the association between depression and life satisfaction in this population. Health interventions that benefit social support should be promoted to alleviate the negative impact of depression on their life satisfaction.

Understanding Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation by Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization NMR Spectroscopy

Parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) is an NMR hyperpolarization technique with the ability to increase the NMR sensitivity by serval orders. The generation of hyperpolarization in hydrogenation reactions is associated with a pairwise addition behavior, which is sensitive to the properties of catalysts and the reaction process, making it a powerful tool for the characterization of catalyst properties and elucidation of reaction mechanisms. In this Perspective, we provide an in-depth overview of the heterogeneous PHIP (HET-PHIP) technique and its application in heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation. The fundamentals of HET-PHIP are introduced. We describe how HET-PHIP can be used to obtain information about the morphology and electronic properties of supported monometallic catalysts, bimetallic catalysts, and zeolites as well as the facet effect and strong metal–support interaction (SMSI) effect in hydrogenation. Advances in the mechanistic understanding of catalytic hydrogenations by using HET-PHIP are discussed with representative work. We propose the current limitations and prospects of the HET-PHIP technique in catalytic hydrogenation reactions.

Construction of Hierarchical PdAgAu Nanorings/MXene–GO Electrocatalysts for Efficient and Ultrastable Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

High overpotential and poor long‐term operation stability of electrocatalysts are two major barriers for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, 2D ultrathin PdAgAu nanorings are synthesized and further self‐assembled on Ti2CTx–graphene oxide (GO) heterostructure for efficiently boosting HER. The best candidate, Pd50Ag31Au19/Ti2CTx–GO electrocatalyst, can initiate hydrogen evolution at an overpotential of 90 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and exhibits the lowest Tafel slope of 75 mV dec−1 as well as the highest mass activity of 284.4 mA mg−1Pd at −100 mV, in comparison with those of Pd50Ag31Au19/Ti2CTx, Pd50Ag31Au19/GO, and commercial Pd/C. Most remarkably, impressive long‐term stability is achieved even after a 112 h chronoamperometric test. The great performance of Pd50Ag31Au19/Ti2CTx–GO electrocatalyst can be attributed to the advantageous synergistic effect among the morphological modulation, composition optimization, and strong metal–support interaction effect between the Pd50Ag31Au19 nanorings and Ti2CTx–GO support.

Grant Amount and Firm Revenue Performance: Moderating Effects of Government Financial Support Scheme

This study tests the interaction effect of government financial support for small businesses in the relationship between business revenue and the grant-approved amount in the post-financial support scheme in South Africa. Pre- and post-internal administrative datasets of the beneficiary firm were collected from the scheme between 2011 – 2018. The regression estimation procedure was based on the Pooled OLS regression and the GLS Random Effects (RE) model based on the Breusch-Pagan Lagrangian multiplier test. The theoretical approach in the study is based on the capital-revenue framework of firm output, represented by firms’ revenue performance level post-financial assistance, which serves as a marker of the beneficiary firm's revenue performance. Findings show, grant-approved amount had a statistically significant and positive effect on the revenue growth of grant beneficiary firms. The indication is for every 1 per cent increase in grant amount received by firms led to about a one per cent increase in revenue growth. The finding has useful implications to help strengthen the provision of government grants to small enterprises and provide a new framework for future studies on small business performance looking at the small enterprise support ecosystem which can be helpful to come up with planning for the working capital business models.

The metal–support interaction effect in the carbon-free PEMFC cathode catalysts

The metal–support interaction effect in the carbon-free PEMFCs cathode catalysts are summarized in this review.

Enforced remote work during COVID-19 and the importance of technological competency: A job demands-resources perspective

BackgroundAs we live in the era of technology, it is clear that employees’ technical skills and savviness are important to their work performance. With the COVID-19 pandemic, these qualities have become a “necessity” for many employees as they have switched to remote working. Less attention, however, has been given to empirical evidence regarding how employees’ technological competencies influence their work outcomes during a forced shift to remote work. Integrating the theories of Job Demands-Resources and Conservation of Resources, this study sought to provide evidence regarding the joint effect of job/personal resources and technological competency on levels of employees’ remote work engagement and performance. MethodA total of 131 teachers working in Turkey completed an online survey during the initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic. SPSS Process Macro (Model 7) was used for hypotheses testing. ResultsWe found partial support for the proposed moderated mediation model. Specifically, psychological resilience (as a personal resource) increased the level of work performance through work engagement and this relationship was stronger among employees with high levels of technological competency. However, the results did not provide support for the hypothesized interaction effect of workplace support (as a job resource) and technological competency on work performance through work engagement. ConclusionThis research advances the theoretical and empirical understanding of the role of technological competency in the motivational process of the Job Demands-Resources model. Our findings suggest that providing training activities aimed at promoting employee learning in the domain of online work tools can accelerate the effect of personal resources on work outcomes, especially during enforced remote working, as in the case of COVID-19.

The interaction effect of government non-financial support and firm's regulatory compliance on firm innovativeness in Sub-Saharan Africa

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to assess the interaction effect of government non-financial support and firms' regulatory compliance on firms' innovativeness. Firms' regulatory compliance with environmental and safety issues has been suggested as one of the reasons why firms innovate. Such compliance provides legitimacy, improves reputation and corporate image, and enhances customer loyalty and competitive advantages, which influence firm innovativeness. However, regulatory compliance is costly and with limited resources, the role of government support is crucial as a moderator, to help firms become more compliant and influence their innovativeness.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses data from the World Bank Enterprise Innovation Survey for seven countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.FindingsRegulatory compliance has a positive and significant effect on firm innovativeness. Increased use of government non-financial support enhances the level of firm regulatory compliance and the effect of regulatory compliance on firm innovativeness.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the literature on compliance and firm innovativeness in Africa by showing how the positive effect of regulatory compliance on firm innovativeness is stronger when firms benefit from government non-financial support.