Effects Of Resistance Exercise Research Articles

The effects of the combination of resistance exercise and heat stress on cell production and plasma levels of cytokines

Global warming and its effects on human health encourage the examination of the effect of resistance exercise and heat stress on cytokines production. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction effect of resistance training and heat on the immune system of healthy active men. Six trained males (27.83±1.9 years, 86.45±10.3 kg) completed a 60-minute resistance exercise with 75% 1RM in two conditions (~25 °C, normal or ~35 °C, heat). The following were evaluated: LPS-stimulated cytokine production, plasma cytokine levels, and cortisol. The results showed that heat stress increased (P=0.027) plasma IL-6 and remained high after 1 hr (P=0.026). Upon stimulation with LPS, IL-6 cell production in heat and normal conditions increased immediately (PH=0.026; PN=0.048), decreased 1 hr after exercise, and returned to baseline (PH=0.005; PN=0.033). However, post-exercise LPS-TNF-α release decreased immediately only in a heated environment (P=0.029). The concentration of blood cortisol was unaffected by normal or heat conditions. The findings of this research suggest that other factors beyond cortisol regulated cytokines during heat-exposed exercise. Furthermore, the IL-6 had a regulatory function on TNF-α release. These cytokine changes showed that real work in similar temperatures did not negatively affect the immune system.

Effectiveness of Resistance Exercise for Depression, Fatigue, and Sleep Quality in Women With Fibromyalgia

Purpose: Fibromyalgia is a chronic disease that mainly affects women, deteriorating the quality of life of these patients. Resistance exercise (RE) has been shown to be beneficial in this disease. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of RE for depression, fatigue, and sleep quality in women with fibromyalgia.Design and Methods: A systematic review with meta‐analysis was conducted until September 1, 2024. Seven databases were searched as follows: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, Dialnet, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Randomized clinical trials were conducted in women with a diagnosis of fibromyalgia, including RE as the only intervention in any of the groups and to assess depression, fatigue, and sleep quality. For meta‐analyses, we calculated the standardized difference of means and its standard error. A random‐effects model was used. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2). PROSPERO Registration: CRD42021256162.Findings: Eleven trials were included in the systematic review and eight in the meta‐analysis (n = 664). RE showed statistically significant improvements in depression (SMD = −0.54; 95% CI [−0.92, −0.16], p = 0.005) and fatigue (SMD = −0.83; 95% CI [−1.41–0.25], p = 0.005). No significant differences were found in sleep quality (SMD = −0.99; 95% CI [−2.40, 0.43], p = 0.17). In general, the methodological quality of the included trials was good.Practice Implication: RE is an effective tool to improve depression and fatigue in women with fibromyalgia, achieving clinically relevant improvements of more than 50% in symptoms related to depression. RE did not show benefits for sleep quality, although this finding may be due to a lack of studies. More studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of RE on sleep quality.

The effects of Resistance Exercise After Posterior Lumbar Inter body fusion Reconstruction on Changes in Lumbar Extension Strength and VAS in Male Patients with Low Back Pain

The effects of Resistance Exercise After Posterior Lumbar Inter body fusion Reconstruction on Changes in Lumbar Extension Strength and VAS in Male Patients with Low Back Pain

경도인지장애 남성 노인의 저항성 운동이 체력, 균형능력, 인지기능 및 우울증에 미치는 영향

경도인지장애 남성 노인의 저항성 운동이 체력, 균형능력, 인지기능 및 우울증에 미치는 영향

The effectiveness of resistance exercises performed on stable and unstable surfaces in relation to torso activation

Introduction: Deep stabilization system (DSS) strength and endurance are crucial for injury prevention and athletic performance. Training surfaces can influence training outcomes; therefore, this study aimed to compare the impact of performing strength trunk exercises on unstable and stable surfaces with conventional trunk exercises. Materials and Methods: DSS and trunk stability were assessed before and after 10 weeks of three different training interventions among twenty elite futsal players. Each intervention included 25 strength training sessions. Pre- and post-tests encompassed various measurements, including diaphragm, trunk flexion, trunk back extension, hip flexion, intraabdominal pressure, side plank, pronation, and supination tests. Results: Conventional exercises showed a significant improvement only in the side plank test. In contrast, unstable and stable surface conditions exhibited notable enhancements in all tests, displaying superior trunk stability compared to conventional exercises. The stable surface condition demonstrated significantly greater improvements in the pronation and supination tests compared to the unstable surface condition. Conclusions: Except for the side plank test, dynamic conventional exercises did not yield substantial improvements in the assessed tests. Deep stabilization system training enhances trunk stability when performed on both unstable and stable surfaces, with unstable surfaces potentially yielding greater improvements in m. transversus stabilization functions.

