Effects Of Social Norms Research Articles

DAMPAK PERILAKU NORMA SOSIAL TIDAK BIASA TERHADAP KUALITAS LAYANAN SELAMA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

Unusual social norm behavior or what is referred to as new habits has an impact on the process of service interaction during the Covid-19 pandemic. Service providers face a dilemma between implementing health protocols with the consequence of reducing service quality dimensions or the behavior of continuing to ignore health protocols with the consequence of a massive virus transmission process. The pandemic period destroys all unusual service interactions, leading to changes in service models and having an impact on customer satisfaction. The purpose of the preset study was to examine the effects of social norms on intimacy, competence, disgust and humanness as well as customer satisfaction on retail service interactions during the Covid-19 pandemic. A sample of 257 respondents was analyzed using AMOS 22.0. Results of the analysis show that, first, unusual social norm had an effect on the intimacy of waiters with customers. Second, unusual social norms had an effect on waiters’ competence. Third, unusual social norms had an effect on disgust in service interactions. Fourth, unusual social norms had an effect on humanness in service interactions. Finally, intimacy, competence, disgust and humanness had an effect on customer satisfaction.

Variance, norms and cooperative behavior in public goods games.

This study examines the relationship between the variance of others' contributions, social norms (empirical and normative expectations), and cooperative behavior using a classic linear public goods game. The following results are observed. First, the variance of a participant's group members' contributions had a negative impact on their contributions, empirical expectations, and normative expectations. Second, deviations from the mean, whether negative or positive, were deemed less socially appropriate. Third, while there was a strong relationship between variance, social norms, and cooperative behavior, the mediating effect of social norms was found to be insignificant. Finally, there were some notable findings regarding behavior type. Although free riders and cooperators exhibited distinct behavioral patterns, their normative expectations were similar. Free riders expected others to cooperate, but their empirical expectations were significantly lower than cooperators' expectations, which were aligned with their actual contributions. These findings contribute to research on the relationship between distribution heterogeneity, social norms and cooperative behavior. Furthermore, these findings provide valuable insights into management practices.

Unleashed

ABSTRACT: Social change often comes from unleashing hidden preferences and constructing novel preferences. Under the pressure of social norms, people sometimes falsify their preferences. Once norms are weakened or revised, it becomes possible to discover preexisting preferences. Because those preferences were concealed, large-scale movements are both possible and difficult to predict. Revision of norms can also construct rather than uncover preferences. Once norms are altered, people come to hold preferences they did not hold before. These points bear on the rise and fall of discrimination and help illuminate the dynamics of social cascades and the effects of social norms on diverse practices and developments.

Effect of Social Norms and Psychological Factors on Consumer Green Buying Intentions: The Mediating Role of Personal Norms an Entrepreneurial Perspective

The prime concern of the present study entails exploring the various factors that relate to the social and psychological perspectives that derive from personal norms and influence the behaviour of consumers towards the purchase of products and the adoption of green services and products that address environmental concerns. This research effort contributes to creation of knowledge with mediation effect of consumer personal norms among samples from developing countries. The data was collected cross-sectionally from consumers of Dolmen Mall Karachi, Pakistan. The researcher approached 330 individuals under probability sampling, and data was collected through questionnaire in malls. This research paper utilized PLS-SEM for the analysis of collected data. The entrepreneurial perspective has the tendency to influence the behavior of consumers and employees. The firms strive to incorporate innovative initiatives for business operations from the entrepreneurial perspective. The firms face a number of issues, problems, and challenges and find the solution in an entrepreneurial approach that firms incorporate in their strategic management. Similarly, it has been argued that the entrepreneurial approach enables the firms to devise innovative solutions and has the tendency to influence the green buying intentions. The results found that personal norms predict buying intentions, and formerly descriptive social norms, injunctive social norms, and biospheric values directly predict consumer personal norms. However, consideration of future consequences could not show any influence on personal norms. The results supported the mediating role of personal norms between descriptive social norms, injunctive social norms, biospheric values, and buying intentions. The results of this study provide important insights to green product researchers, marketers, and policymakers. Marketers can get guidance to design effective marketing strategies by focusing on consumer-related descriptive and injunctive social norms and biospheric values. The study also highlights its implications and limitations as well as the suggestions for future research.

