Effect Of Solution Molarity Research Articles

Spin coating deposition of tin oxide thin films: Influence of solution concentration

Tin oxide (SnO2) thin films were deposited on glass substrates using a cost-effective spin coating method. The effect of solution molarity on their microstructural, optical, and electrical properties was investigated. For this purpose, solutions of tin chloride salt were prepared with various molarity in the range of 0.1M to 0.25M. The synthesized films structure and morphology were characterized by different techniques such as X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The optical and electrical properties were studied by mean of UV-Vis spectroscopy and four probes conductivity measurement. The X-ray diffraction patterns of all samples revealed well-crystallized and pure SnO2 films with tetragonal rutile structure. The scanning electron microscopy images reveal a smooth and dense film pinholes free. The optical analyses show that the films exhibit an optical transparency that reaches up to 98% in the visible range and that the optical band gap decreases from 3.97 to 3.82 eV when the concentration increases from 0.1M to 0.25M. The films’ electrical conductivity varies in the range from 76 to 100 (Ω cm)–1. The largest figure of merit of 9.8 × 10–3 was measured in the films prepared at low solution concentration.

Effect of solution molarity on the structural, optical, electrical and photo-response properties of SILAR-deposited ZnO films

Effect of solution molarity on the structural, optical, electrical and photo-response properties of SILAR-deposited ZnO films

Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Smart Nano Particles, Nano Capsules and Nanoclusters Influence, Impression and Efficacy in Cancer Prevention, Prognosis, Diagnosis, Imaging, Screening, Treatment and Management under Synchrotron and Synchrocyclotron Radiations

In the current research, the effect of solution molarity on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of nanostructured Cadmium Oxide (CdO) nano thin films as anti-cancer nano drug in cancer cells, tissues and tumors under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations is investigated. The calculation of thickness and optical constants of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) the effect of solution molarity on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of nanostructured Cadmium Oxide (CdO) nano thin films as anti-cancer nano drug in cancer cells, tissues and tumors under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations produced using sol-gel method over glassy medium through a single reflection spectrum is presented. To obtain an appropriate fit for reflection spectrum, the classic Drude-Lorentz model (Appendix A) for parametric di-electric function is used. The best fitting parameters are determined to simulate the reflection spectrum using Lovenberg-Marquardt optimization method. The simulated reflectivity from the derived optical constants and thickness are in good agreement with experimental results.

The Effect of Solution Molarity on the Structural, Morphological, Optical and Electrical Properties of Nanostructured Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nano Thin Films as Anti-Cancer Nano Drug in Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tumors under Synchrotron and Synchrocyclotron Radiations

In the current research, the effect of solution molarity on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of nanostructured Cadmium Oxide (CdO) nano thin films as anti-cancer nano drug in cancer cells, tissues and tumors under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations is investigated. The calculation of thickness and optical constants of Cadmium Oxide (CdO) the effect of solution molarity on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of nanostructured Cadmium Oxide (CdO) nano thin films as anti-cancer nano drug in cancer cells, tissues and tumors under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations produced using sol-gel method over glassy medium through a single reflection spectrum is presented. To obtain an appropriate fit for reflection spectrum, the classic Drude-Lorentz model for parametric di-electric function is used. The best fitting parameters are determined to simulate the reflection spectrum using Lovenberg-Marquardt optimization method. The simulated reflectivity from the derived optical constants and thickness are in good agreement with experimental results. Keywords: Tructural; Morphological; Optical and Electrical Properties; Nanostructured Cadmium Oxide (CdO); Nano Thin Films; Anti-Cancer Nano Drug; Cancer Cells; Tissues and Tumors; Synchrotron and Synchrocyclotron Radiations

Effect of solution molarity on optical properties of Al doped ZnO thin films

Undoped and Al-doped ZnO thin films have been prepared by the sol gel method. Zinc acetate dihydrate, ethanol and monoethanolamine were used as precursor, solvent and stabilizer, respectively. In the case of molarity study for Al-doped ZnO, aluminum nitrate nonahydrate was added to the precursor solution from 0 at. % to 6 at. % at molarity of 0.1 M, 0.2 M and 0.3 M. The optical properties were characterized using UV-Vis where the band gap of undoped ZnO increases as the annealing temperature increase and the band gap decrease as the molarity increment. Meanwhile the band gap increase upon increment of Al dopant under molarity of 0.1 M and 0.2 M due to Burstein-moss effects. Meanwhile at 0.3 M, the bandgap increase until 4 at. % of Al and suddenly decrease abruptly at 6 at. % of Al. The effect of molarity and dopant percentage on the thin film gives a different value of energy band gap.