Comparison of Aerobic and Resistance Exercises on Myonectin Levels and Insulin Resistance in Overweight and Obese Women

Background: Obesity is a hormonal-metabolic disorder that leads to the abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat in the body due to lifestyle changes, especially inactivity and genetic predispositions. Objectives: The present study aimed to compare the effects of 8 weeks of aerobic and resistance training on serum myonectin levels and insulin resistance in overweight and obese women. Methods: A total of 45 women aged 30 - 50 years who were either overweight or obese participated in this study. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups, each consisting of 15 participants: Control (group I), resistance training (group II), and aerobic training (group III). The aerobic training group engaged in an eight-week running program with an intensity set at 50 - 70% of their maximum heart rate, following the principle of gradual overload. The resistance training group completed an 8-week program with three sessions per week. All data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 26). Two-way analysis of variance in repeated measures and Bonferroni’s post hoc test were utilized, with significance set at P ≥ 0.05. Results: Both aerobic and resistance exercises resulted in a statistically significant difference in serum myonectin levels compared to the control group (P = 0.024 and P = 0.002, respectively). However, no significant difference was observed between the effects of aerobic and resistance exercises on this variable (P = 0.214). Similarly, both aerobic and resistance exercises led to a statistically significant difference in insulin resistance, compared to the control group (P = 0.028 and P = 0.001, respectively), with no significant difference observed between the effects of aerobic and resistance exercises on this variable (P = 0.068). Conclusions: In conclusion, 8 weeks of aerobic and resistance training, when performed separately by obese or overweight women, resulted in increased serum myonectin levels and improved insulin resistance. The aforementioned findings collectively indicate an enhancement in metabolic status, contributing to overall health improvement in individuals.

Comparative effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation [TENS] along with therapeutic exercises and theraband exercises on pain, disability and muscle strength in knee osteoarthritis

Purpose: to examined the effects of resistance exercise using the theraband on the pain and function of patients with degenerative knee arthritis. Material & Methods: thirty patients with degenerative knee arthritis were classified into an one group of 20 patients on whom resistance exercise using the elastic band was applied and a other group of 20 patients on whom conventional physical therapy was delivered. Both groups received treatments three times a week for four weeks. Pain and disability and function were measured by the WOMAC index and muscle strength was evaluated by the Oxford scale on 1st day and after 4th week to follow-up the treatment. Results: the intragroup comparison Table 2, showed significant improvements in WOMAC index and Oxford scale in both groups. In the intergroup comparison after treatment, the group-2 showed significantly changes in the values with respect to pre to post intervention WOMAC index score; 33.7250±3.61879 to14.1800±1.76355 than the group-1 32.2305±7.88301 to 18.4400±2.62546. Furthermore there were significant improvement in Oxford scale score i.e. 2.6000±.50262 to 4.5000±.51299 found in group-2 than group-1 i.e. 2.4500±.51042 to 3.6000±.50262. Conclusion: the results suggest that resistance exercise using the theraband is an effective intervention for the pain and function of patients with degenerative knee arthritis.

EVALUATION OF ONLINE AEROBIC TRAINING AND RESISTANCE TRAINING IN OLDER ADULTS WITH MCI: A THREE-ARM RCT

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effects of online aerobic and resistance training programs in community-dwelling older adults with mild cognitive impairment. A total of 108 participants (60~87 years) were recruited, and equally randomized to aerobic group (3-5 times/week, 30-50min/section), resistance group (2 times/week, 5 to 6 exercises/section), or control group. Cognitive functions were evaluated at baseline, the 13rd week (T1) and 26th week (T2). Effects were evaluated by linear mixed effects model (LME) after controlling for covariates. Inter-individual differences on the cognitive effects were explored. After six-month intervention, 15 (13.89%) participants dropped out, and the median compliance rates were 80.77% for aerobic group and 96.15 for resistance group. LME revealed that ADAs-cog scores in aerobic group decreased by 2.14 at T1 and 1.68 at T2 more than the control group. And the ADAs-cog scores in resistance group decreased by1.43 more than the control group at T1. For executive function, the Stroop time interference in resistance group at T2 declined 11.12 seconds more than the control group, and 13.85 seconds more than the aerobic group. For memory performance, the RAVLT scores at T1 in aerobic group tended to increase 5.15 (p = 0.065) more than the control group. There existed true inter-individual differences in the responses to exercise. Compliance rates, social activity participation, cognitive function and physical function at baseline were the significant factors. Overall, our study confirmed the positive effects of both aerobic and resistance exercise on global cognition, while their effects on specific cognitive domains were different.