Erich Fromm: Ancestor of Social Psychoanalytic Practice

ABSTRACT Erich Fromm offered two key psychoanalytic concepts that bridge the psychic and the social: social unconscious and social character. In his view, these concepts are not only critical for understanding socio-historical phenomena but also ought to inform psychoanalytic clinical practice such that it might resist unconsciously encouraging patients to adapt to inequitable social conditions. This essay pays tribute to Fromm’s thinking while elaborating some of the differences between Fromm’s understanding of social unconscious/social character and my own. I argue that “social unconscious” does not quite capture the dynamic and conflictual nature of unconscious process, the ongoing conflict that social demands for conformity create in subject formation. To address that conflict, I propose the bridging concept of normative unconscious processes, processes that are always in conflict with counter-normative resistances. Points of both conflict and dissociation are precisely where analysts can challenge the psychic effects of oppressive social norms. Further, while agreeing with Fromm that analyzing social character ought to be central to clinical work, I argue that various and overlapping systemic oppressions – e.g. racism, heterosexism, classism – create, in any given society, multiple social characters and not just one dominant type. In agreement with Fromm’s argument that analysts themselves need to reckon with their own social character, I stress the importance for all of us to be as aware as possible of our own identity investments and social locations within unequal and overlapping power hierarchies.

Communicating norms to increase food delivery customers’ sustainable waste management behaviors

This study examines the influences of norms on food delivery customers’ pro-environmental behavioral intentions, which ultimately affect sustainable waste management behaviors (SWMBs). First explored were the effects of several types of norms, including personal and social norms (i.e., injunctive and descriptive norms), on intentions to perform SWMBs. Second were how personal norms mediate the effect of social norms on behavioral intentions and, lastly, the effect of behavioral intentions on food delivery customers’ SWMBs. A questionnaire was conducted with 601 customers of food deliver platforms in Bangkok, Thailand from the beginning of September to mid-October 2022. Path analysis was conducted to test how several types of norms affect intentions to perform SWMBs and how those intentions lead to SWMB performance. The results revealed that when the three types of norms were included in the analysis, personal norms had the greatest impact on behavioral intentions, whereas injunctive social norms had no significant direct impact. Personal norms also significantly mediated the effect of both descriptive and injunctive social norms on intentions, and intentions had a significant effect on SWMB performance among food delivery customers. However, the indirect impact of descriptive social norms on the intentions via personal norms was much weaker than that of injunctive social norms. This study implies that each type of norm has different ways to influence food delivery customers’ participation in SWMBs. To fully utilize advantages of norms in promoting SWMBs, communicating both social norms and personal norms could be very influential.

A cross-sectional survey measuring social norms, personal norms and altruistic values across responsible computer consumption life cycles

Purpose This study makes a unique contribution to the knowledge by investigating the mediating role of the social and personal norms across the acquisition, use and disposal stages of the responsible computer consumption lifecycle. Originality As the pioneer study conducted in Asian countries that provides integrative and holistic comparison on the mediating effect of personal and social norms with regards to responsible computer acquisition, use and disposal. Additionally, this study makes a theoretical contribution to the responsible computer value-behaviour relationships in an emerging market context. Methodology A large sample of 1000 questionnaires collected from 8 developed cities in Malaysia with the highest level of computer literacy, making this study capable of being generalized to the Malaysian population. Findings Social norms mediate the relationship between altruistic values and social norms at the acquisition and disposal stages. Personal norms mediate the relationship between altruistic and social norms at the acquisition and disposal stages.

The Association between Intrahousehold Food Allocation Social Norms and Thinness among Young Adolescent Girls: A Community-Based Study.

