Effects Of Social Status Research Articles

Factors influencing adult savings and investment: Findings from a nationally representative sample

This study explored a longitudinal data set of over 5766 adults examining factors that influence adult savings and investment. Data were collected at birth, in childhood (at age 11) and adulthood (at ages 33 and 50 yrs) to examine the effects of family social status, childhood intelligence, adult personality traits, education and occupation, and personal financial assessment on adult savings and investment. Results from structural equation modelling showed that parental social status, educational qualifications and occupational prestige, trait Conscientiousness, personal financial assessment and gender all had significant and direct effects on adult savings and investment, accounting for 26% of the total variance. The strongest predictor of adult savings and investment was their personal subjective financial assessment followed by educational qualifications and current occupational prestige. Limitations and implications are considered.

The Effect of Motivation, Learning Achievement, Socio-Economic Status of Parents and the Complete Environment of the Friends on Interest in Continuing Education to Higher Education

Research this aiming for test (1) Influence motivation to interest continuing education to college high. (2) Influence achievement learns to interest in continuing education to college high. (3) Effect of parents' social status to interest in continuing education to college high. (4) Influence environment friend the same age to interest in continuing education to college high. (5) Influence motivation, achievement study, status social of parents and the environment friend the same age to interest continue education to college high. For the answer hypothesis in research, this uses regression multiple with the F test and t-test. It could be concluded that: (1) There is an Influence between Motivation to interest continue education to college high. (2) No. there is influence between Achievement learn to interest continue education to college high. (3) There is an influence between the socioeconomic status of parents to interest continues education to college high. (4) No. there is influence between environment friend the same age to interest continue education to college high. (5) There is an influence between motivation, achievement learning, parental socioeconomic status, and environmental friend the same age to interest continue education to college high.

Keeping up with the Joneses: Social Status and Wealth Inequality in a Leveraged Asset Market

We hypothesize that growing wealth inequality has exacerbated leveraged asset bubbles in the wealthiest nations over the last several decades through a “keeping up with the Joneses” effect. Rising inequality strengthens the desire of households to improve their social status by owning assets such as homes demanded by those with wealth. Given easy access to credit, relatively low-wealth individuals use leverage to bid up asset prices. We test this theory within the popular asset market experiment of Smith, Suchanek, and Williams (1988) where we combine the option to borrow with treatments for wealth inequality and social status. We find that the social status effect indeed leads to asset overpricing, and the impact is the biggest when combining social status with wealth inequality. On the other hand, wealth inequality alone does not lead to greater asset bubbles.

Repeatability of Hypoxia Tolerance of Individual Juvenile Striped Bass Morone saxatilis and Effects of Social Status.

Chesapeake Bay is the primary nursery for striped bass (Morone saxatilis), which are increasingly being exposed to hypoxic waters. Tolerance to hypoxia in fish is generally determined by a single exposure of an isolated individual or by exposing large groups of conspecifics to hypoxia without regard to social status. The importance of social context in determining physiological responses to stressors is being increasingly recognized. To determine whether social interactions influence hypoxia tolerance (HT) in striped bass, loss of equilibrium HT was assessed in the same fish while manipulating the social environment around it. Small group settings were used to be more representative of the normal sociality experienced by this species than the paired encounters typically used. After establishing the dominance hierarchy within a group of fish, HT was determined collectively for the individuals in that group, and then new groups were constructed from the same pool of fish. Individuals could then be followed across multiple settings for both repeatability of HT and hierarchy position ( SD groups per individual). HT increased with repeated exposures to hypoxia ( ), with a significant increase by a third exposure ( ). Despite this changing HT, rank order of HT was significantly repeatable across trials for 6 mo ( ). Social status was significantly repeatable across trials of different group composition ( ) and unrelated to growth rate but affected HT weakly in a complex interaction with size. Final HT was significantly correlated with blood [hemoglobin] and hematocrit. The repeatability and large intraspecific variance of HT in juvenile striped bass suggest that HT is potentially an important determinant of Darwinian fitness in an increasingly hypoxic Chesapeake Bay.