Compressive strength and microstructure of assorted wastes incorporated geopolymer mortars: Effect of solution molarity

This paper presents the solution molarity dependent microstructures and mechanical properties of multi-blend geopolymer mortars (GPMs). Geopolymer mortars were cured at ambient temperature under varying concentration (from 2 to 16 M) of sodium hydroxide (NH) solution. GPMs are by conducting mechanical tests such as compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths and characterised by microstructural studies, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The effect of Na2O, H2O content, solution modulus (SiO2:Na2O) and Na2O:Al2O3 on GPMs strength were determined. The flow ability and setting time of such GPMs found to decrease linearly with increasing alkali concentration. Conversely, the GPMs comprehensive, split tensile and flexural strengths and the density are enhanced with increasing alkali concentration. Samples activated with 12 M NH solution are most strongly affected by silica dissolution. Furthermore, the ratio of (Na2O:Al2O3) was demonstrated to influence the compressive strength significantly and the (Na2O:Al2O3 = 0.84) presented the optimum strength.

Physicochemical and supercapacitive properties of electroplated nickel oxide electrode: effect of solution molarity

With an aim of physicochemical characteristics and electrochemical supercapacitor studies with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) technique, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and surface wettability, nickel oxide (NiO) thin films of different molarities i.e. (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 M) have been synthesized onto stainless-steel substrate using potentiostatic mode of electrochemical method. The XRD result confirms crystalline nature with cubic crystal structure of the NiO. The SEM micrographs reveal homogenous and smooth surfaces. Existence of Ni and O in EDAX spectrums of all samples supports the formation of NiO. Expected peaks are confirmed from XPS surface analyses. Contact angle measurement of 0.1, 0.2 M film showed hydrophilic, however 0.3, 0.4 M film showed hydrophobic in character. The optimal potential for potentiostatic mode of electrochemical method of NiO is 1.8 V. The electrochemical properties of the NiO electrodes are studied in detail by cyclic voltammogram, galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The specific capacitance of the NiO electrode is 667.24 Fg−1 in Na2SO4 electrolyte of 1 mol/L. The achieved specific energy, power and coulombic efficiency of NiO electrode were 2.55 Whkg−1, 6.23 kWkg−1 and 92.86% respectively. Moreover, the NiO electrode shows excellent cyclic performance after 1000 cycles. An effective and convenient technique has been developed to produce nickel oxide material promising for designing of innovative capacitors.

Effect of solution molarity on optical dispersion energy parameters and electrochromic performance of Co3O4 films

Co3O4 films were deposited on glass and FTO (F:SnO2) substrates by different solution molarities (0.05–0.20 M) through nebulizer spray technique. The crystalline quality of the films was evaluated by X-ray diffraction. The morphological variation of Co3O4 films for different solution concentration was observed from scanning electron microscopy. Optical constants (n and k) and dispersion energy parameters were calculated by fitting the transmittance curves using Swanepoel envelope method. The electrical parameters such as sheet resistance and activation energy were estimated using four probe method. The electrochromic performance of the films was analyzed by electrochemical measurements such as cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chronocoulometry and optical contrast studies.

Effect of solution molarity on properties of hydrothermally grown ZnO nanostructures

In this work, the hydrothermally grown ZnO nanostructures were successfully prepared on indium tin oxide glass using different aqueous solution molarities. The effect of solution molarity on the structual and optical properties of ZnO nanostructures were studied by X-ray diffraction and temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The PL intensity ratio of the ultraviolet emission to the visible emission is also calculated. It is found that the crystal quality and the optical properties are improved by raising the solution molarity, but too higher solution molarity should lead to the disorder of ZnO structures, and deteriorate the crystal quality.