Inequalities in food allocation related to social norms among household members significantly affect the nutritional status and well-being of the vulnerable members of the household, such as adolescent girls. This study assesses the association between social norms related to intrahousehold food allocation and young adolescent girls' thinness. The study involved 1,083 pairs of mothers/caregivers and young adolescent girls. Data were collected using a structured and pretested questionnaire. Multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression analysis was employed to examine associations using STATA/SE V.14 statistical software. In addition, a stratified analysis was done to investigate the effect of social norms on thinness in food-secure and food-insecure households. The overall prevalence of young adolescent girls' thinness was 15.70% (95% CI 13.52-17.86%). Young adolescent girls' thinness was associated with mothers'/caregivers' conformity to inequitable intrahousehold food allocation social norms in food-secure households [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.43, 95% CI: 1.14-1.80] but not in food-insecure households. Nearly 16% of adolescent girls were thin. Mothers/female caregivers conforming to inequitable intrahousehold food allocation social norms compromise the nutritional status of adolescent girls, particularly in food-secure households. The lack of statistically significant association in food-insecure households hints at the need to address inequality in food-secure households while addressing food shortage to improve the nutritional status of adolescents in low-income countries. We also recommend more studies in different sociocultural contexts to fully gather the evidence for adopting appropriate policies and practices.

Understanding tourists’ dining behaviors at traditional Chinese nutraceutical restaurants

ABSTRACT Nutraceutical restaurants providing medical and/or health benefits have become an emerging market; however, the underlying factors and the mechanism explaining dining behaviours in nutraceutical restaurants remain unknown. This study utilized a mixed-methods approach to bridge this research gap. An exploratory qualitative interview was conducted to identify the determinants of patronage behaviour at nutraceutical restaurants. We further conducted a quantitative study utilizing an extended value-attitude-behaviour model to provide quantitative evidence. The results showed that health, cultural values, and social norms significantly influenced customers’ attitudes, thus leading to their revisit intentions. Furthermore, we found a significant role of social norms in determining nutraceutical consumption. Additionally, age was found to moderate the effects of health values and social norms on revisit intention.

Enhancing prosocial behaviour and donation intentions through neuroscientific techniques (EEG and eye tracker): Exploring the influence of charitable advertisement appeals

This study investigates the impact of charitable advertisement appeals on prosocial behaviour and intentions to donate, employing cutting-edge neuroscientific techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG) and eye tracker. It also seeks to analyse the moderating effect of altruism, social norms and moral intensity on the relationship between advertising appeal and prosocial behaviour and intention to donate. Findings indicate that negative appeal is more effective than positive appeal in influencing prosocial behaviour and intent to donate. Furthermore, using an eye tracker showed that individuals try to avoid painful scenes in charitable advertisements. This study provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms that drive prosocial behaviour and donation intentions by delving into the influence of various charitable advertisement appeals (both positive and negative) on individuals’ neural and ocular responses. We therefore, argue that findings from this research hold significant implications for marketers and advertisers seeking to create more effective and persuasive charitable advertisements, ultimately promoting greater engagement and support for philanthropic causes.

Do socio-cultural factors affect the relationships between CSR and loyalty in retailing? A three-country investigation

PurposeThe aim of this research is to investigate the positive effects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on loyalty to retailers through trust dimensions (competence, benevolence and integrity) taking into account socio-cultural factors (social norms and collectivism) across nations.Design/methodology/approachThe authors carried out three quantitative studies (N = 948) in three countries (France, Germany and the United Kingdom [UK]). They then used structural equation modelling to test the model and hypotheses.FindingsThe results show contingent positive effects of CSR perception on customer loyalty. They underscore indirect effects of CSR on loyalty through the mediation of specific dimensions of trust (competence, benevolence and integrity). The authors also identify significant moderations such that the effects of social norms on CSR and loyalty are stronger in France/Germany than in the UK. The effects of collectivism on CSR and loyalty are stronger in France than in Germany and the UK.Practical implicationsRetailers can rely on CSR and trust to increase loyalty directly. When communicating CSR activities, retailers have to account for cultural differences in their main markets and adopt adjusted strategies to convince consumers about their CSR efforts. Retailers should understand the social norms of their customers in order to determine the effectiveness of disclosing CSR initiatives.Originality/valueUsing a cross-cultural perspective, this article extends and enriches knowledge on the relationship between CSR, social norms and loyalty in retailing in different cultural settings. It also underscores the role of trust in building loyalty across nations.