Effects of Enrichment Type, Presentation and Social Status on Enrichment Use and Behaviour of Sows with Electronic Sow Feeding

Simple SummaryMany North American pork producers are transitioning to group housing systems for gestating sows and are looking to provide animals with environmental enrichment. Because straw poses biosecurity and manure management concerns it is important to identify alternative enrichments which can benefit sow welfare. The effects of four enrichment treatments were studied: (1) Constant: constant provision of wood on chain; (2) Rotate: rotation of three enrichments (rope, straw and wood on chain); (3) Stimulus: rotation of three enrichments with an associative stimulus (bell or whistle); and (4) Control: no enrichment. Contacts with enrichment and time spent in different postures were measured using scan sampling for all sows. Skin lesions were scored and cortisol was measured in saliva samples in a subset of dominant and subordinate sows. Sows spent more time contacting enrichment in Rotate and Stimulus treatments than Constant, particularly when straw was provided. Subordinate sows spent more time near enrichments, and more time standing than dominant sows. Subordinate sows also received more skin lesions and had higher salivary cortisol concentrations than dominants. We conclude that enrichments are valued by sows, and that the right amount is needed to minimize competition over access. Additional work is needed on rotational schedules and determining appropriate levels of enrichment for sows.The goal of this study was to identify practical enrichments for sows in partially or fully slatted pen systems. Four treatments were applied: (1) Constant: constant provision of wood on chain; (2) Rotate: rotation of rope, straw and wood enrichments; (3) Stimulus: rotation of enrichments (as in Rotate) with an associative stimulus (bell or whistle); and (4) Control: no enrichment, with each treatment lasting 12 days. Six groups of 20 ± 2 sows were studied from weeks 6 to 14 of gestation in pens with one electronic sow feeder. Each group received all treatments in random order. Six focal animals (3 dominant and 3 subordinate) were selected per pen using a feed competition test. Digital photos were collected at 10 min intervals for 8 h (between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m.) on 4 days/treatment (d 1, 8, 10 and 12) to record interactions with enrichment. Skin lesions were assessed on days 1 and 12, and saliva cortisol samples collected in weeks 6, 10 and 14 of gestation on focal pigs. Sows spent more time in contact with enrichments in Rotate and Stimulus treatments than Constant. Enrichment treatments did not influence lesion scores. Subordinate sows spent more time standing and near enrichments than dominants. Subordinate sows also received more skin lesions and had higher salivary cortisol concentrations than dominants. These results indicate that access to enrichment is valued by sows but can result in greater aggression directed towards subordinates.

Whose promises are worth more? How social status affects trust in promises

AbstractPromises are among the most widely used tools for increasing trust in social hierarchies; yet the effect of social status on trust in promises is unknown. Here we used a modified version of the Trust Game, in which participants, acting as Investors, were paired with Trustees of varying social status who were given the opportunity to promise (or not) to return at least half of the multiplied amount (i.e., 4 × the amount invested). No return feedback was provided. Participants invested more in partners who promised than those who did not or whose promise information was concealed. Importantly, in both lab‐manipulated (Exps. 1–3: math‐induced) and pre‐existing (Exp. 4: university‐based) hierarchies, participants invested more in promises given by high status than low status partners. Post‐experiment measures suggest that this may be due to greater expectations of honesty for high status than low status others. Potential explanations and implications are discussed.

Occupation-induced status, social norms, and economic growth

We analyse a monetary growth model where entrepreneurs borrow funds to invest in projects that produce capital goods. In addition to their varying pecuniary returns, different projects also vary with respect to the status they confer to the entrepreneurs who operate them. We show that (i) social status increases the growth rate, but this effect is mitigated by a social norm that inversely links overall levels of employment in the high-return project with the status conferred to it; (ii) the combined effect of social status and inflation is a source of transitional dynamics in an environment where such dynamics would not emerge if considerations of occupational prestige were absent; (iii) when the social norm affects social status, the economy's dynamics may be manifested in the form of endogenous volatility; (iv) the presence and characteristics of social status can generate a negative correlation between volatility and growth.