Physiological and clinical effects of low-intensity blood-flow restricted resistance exercise compared to standard rehabilitation in adults with knee osteoarthritis–Protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common disease with high socioeconomical costs. In Denmark, standard rehabilitation (SR) consists of a combination of patient education and supervised physical exercise involving a standardized neuromuscular training program. As an evidence-based alternative, high–load (>70% 1RM) resistance training (HIRT) has shown positive rehabilitation effects in knee-OA but may not be tolerated in all patients (~25%) due to knee joint pain. However, low-load resistance training (20–40% 1RM) with concurrent partial blood-flow restriction (BFR) appears to produce effects similar to HIRT yet involving reduced joint pain during and after exercise. The aim is to examine the effect of low-load BFR training compared to SR on pain, thigh muscle mass and muscle function in adults with knee-OA. We hypothesize that 12 weeks of BFR will lead to superior improvements in pain, muscle mass and mechanical muscle function compared to SR. Methods and analysis 90 participants diagnosed with radiographic knee-OA will be randomized to either BFR or SR twice a week for 12 weeks. BFR will consist of two selected lower limb strength exercises performed with an inflated pneumatic occlusion cuff. Intervention procedures in SR consist of a full 8 weeks GLA:D course followed by 4 weeks of team group training. Primary outcome variable is the change in KOOS-Pain subscale from baseline to 12 weeks. Secondary outcome variables are changes in pain sensitivity, functional performance, muscle mass and mechanical muscle function. Intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses will be conducted. One-way analysis of variance will be performed to evaluate between-group changes. Pre-to-post intervention comparisons will be analyzed using a mixed linear model. Regression analysis will be performed to evaluate potential associations between selected outcome variables.

Effectiveness of functional training versus resistance exercise in patients with psoriatic arthritis: randomized controlled trial

ObjectiveThis study aims to evaluate the effect of functional versus resistance exercise training on the functional capacity and quality of life of psoriatic arthritis patients.MethodsForty-one psoriatic arthritis patients (18 to 65 years old) were randomized into two groups: functional training group and resistance exercise group. The functional training group underwent functional exercises with elastic band and the functional training group underwent machine resistance exercise twice a week for 12 weeks. Outcome measures were: The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) and Health Assessment Questionnaire for the Spondyloarthropathies (HAQ-S) for functional capacity and functional status, one-repetition maximum test for muscle strength, the Short Form 36 health survey questionnaire (SF-36) for quality of life, and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and the Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS-28) for disease activity. Analyzes were performed by a blinded evaluator at baseline (T0), six (T6) and twelve (T12) weeks after the beginning of the exercise.ResultsAt baseline, the groups were homogeneous in the clinical and demographic characteristics. There was a statistical intra-group improvement for both groups in the BASFI, BASDAI, HAQ-s, and DAS-28. In the quality-of-life assessment, both groups showed statistical intra-group improvements for all domains except the “emotional aspect” domain in the resistance exercise group. In the muscle strength, there was a statistical improvement for all exercises in both groups, except for the “alternate biceps (bilateral)” exercise.ConclusionFunctional training and resistance exercise are similarly effective in improving functional capacity, functional status, disease activity, general quality of life, and muscle strength in patients with psoriatic arthritis.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04304326. Registered 11 March 2020, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04304326?term=NCT04304326&draw=2&rank=1.

The effects of health education and exercise style changes on the maturation of autologous arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis patients: A randomized controlled trial.