The effects of descriptive and injunctive social norms on workplace incivility

AbstractThis research examines workplace incivility through the lens of the focus theory of normative conduct, demonstrating effects of descriptive and injunctive norms on incivility perpetration. Using an experimental vignette methodology, Study 1 demonstrated that incivility intentions toward an insulting colleague were higher when organizational incivility (vs. civility) was described as both common (descriptive norm) and approved (injunctive norm). Study 2 disentangled the influences of descriptive from injunctive norms, demonstrating that each exerts an independent effect on incivility intentions. In Study 3, workers' perceptions of the descriptive and injunctive norms for incivility at their organizations predicted their uncivil intentions toward an insulting colleague—beyond the effects of other established workplace mistreatment predictors. Study 4 replicated these findings in predicting uncivil behavior frequency; additionally, job satisfaction accentuated the effects of both norm types and organizational identification amplified the effects of injunctive norms. Overall, results support key tenets of the focus theory of normative conduct, provide novel evidence for individual difference moderators of the norms' effects, and suggest that norm‐based persuasive messaging interventions may hold promise for discouraging workplace incivility.

Investigating the impact of 'dark nudges' on drinking intentions: A between groups, randomized and online experimental study.

This study explored how 'dark nudges' (tactics used in alcohol industry-funded responsible drinking campaigns) affect drinking intentions, perceived source credibility and whether individual differences in perceptions of prototypical drinkers moderated these effects. Two 2 × 2 between-groups online experimental studies. Study 1 (N = 164) presented three alcohol health messages per condition, comprising social norm (healthy/unhealthy ("dark nudge")) by frame (loss/gain). Study 2 (N = 229) presented one message per condition, comprising cancer causality (single cause/multiple causes (dark nudge)) by funding disclosure (disclosure/non-disclosure (dark nudge)). Outcomes were drinking intentions and perceived source credibility. Exploratory analyses considered prototype perceptions as a between-subjects moderator. No significant effects of message frame, social norm, fundi or multiple cancer causality arguments on drinking intentions were found. In Study 2, in the dark nudge multiple cancer causality conditions, perceived source credibility was high when funding was undisclosed, but significantly lower when it was disclosed. Exploratory analyses suggested effects were moderated by prototype similarity. In Study 1, higher perceived similarity to a heavy drinker and lower perceived similarity to a responsible drinker were associated with higher drinking intentions in the unhealthy norm/gain frame condition, but lower drinking intentions in the other conditions. Framing, social norm, funding disclosure and multiple causality manipulations as tested in this study did not exert a dark nudge effect on drinking intentions. However, the exploratory analyses suggest it could be hypothesised that the types of messages used in alcohol industry-funded responsible drinking campaigns may result in greater drinking intentions among those who identify more as heavy drinkers and less as responsible drinkers. Perceived prototype similarity may be an important moderator of the impact of alcohol health messages that warrants further research. Study 2 suggests disclosure of industry funding guides judgements of the credibility of sources of misleading messages about alcohol and cancer.

Evidence collection and use when making management decisions

AbstractEvidence‐based management (EBM) is a useful framework to assist managers in making organizational decisions based on the best available evidence. EBM use is nevertheless marginal among managers, and little is known about the enablers that can facilitate and effectively increase its use. We use two experimental studies to examine the effect of cognitive reflection, learning goals, and social norms in predicting EBM usage. We also propose an objective assessment task to measure the collection and use of evidence in the context of EBM. Results from both studies provide support for the importance of cognitive reflection and social norms to enable EBM. Surprisingly, learning goals were not associated with EBM use. This research increases our understanding of EBM, provides indications of how to increase its usage, and presents a methodology to investigate evidence collection and use objectively.