Social status and demographic effects of the kappa opioid receptor: a PET imaging study with a novel agonist radiotracer in healthy volunteers.

Kappa opioid receptors (KORs) have been characterized as an aversive system in the brain and implicated in social behavior in preclinical models. This work investigated the effect of social status on the KOR system in humans using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with the novel KOR agonist radiotracer [11C]EKAP. Eighteen healthy participants (mean age 41.2 ± 9.3) completed the Barratt Simplified Measure of Social Status (BSMSS), an MRI and an [11C]EKAP PET scan on the High Resolution Research Tomograph. Arterial blood sampling and metabolite analysis were conducted to obtain the input function. Regions of interest were based upon an MR template and included the reward/aversion areas of the brain. The multilinear analysis-1 (MA1) method was applied to the regional time-activity curves (TACs) to calculate [11C]EKAP regional volume of distribution (VT). Mixed models and Pearson correlation coefficients were used for body mass index (BMI), gender and age, with age being dropped in subsequent analyses because of nonsignificance. An overall effect of primary ROIs (F7, 112 7.43, p < 0.0001), BSMSS score (F1, 13 7.45, p = 0.02), BMI (F1, 13 23.5, p < 0.001), and gender (F1, 13 23.75, p < 0.001), but not age (F1, 13 1.12, p = 0.35) was observed. Regional [11C]EKAP VT and BSMSS were found to be negatively correlated in the amygdala (r = -0.69, p < 0.01), anterior cingulate cortex (r = -0.56, p = 0.02), caudate (r = -0.66, p < 0.01), frontal cortex (r = -0.52, p = 0.04), hippocampus (r = -0.60, p = 0.01), pallidum (r = -0.59, p = 0.02), putamen (r = -0.62, p = 0.01), and ventral striatum (r = -0.66, p < 0.01). In secondary (non-reward) regions, correlations of [11C]EKAP VT and BSMSS were nonsignificant with the exception of the insula. There was an inverse correlation between social status and KOR levels that was largely specific to the reward/aversion (e.g., saliency) areas of the brain. This finding suggests the KOR system may act as a mediator for the negative effects of social behaviors in humans.

The impact of economic, social and cultural conditions on educational attainments

This paper aims at investigating the effect of Economic Social and Cultural Status (ESCS) on the educational performances of students, using two waves of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) survey of OECD (2009, 2012). The analysis is conducted at student level for all countries included in the PISA sample. The estimates are based on the Conditional Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), applied for the first time in the Slack Based Measure (SBM) version. This method allows a detailed evaluation of the additional effort the students should do when they are operating in an ESCS that has a comparative disadvantage. The unprecedented use of a conditional non-radial model of efficiency, provides evidences of a significant effect of the ESCS on performances, with a strong heterogeneity among students, and countries. It follows that some problems with education may not be due to the education systems themselves, but to the economic, social and cultural gaps, which determine a persistence of inequality of opportunity. Thus, public policies are needed to foster virtuous paths to reduce disparities among students with different socioeconomic background both between and within systems.

(308) The Divergent Effects of Subjective Social Status on Depressive Symptoms in a Sample of Black and White Adults with Chronic Low Back Pain

While conventional socioeconomic status measures such as education, income, and occupation are often important predictors of health, subjective social status is also a critical determinant of physical and mental health among adults. Subjective social status takes into account perceived standing on multiple dimensions of socioeconomic status and social position. What remains unclear is whether subjective social status is similarly associated with health for individuals from different racial backgrounds. The aim of this ongoing study was to examine the association between subjective social status and depressive symptoms, and whether the nature of this association differed between Black and White adults with chronic low back pain (cLBP). Participants included 44 adults with cLBP (24 Black and 20 White) recruited from an academic pain treatment center in Birmingham Alabama. Subjective social status was measured using a symbolic ladder with 10 rungs that asked participants to place themselves in comparison with others in the U.S., with consideration for what it means to be at the top and bottom of society (e.g., the top have the most money and education and the best jobs). Participants also provided sociodemographic data (e.g., ethnicity/race) and completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression Scale. Results revealed that the association between subjective social status and depressive symptoms was significantly moderated by racial background (t = -5.56, p