Upper limb exercise has long been considered to be the main means to promote autogenous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation, but in practice exercise intensity and compliance are both typically lacking. Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated the good effects of functional resistance or pressure exercise in patients with AVF. However, many patients' have difficulty complying with upper limb exercise programs without systematic health education. Therefore, we argue that resistance and pressure exercise supported by health education is actually the most beneficial for AVF patients. We randomly divided 114 patients into a control group and an experimental group of 57 patients each. In the control group, conventional care was used, and in the experimental group, online health education based on the IMB (Information-Motivation-Behavior skills) model and functional resistance and pressure upper limb exercises was implemented with the AVF side arm. The failure rate of AVF maturation, clinical maturation time, cephalic venous blood flow, vessel diameter, and vessel skin thickness were compared between the two groups. Fifty-five cases were included for each in the final study. The primary outcome of this study was the failure rate of AVF maturation. Secondary outcomes included clinical maturation time, cephalic vein flow, vessel diameter, and vessel thickness. The failure rate of AVF maturation in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the clinical maturation time in the experimental group was significantly shorter than that in the control group. For the remaining three indicators, there were between-group effects, time effects, and interaction effects in both groups. Comparison between groups showed that there was no statistical difference in the observed indicators of cephalic vein flow, vessel diameter, or vessel thickness between the two groups before the intervention but that there was a statistical difference at the end of the 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks of the intervention. A 2 × 2 comparison also showed that there was a statistical difference between the three indicators at each time point within the two groups. IMB model-based online health education combined with functional resistance and pressure exercises can improve AVF maturation status and accelerate AVF maturation within 12 weeks of surgery.

Comparison of the preconditioning effect of different exercise training modalities on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

The study of exercise preconditioning can develop strategies to prevent cardiovascular diseases and outline the efficient exercise model. However, the exercise type with the most protective effect against ischemia-reperfusion injury is unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of three kinds of exercise preconditioning on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in adult rats and explored the possible underlying mechanisms. Male Wistar rats subjected to ten weeks of endurance, resistance, and concurrent training underwent ischemia (30 min) and reperfusion (120 min) induction. Then, infarction size, serum levels of the CK-MB, the redox status, and angiogenesis proteins (VEGF, ANGP-1, and ANGP-2) were measured in the cardiac tissue. Results showed that different exercise training modes have the same reduction effects on infarction size, but ischemia-reperfusion-induced CK-MB was lower in response to endurance training and concurrent training. Furthermore, cardiac VEGF levels increased in all three kinds of exercise preconditioning but ischemia-reperfusion-induced ANGP-1 elevated more in endurance training. The cardiac GPX activity was improved significantly through the resistance and concurrent exercise compared to the endurance exercise. In addition, all three exercise preconditioning models decreased MPO levels, and ischemia reperfusion-induced MDA was lower in endurance and resistance training. Overall, these results indicated that cardioprotection of exercise training against ischemia-reperfusion injury depends on the exercise modality. Cardioprotective effects of aerobic, resistance, and concurrent exercises are due to different mechanisms. The preconditioning effects of endurance training are mediated mainly by pervasive angiogenic responses and resistance training through oxidative stress amelioration. The preconditioning effects of concurrent training rely on both angiogenesis and oxidative stress amelioration.

Effects of resistance exercise and whey protein supplementation on metabolic flexibility and glucose homeostasis in healthy older men

Effects of resistance exercise and whey protein supplementation on metabolic flexibility and glucose homeostasis in healthy older men

Effect of resistance exercise on secondary inflammatory insult in Alzheimer’s disease models

AbstractBackgroundPhysical exercise improves cognition in human and animal studies associated with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). However, resistance‐type regimes remain poorly investigated. Acute illness or injury can influence the rate AD progression and trigger accelerated cognitive decline.MethodTo evaluate the role of RE in modulating pre‐existing cognitive impairment, female 3xTg and 5xFAD mice underwent a five‐week RE training protocol. An acute systemic inflammatory insult: laparotomy or intraperitoneally‐injected LPS, was performed to investigate the effect of RE under these challenges. Behavior tests was used to probe for cognition and learning. Brain homogenates were harvested for western blot analysis, qPCR, or post‐fixed in neutral‐buffered formalin solution for immuno‐histochemical exploration.ResultRE showed improved cognitive function, reduced P‐S396‐tau, decreased ionized calcium‐binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba‐1), and decreased inflammatory cytokine transcripts compared to sedentary controls. RE significantly reduced anxiety‐like behavior and cognitive deficit stimulated by acute systemic inflammation episode.ConclusionRE attenuates exaggerated cellular responses and improves cognitive functions in AD and accelerated cognitive impairment triggered by secondary inflammation insult.