The role of intrapersonal and interpersonal factors in waterpipe cessation: a case-control study

BackgroundThe prevalence of waterpipe smoking among women in southern Iran is significantly higher than women in other regions of Iran. We aimed to explore the effect of several demographic factors, knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy and social norms on a successful cessation of waterpipe smoking in the marginalized women of Bandar Abbas city, in the south of Iran.MethodsThis case-control study was conducted in 2022 among 731 women (246 subjects who successfully quit waterpipe smoking in the case group and 485 who smoked waterpipe in the control group). A cluster sampling method was used to collect the required data through face-to-face interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of demographic information, behavioral information about waterpipe smoking and knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy and social norms. The data were analyzed in STATA 14 using univariate and multivariate regression analyses.ResultsThe mean and standard deviation of age was 39.24 ± 11.93 and 37.18 ± 13.57 in the control and case groups, respectively. With an increase of one score in social norm (OR: 1.046), the odds of cessation were increased for 4%. With an increase of one score in self-efficacy (OR: 1.152), the odds of cessation were increased for 15%. With an increase of one score in knowledge (OR: 1.064), the odds of cessation were increased for 6%. With an increase of one score in attitude (OR: 1.215) the odds of cessation were increased for 21%.ConclusionThe present findings revealed personal and interpersonal influential factors in successful waterpipe cessation. Women’s knowledge can be increased and their attitude can be changed. Important people in women’s lives can be influenced to, consequently, affect women positively and improve their self-esteem.

Research on the construction path of the megacity from the perspective of Nudge Theory: Empirical evidence of the “Park City” construction in Chengdu Tianfu New Area

The transformation of Chengdu Tianfu New Area, a state-level new district, from the first site of constructing the “Park City” to the representative of the “Park City”, contains a unique path of “Chinese Style Governance”. To expand the diverse paths of constructing megacities, the current research references the nudge theory of behavioral science, adopts the extended case method, and takes Chengdu Tianfu New Area as a typical case to summarize the “nudge” path of “Party City” construction. The study found that the government achieves the lock-in effect by the priming mechanism and uses the nudge strategy of improving environment and guiding public opinion, thereby helping the people make free choices. It realizes the framework effect by the salience mechanism and uses the strategies of highlighting key information and optimizing information delivery methods, which directly affects the behavior of the public. It achieves the commitment effect by the comparison mechanism, including the horizontal comparison and vertical comparison strategies, and gradually realizes the policy goals. It realizes the social norm effect by the imitation mechanism and uses the strategies of creating peer pressure and playing celebrity effect, which in turn influence people’s choices. With the help of the “nudging” mechanism, the construction of the park city has realized the interactive cycle of “government output-citizen feedback” and achieved the goal of “making great change through small actions”. As a new behavioral intervention tool, “nudging” provides an alternative explanation for the construction of the park city in Tianfu New Area and opens up new ideas for the construction of megacities. This study concludes that the construction of megacities can achieve the goal of “common return” through different ways and provides practical inspiration for future urban construction.

Loneliness among single and coupled individuals in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-country analysis

Background/ObjectiveResearch suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic has increased social isolation and loneliness and that, in general, single individuals experience a higher degree of loneliness than coupled individuals. Loneliness may also vary across cultures as a function of social norms and Hofstede's dimensions of national culture. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine whether the link between relationship status and loneliness in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic differed across countries as a function of cultural values captured in terms of Hofstede's six dimensions of national culture. MethodMultilevel modeling was used to analyze the archival data collected in the COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey (41 countries and 102,957 participants) and the COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey - Round II (23 countries and 8227 participants). ResultsThe analyses demonstrated the statistical significance of the interactions between relationship status and six Hofstede's dimensions of national culture in the link between relationship status and loneliness. The estimated effect sizes of these interactions were, however, almost zero. ConclusionsThe lack of effect size of the interactions between relationship status and Hofstede's dimensions of national culture for loneliness may have substantive significance. This finding implies that, on average, loneliness as a function of relationship status may be less reactive in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic to the effects of social norms and values across which countries vary.