Poverty and Life Satisfaction of the Elderly: Mediation effect of Subjective Social Status

본 연구의 목적은 절대 및 상대빈곤 여부가 노인거주 형태별 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향에서 주관적 계층의 식의 매개효과를 종단으로 검증하고 독거 및 동거노인의 대별되는 특성을 분석하여 노인의 삶의 만족도 향상을 위한 개입의 단초를 제공하는데 있다. 이를 위해 한국고용정보원에서 제공하는 고령화연구패널 3차∼5차 데이터를 활용하여 동거노인 3,327명, 독거노인 668명을 대상으로 분석을 실시하였다. 주요 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 2013년 기준 동거노인의 절대빈곤은 전체의 43.5%, 상대빈곤은 51.4%로 나타난 반면 독거노인의 경우 절대빈곤층은 전체의 63.8%, 그리고 상대빈곤층은 77.2%에 육박하여 노인빈곤의 실태가 심각한 수준인 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 동거노인의 경우 절대 및 상대 비빈곤층 일수록 삶의 만족도가 높았으며, 이는 통계적 으로 유의미한 것으로 분석되었다. 하지만 독거노인의 경우, 빈곤여부에 따른 삶의 만족도가 통계적으로 유의 미하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 동거노인의 노년기 절대 및 상대빈곤은 삶의 만족도에 영향을 미치는 가운데 주관적 계층의식은 매개효과를 가지나 독거노인의 경우 상대빈곤은 삶의 만족도에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 빈곤 독거노인에 대한 개입에 있어 소득빈곤뿐만 아니라 다차원적 빈곤의 관점으로 접근해야 함을 의미한다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로 다차원적 빈곤지표를 활용한 빈곤측정 도구 마련 등 노인의 삶의 만족도 향상을 위한 방안을 제시하였다.The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of absolute / relative poverty on the life satisfaction focusing on mediation effect of subjective social status by type of elderly residents. In order to analyze the distinct characteristics of the elderly, analysis was conducted with 3,327 the elderly living together and 668 the elderly living alone using ‘Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing( KLoSA)’from 3rd to 5th wave data provided by the Korea Employment Information Service. The main analysis results are as follows. First, each poverty rate for the elderly living together accounted for 43.5 percent and 51.4 percent, while 63.8 percent and 77.2 percent for the elderly living alone respectively. Second, life satisfaction was higher among the elderly living together than living alone, However, life satisfaction was not related to condition of poverty among the elderly living alone. Third, absolute / relative poverty were associated with life satisfaction of the elderly living together, and subjective social status had a mediating effect. However, relative poverty was not related to life satisfaction among the elderly living alone, which indicated that it needs to support not only the financial approach to overcome absolute poverty but also the multi-dimensional poverty perspective in the intervention of the elderly living alone Based on the results, the study suggested to make a tool to measure of poverty using multi-dimensional poverty indicators.

A meta-analysis on the relation between fluid intelligence and reading/mathematics: Effects of tasks, age, and social economics status.

This study aimed to determine the relations between fluid intelligence (Gf) and reading/mathematics and possible moderators. A meta-analysis of 680 studies involving 793 independent samples and more than 370,000 participants found that Gf was moderately related to reading, r = .38, 95% CI [.36, .39], and mathematics, r = .41, 95% CI [.39, 44]. Synthesis on the longitudinal correlations showed that Gf and reading/mathematics predicted each other in the development even after controlling for initial performance. Moderation analyses revealed the following findings: (a) Gf showed stronger relations to mathematics than to reading, (b) within reading or mathematics, Gf showed stronger relations to complex skills than to foundational skills, (c) the relations between Gf and reading/mathematics increased with age, and (d) family social economic status (SES) mostly affected the relations between Gf and reading/mathematics in the early development stage. These findings, taken together, are partially in line with the investment theory but are more in line with the intrinsic cognitive load theory, mutualism theory, and the gene-SES interaction hypothesis of cognition and learning. More importantly, these findings imply an integration model of these theories from an educational and developmental perspective: Children may rely on Gf to learn reading and mathematics early on, when high family SES can boost the effects of Gf on reading/mathematics performance. As children receive more formal schooling and gain more learning experiences, their reading and mathematics improvement may promote their Gf development. During development, the negative effects of low family SES on the relations between Gf and reading/mathematics may be offset by education/learning experiences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Modeling the effect of new media literacy levels and social media usage status on problematic internet usage behaviours among high school students