Spray deposition of tin oxide thin films for supercapacitor applications: effect of solution molarity

The effect of molarity of SnCl4 in the spraying solution on the properties of tin oxide thin films has been studied. Tin oxide thin films are characterized for structural, optical, morphological and electrochemical measurements. X-ray diffraction patterns reveal polycrystalline nature of tin oxide thin films with tetragonal crystal structure. The films are highly oriented along (200) plane. The AFM results indicate that increase in solution molarity brings about more porous tin oxide thin film surface due to increasing particle size. The optical study suggests that the bandgap of the tin oxide thin films can be decreased by increasing solution molarity of SnCl4. The tin oxide thin films show a good electrochemical performance with a specific capacitance over 150 F g−1 calculated from CV and 138 F g−1 calculated from charge/discharge measurements.

Effect of solution molarity on microstructural and optical properties of CdCr2S4 thin films

Transparent conducting cadmium chromium sulfide [CdCr2S4, (CCS)] thin films with various precursor molarities were deposited onto Si (100) substrates by simple chemical bath deposition (CBD) process. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), atomic force microscope (AFM), and optical absorption techniques were used to characterize the coated CCS thin films. The XRD exhibits a reasonably crystalline cubic structure that defines the thin film patterns. The molar effect on film quality has also been investigated. The correlation between the molar effect, structural and optical properties reveals that the band gap energy of the thin films is influenced by the size of the crystallites composing the thin films. The roughness of CCS thin films and the roughness-precursor molarity dependence have been established by AFM measurements. Increasing grain size of CCS thin films leads to a shift in the band gap energy from 2.65 to 2.47eV. The quantum confinement effect should be the reason for possible band gap energy shifts.

CHARACTERISTICS OF NANOSTRUCTUREDCdOFILMS PREPARED BY CHEMICAL BATH DEPOSITION TECHNIQUE

Nanostructured CdO films were prepared by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. Cadmium nitrate salt was used as a source of cadmium ions ( Cd+2). The effect of solution molarity on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of nanostructured CdO films had been investigated. To obtain a good film stoichiometry, films were heated in a static air temperature of 673 K for 90 min. X-ray diffraction results showed the formation of polycrystalline cadmium oxide structure. The average grain size and root mean square of roughness values obtained from AFM investigation were 87 nm and 13 nm respectively for CdO film prepared with 0.03 M and 98 nm and 17 nm respectively for CdO film prepared with 0.1 M. The average transmittance of CdO films in the visible region was between 70–80% with a corresponding direct optical energy of 2.41–2.5 eV. The electrical resistivity of nanostructured CdO films at temperatures 300–500 K was measured.

Electrical Characteristics and Nanocrystalline Formation of Sprayed Iridium Oxide Thin Films

Nanostructure and electrical properties of iridium oxide () thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique (SPT) have been experimentally characterized. The effect of solution molarity (SM) and substrate temperature () on the nanostructure features and electrical conductivity of these films has been investigated. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that all samples prepared at with different SM, appear almost in amorphous form. XRD revealed that the films deposited at were tetragonal structures with a preferential orientation along direction. Moreover, the degree of crystallinity was improved by solution molarity. Single order Voigt profile method has been used to determine the nanostructure parameters at different SM and . The dark conductivity measurements at room temperature as a function of SM were observed and the value of conductivity were slightly increases at higher SM, reaching the bulk value of 20 . The values of activation energy of and of were found to be 0.21 eV and ·, respectively.

Effect of solution molarity on the characteristics of vanadium pentoxide thin film

Vanadium pentoxide (V 2O 5) thin films have been prepared by spray pyrolysis technique. The influence of solution molarity on the characteristics of the V 2O 5 has been investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) showed that, the films deposited at ≥0.1 M were orthorhombic structure with a preferential orientation along 〈0 0 1〉 direction. Moreover, the crystallinity was improved by increasing solution molarity. The microstructure parameters have been evaluated by using a single order Voigt profile method. The optical band gaps, determined by using Tauc plot, have been found to be 2.50 ± 0.02 and 2.33 ± 0.02 eV for the direct and indirect allowed transition, respectively. Also the complex optical constants for the wavelength range 300–2500 nm are reported. At room temperature, the dark conductivity as a function of solution molarity showed the range of 5.74 × 10 −2 ± 0.03 to 3.36 × 10 −1 ± 0.02 Ω −1 cm −1. While at high temperature, the behaviour of electrical conductivity dominated by grain boundaries. The values of activation energy and potential barrier height were 0.156 ± 0.011 and 0.263 ± 0.012 eV, respectively.