The Acute and Chronic Effect of Endurance Versus Resistance Exercise on Circulating Irisin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract Background Exercise-induced release of irisin is associated with various improved health outcomes. However, the most effective exercise mode(s) to stimulate irisin release remain unclear. In this systematic review, we separately examine potential differences in (i) resting irisin concentrations (chronic change) after resistance (RT) and endurance training (ET) and (ii) the concentrations of irisin after a single bout (acute change) of resistance (RE) and endurance exercise (EE). Methods Searching was completed February 2022 in PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, and SportDiscus. Studies were included by consensus of 2 reviewers, if they were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or comparison studies with adults over 18 years and compared chronic change after RT and ET for any intervention duration or acute change after RE and EE. Risk of bias and quality of findings were independently assessed using PEDRo and GRADE, respectively. Irisin post means and standard deviations were extracted to calculate standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals using a random effect model. Results Of 174 studies screened, 8 chronic and 4 acute studies were included in the analysis, comprising a total of 332 participants. No difference between RT or ET for chronic irisin response was found (P = 0.380, SMD = 0.17, n = 248); however, there tended to be greater acute increases in circulating irisin after RE than EE (P < 0.001, SMD = 0.93, n = 56). Conclusions A greater effect of RE on irisin concentrations than EE was found in acute studies. Future research requires larger sample sizes and matched intensities.

Endocannabinoid and psychological responses to acute resistance exercise in trained and untrained adults.

This study examined the effects of acute resistance exercise on circulating endocannabinoid (eCB) and mood responses in trained and untrained healthy adults. Thirty-two healthy adults (22.1 ± 2.9 years) were recruited from trained (reporting resistance exercise at least twice per week for ≥ previous three months) and untrained (performing no resistance exercise for ≥ previous three months) groups. Participants (13 male, 19 female) completed three sets of resistance exercise (16 repetitions at 50% 1-repetition max, 12 repetitions at 70% 1-repetition max, 8 repetitions at 80% 1-repetition max). Resistance machines targeted the legs, chest, back, and abdominal muscles. Mood states, affect, and circulating eCB concentrations were evaluated before and after resistance exercise. There were significant decreases in AEA, PEA, and OEA levels following acute resistance exercise (p <0.05; ds = -0.39, -0.48, -0.65, respectively), with no significant group differences or group by time interactions. 2-AG did not change significantly. Positive affect increased significantly following resistance exercise (p = 0.009), while negative affect decreased (p <0.001). Depressive symptoms, anger, confusion, and total mood disturbance decreased significantly (p <0.05), while vigor increased significantly following resistance exercise (p = 0.005). There were no significant group differences or group by time interactions for any psychological outcomes. These results indicate that acute resistance exercise may reduce eCB and related lipid concentrations, which is opposite to the increase in lipids typically observed with acute aerobic exercise. Furthermore, psychological improvements occur after resistance exercise regardless of decreases in eCBs, supporting the notion that psychological changes with exercise likely occur through a wide variety of biological and environmental mechanisms.

Shoulder vibratory exercises improves shoulder external rotation muscle strength and shoulder function: Randomized comparison trial.

Based on electromyography measurements, shoulder vibratory exercises efficiently stimulate shoulder muscles activity. Yet very few studies have supported that shoulder vibratory exercises increased shoulder muscles strength and function, and the noninferiority compared with conventional elastic resistance exercises remains unknown. This study investigated the effect of vibratory exercises versus conventional elastic resistance exercises with elastic bands on shoulder external rotation muscles strength and functional performance in young adults. 26 young adults (7 males and 19 females, with age 23.89 ± 3.02) were recruited and randomly allocated to shoulder vibratory exercises with FLEXI-BAR (FLEXI-BAR group) or conventional resistance exercises with elastic band (TheraBand group) for 3 times/week, 4 weeks totally. Shoulder external rotator muscles strength test and Underkofler softball distance throw test (USDTT) were performed before and after the training period. After 4 weeks training, shoulder external rotator muscles strength increased 22.25 ± 15.06 N (P= 0.004, effect size = 1.48) within FLEXI-BAR group and 22.81 ± 14.94 N (P= 0.007, effect size = 1.53) within TheraBand group. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in the three muscle strength tests (P> 0.65). Regarding shoulder function, FLEXI-BAR exercises increased the throw distance 0.81 ± 0.92 meters in USDTT (P= 0.041, effect size = 0.88) while TheraBand exercise did not (P= 0.284), yet there was no statistically significant between group effects (P= 0.608). These findings suggest that shoulder vibratory exercises can improve shoulder muscles strength in young adults and can be a useful alternative to the conventional elastic resistance exercises to improve the shoulder muscles strength and function. This provides therapists with more options in terms of choosing training equipment for rehabilitation programs.