There has been a considerable increase in problematic internet usage among high school students due to the fact that our daily lives are considerably being occupied by internet. It is therefore important to investigate into the variables considered as effective in problematic internet use of this group. This paper seeks to address whether there are relations between problematic internet use and social media usage status as well as purpose of social media usage and new media literacy. A total of 155 ninth grade students studying in high school affiliated to Turkey Ministry of National Education were recruited in this study. The relational screening research design from descriptive research methods was adopted in this paper. Personal information form and three data collection instruments were employed in this study. The data obtained in the research were analyzed through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Model based on the research design. According to the results of partial least squares structural equation model, the relative importance order of the variables examined in the study can be posed as: “social media usage status, social media usage purposes and new media literacy”.

The interplay between endorser social status and normative appeals on the endorsement effectiveness of pro-environmental behaviors.

Employing message endorser is a popular strategy in encouraging consumers to protect the environment. This research explores how the social status of endorsers and the forms of normative messages can influence the effectiveness of endorsement for pro-environmental behaviors. Drawing on the focus theory of normative conduct and the match-up hypothesis, the authors propose that the effects of endorser social status on consumers’ responses to green advertising are contingent on whether the normative messages is framed as injunctive norms or descriptive norms. In three experiments, the results indicate that participants show more positive attitudes toward the advertisement and higher intentions to act environmentally friendly when endorsers with high social status are presented in combination with injunctive norm appeals. In contrast, ordinary consumer endorsers produce stronger impact on attitudes and behavioral intentions when descriptive norm appeals are used. These findings show that marketers using endorsers to promote pro-environmental behaviors should develop normative message accordingly.

Correlates of Adult Vocabulary Task Performance: Findings from a British Cohort.

This study explored a longitudinal data set of 4361 adults (2119 males and 2239 females) to examine factors that influence adult vocabulary task performance. Data were collected at birth, in childhood (age 10 years), during teenage years (age 16 years), and in adulthood (ages 30, 34, and 42 years) to examine the effects of family social status, childhood cognitive ability, teenager locus of control, psychological distress, educational qualifications, and occupational prestige in adulthood on an adult vocabulary task—an index of crystallized intelligence. Structural equation modeling showed that childhood cognitive ability, teenager locus of control, education, and occupation were all significant and direct predictors of adult vocabulary task performance. Parental social status affected the outcome variable mediated through educational qualifications. The strongest predictor of adult vocabulary task performance was childhood cognitive ability, followed by educational qualifications and locus of control. Finally, limitations were acknowledged.

Smart and Poor, or Rich and Dull? A U.S. County-Level Analysis of the Relationship between IQ and Presidential-Election Voting Behavior

A small research stream exists which focuses on relationships between political ideology (inferred from voting behavior) and the intelligence of geopolitical sub-divisions such as the 50 U.S. states. With U.S. state-level data, IQ scores positively predict votes cast for Democrats, but only when controlling for state racial composition. Here, however, we explore the relationship between IQ and voting behavior at the level of U.S. counties (approx. n = 3,100). We find that county-level IQ weakly predicts more votes cast for Republicans (r’s .07 to .13) and less votes cast for Democrats (r’s -.10 to -.14). These small relationships are also found in multiple regression analyses, even when demographic data, social status, and population density appear as covariates (3 - 4% points more votes cast for Republicans per standard deviation of IQ). The effect of general social status was opposite that of intelligence (6 - 9% points less votes cast for Republicans per standard deviation of social status), which is surprising considering the very strong positive correlation (r = .77) between IQ and social status. Additionally, racial homogeneity by itself predicts voting Republican; however, when other variables are present in the regression model, homogeneity predicts voting Democrat. Results indicate that aggregate-level relationships between intelligence and voting outcomes are more complex than previously thought.