Encouraging Individual Contributions to Net-Zero Organizations: Effects of Behavioral Policy Interventions and Social Norms

To contribute to a better understanding of the determinants of climate-friendly organizational behavior, we study the potential of behavioral policy interventions and social norms to foster individual contributions to organizational decarbonization initiatives. We investigate the effects of different types of behavioral policy interventions (default nudges vs. short-term boosts) in isolation and when they are combined with normative appeals to adopt climate-friendly behaviors in an organizational context. In a 2 × 2 between-subjects experiment, we find that default nudges generally induced higher individual contributions to organizational carbon compensation programs than short-term boosts. Moreover, injunctive social norm information decreased the effectiveness of both types of behavioral interventions but affected the effectiveness of short-term boosts to a stronger extent than the effectiveness of default nudges. Contributing to the nascent literature on motivating climate change mitigating behaviors in organizational contexts, we additionally explore whether factors such as personality traits, pro-social and pro-environmental beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors, and the degree of organizational identification exert an influence on the effectiveness of the interventions and provide qualitative insights into participants’ reasoning for their decisions.

Evaluating Factors Explaining U.S. Consumers' Behavioral Intentions toward Irradiated Ground Beef.

Although food irradiation is deemed safe and endorsed by health-related organizations worldwide, consumers are reluctant to accept the technology. Yet, consumer acceptance is critical as food irradiation has significant potential for increasing the safety and availability of food globally. To communicate about food irradiation, science communicators should understand the psychology behind consumers' decision making related to irradiated foods. Using empirical research, we developed a theoretical model and used structural equation modeling to determine how nine variables affect consumers' behavioral intentions toward irradiated ground beef. We purchased a national quota sample from Qualtrics and surveyed N = 1102 U.S. consumers. The model explained 60.3% of the variance in consumers' attitudes toward food irradiation and 55.4% of their behavioral intentions toward irradiated ground beef. Attitude had the largest positive, total effect on consumers' behavioral intentions, which was followed by subjective social norm and perceived benefit. Perceived risk had the largest negative, total effect on behavioral intentions. Attitude mediated the effect of subjective social norm, perceived benefit, perceived risk, objective knowledge, and food technology neophobia. Environmental concern and health consciousness did not significantly affect behavioral intention. Science communicators should develop messaging strategies that seek to improve consumer acceptance with these factors in mind.

Interactive effects of social norms and information framing on consumers' willingness of food waste reduction behavior

Nudge theory is the underpinning theory of this paper, which is used to propose the information nudge strategy for reducing food waste on the consumption stage. To achieve desired outcomes, a 2 (Social Norms: Descriptive norms vs. Injunctive norms) × 2 (Information framing: Positive framing vs. Negative framing) × 2 (Dining Scenarios: Business banquets vs. Friends and family gatherings) between-subjects experimental design was employed, based on the framing effect and the focus theory of normative conduct. Specifically, building upon prior work in behavioral economics, this paper explores the ‘match-up ’effects between social norms and information framing on consumers' willingness to reduce food waste, considering the mediating role of portion control inspiration and the moderating role of dining scenarios. Results suggest that negative-framed messages are more effective combined with injunctive norms, while positive-framed messages work better combined with descriptive norms. Noticeably, the negative-descriptive norms have the backfire effect, that is, exacerbating individuals' food waste. The dining scenarios(business banquets vs. family/friends gatherings)influence these effects. Overall, this work contributes to the literature on nudge theory and the focus theory of normative conduct by investigating how information nudge strategies can be used to promote rational meal ordering and food waste reduction at social and enterprise levels.