The Effect of Resistance Exercise on the Acute Response of Lipid Profile and Blood Lipid Factors in Three Different Age Groups of Wrestling Champions of Golestan province

Background: Sports activity is one of the ways to improve lifestyle, and its beneficial effects on factors related to cardiovascular diseases have been well demonstrated. This study examines the effect of strenuous exercise in different age groups of wrestlers. Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted on 21 wrestling champions of Golestan province in three age groups, including teenagers, young adults, and adults (7 people in each age group), using the availability sampling method. First, the anthropometric indices were measured, and then the lipid profile was determined before and after running on the treadmill until stagnation was achieved. To compare intra-group and inter-group averages, the paired t-test was used in dependent variables, and one-way analysis of variance statistical test was used in independent variables, and the results of lipid profile and blood lipid factors were analyzed at a significance level of P&lt;0.05. Results: The studied wrestlers had no significant differences in terms of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) indices before and after the implementation of the training protocol. However, the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) increased by 25% in adults compared to young adults. However, intra-group and inter-group changes in TG (P=0.785), TC (P=0.780), LDL (P=0.551), and HDL (P=0.180) were not statistically significant in any of the three groups. Conclusion: According to the effect of an intense resistance training session on the lipid profile in this research, to have a greater effect on training and body adaptation, it is possible to look for exercises that have the three characteristics of regularity, continuity, and moderate intensity.

Effect Of Aerobic, Anaerobic and Resistance Exercises on Oxidative Stress Status in Healthy Sport Practitioners

The main aim of this study is to assess the effect of three different types of exercises on lipid peroxidation in sports practitioners. The experimental approach was used to conduct the study. Sixty-six healthy male sport practitioners were participated in this study and divided into three experimental groups, each group consist of 22 subjects, the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd groups performed aerobic (AE), anaerobic exercises (AnE), and resistance exercises (RE). Before entering their experimental program, the three groups conducted the beep test for determining the VO2max for each participant, and then the blood and urine samples were taken from each participant. Thereafter, the three groups entered their specific training program for eight weeks 3 times/week. After ending the training programs, the three groups conducted the beep test again. All statistical data analyses were performed using SPSS version 25. For checking the differences between the pre- and post-test for all groups one-way ANOVA with Post Hok-Tukey was conducted. Comparisons between pre-test and post-test within one type of exercise were performed by the paired sample t-test. The effect of the three types of exercise programs for 8 weeks on lipid peroxidation biomarker (urinary MDA level) was varied. Interestingly, the 3 types of sport exercises were found to have a great effect on increasing serum antioxidants levels and decrease the levels of urinary MDA. Following the aerobic exercise, which was found to be significantly the more effective in decreasing the level of urinary MDA than anaerobic and resistance exercises. However, the resistance and aerobic exercises have a greater effect to generate the antioxidants defense than anaerobic exercise.

Ffectiveness of Resistance Exercise and Diabetic Foot SPA Interventions on Fasting Blood Sugar Levels and Peripheral Neuropathy in Type II Diabetes Mellitus Clients

Background: Diabetes mellitus is one disease that has a distinctive clinical sign, namely an increase in blood sugar levels beyond the normal range. DM can also cause complications such as peripheral neuropathy. Interventions that can be applied in dealing with the above problems are Resistance exercise and Diabetic Foot Spa. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of resistance exercise and diabetic foot spa on fasting blood sugar levels and peripheral neuropathy in Type II Diabetes Mellitus clients. Method: This study is a true experimental research using pre test and post test approach with control group design. Sampling was carried out using a simple random sampling technique and obtained 40 DM patients who sought treatment in the work area of the Srondol Health Center, which were divided into 2 groups (Intervention and Control). Statistical analysis Pre-Test Post-Test difference test using Paired T-Test difference test and Wilcoxon test then Inter-group difference test using Independent T-Test and Mann Whitney U-Test. Results: This study showed that there were significant differences before and after the combination treatment of Resistance exercise and Diabetic Foot Spa on fasting blood sugar levels values (p = 0.000), and peripheral sensory neuropathy responses (p = 0.031), Dorsiflexion (p = 0.003), Plantarflexion (p = 0.011), Inversion (p = 0.000), Eversion (p = 0.018), autonomic neuropathy (p = 0.108), while Resistance exercise and Diabetic Foot Spa did not have significant differences in motor neuropathy response foot deformity (p = 1,000) and autonomic neuropathy (p = 0.108). Conclusion: Resistance exercise and Diabetic foot spa interventions are effective against fasting blood sugar levels and peripheral sensory, motor neuropathy (joint area of motion) in type II diabetes mellitus clients.