Effect of Social, regional, and education status and season on blood pressure.

Effect of Social, regional, and education status and season on blood pressure.

Effects of personality traits and social status on academic achievement: Gender differences

AbstractThis study investigates the contribution of personality traits (HEXACO traits and Schizotypy) and social status dimensions (sociometric and perceived popularity) in understanding boys’ and girls’ respective academic achievement. The sample included 163 elementary school students from Serbia, aged 14–15 (87 girls and 76 boys). Regression analysis reveals that personality traits explain a similar amount of academic achievement variance in two gender groups (22% vs. 20% in girls’ favor), but social status proves to be a better predictor of academic achievement for boys (27% vs. 4% in boys’ favor). High Conscientiousness, perceived popularity as well as low extraversion turned out to be related to girls’ academic achievement. Low Schizotypy and Honesty‐Humility, as well as high openness, sociometric, and perceived popularity turned out to be related to boys’ academic achievement. Conscientiousness appears not to be related to boys’ academic achievement. The results are discussed and recommendations for improving educational practices are offered.

Social status alters chromatin accessibility and the gene regulatory response to glucocorticoid stimulation in rhesus macaques

Low social status is an important predictor of disease susceptibility and mortality risk in humans and other social mammals. These effects are thought to stem in part from dysregulation of the glucocorticoid (GC)-mediated stress response. However, the molecular mechanisms that connect low social status and GC dysregulation to downstream health outcomes remain elusive. Here, we used an in vitro GC challenge to investigate the consequences of experimentally manipulated social status (i.e., dominance rank) for immune cell gene regulation in female rhesus macaques, using paired control and GC-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples. We show that social status not only influences immune cell gene expression but also chromatin accessibility at hundreds of regions in the genome. Social status effects on gene expression were less pronounced following GC treatment than under control conditions. In contrast, social status effects on chromatin accessibility were stable across conditions, resulting in an attenuated relationship between social status, chromatin accessibility, and gene expression after GC exposure. Regions that were more accessible in high-status animals and regions that become more accessible following GC treatment were enriched for a highly concordant set of transcription factor binding motifs, including motifs for the GC receptor cofactor AP-1. Together, our findings support the hypothesis that social status alters the dynamics of GC-mediated gene regulation and identify chromatin accessibility as a mechanism involved in social stress-driven GC resistance. More broadly, they emphasize the context-dependent nature of social status effects on gene regulation and implicate epigenetic remodeling of chromatin accessibility as a contributing factor.

The healthy immigrant effect: a test of competing explanations in a low income population

ABSTRACTEvidence in support of the healthy immigrant effect (HIE) has been mixed and explanations for it divergent. Research on the HIE is reviewed and seven explanatory hypotheses are presented. Support for these hypotheses is evaluated with data collected in a phone survey of patients in a Massachusetts public health program for economically disadvantaged persons. Variation in physical health, depression, and smoking reflect the HIE, but the explanations for this pattern vary across these health indicators. The Spanish translation of one response choice obscures the healthy immigrant pattern for SRH – which is apparent after taking language into account, while variation in perceived change in health – another self-report measure with different response choices – comports with the HIE. There is no support for a unique effect of ethnic identity – a key aspect of acculturation, nor for a unique effect of social status in this low income sample. The findings help explain the bases for discrepancies in prior research and suggest new research directions when investigating the healthy immigrant effect, including considering the comparison group and the distribution of social status in the population studied, using an alternative to the standard SRH question with Spanish and Portuguese speakers, and distinguishing physical and mental health and health-related behaviours.