Price Effects Research Articles

Models for dual-channel remanufacturing supply chain with reference price effect under static and dynamic games

With the diversity of shopping styles, reference prices have become a consideration in consumers’ purchasing decisions. It is critical to understand how manufacturers and retailers make optimal decisions based on consumer behavior. To this end, we develop a manufacturer-led Stackelberg (M-Stackelberg) game model to investigate the impact of consumer proportion, reference price effect (RPE), and the channel preference coefficient on the decision of the remanufacturing supply chain (RSC) in dual-channel structures. Through comparing different game scenario models, we find that when the reference price coefficient is relatively small, the optimal decisions for the manufacturer and the retailer are the same regardless of whether the RPE is considered. The manufacturer and E-tailer always benefit from RPE, while the traditional retailer (T-retailer) is uncertain. The numerical analysis revealed that the profits of supply chain members are inversely proportional to the proportion of consumers. The smaller the proportion of primary consumers, the more favorable the supply chain. In particular, the higher the channel preference coefficient, the higher the profits of the manufacturer and E-tailer, while the lower the benefit of the T-retailer. Further, in the dynamic game, the total supply chain profit is highest when the T-retailer prices earlier than the E-tailer.

Harga, Kualitas dan Promosi terhadap Tingkat Kepuasan Pelanggan dalam Pembelian Produk Handphone di PT. Christaraka Sukses Selalu Kota Medan

This study aims to analyze the effect of price, quality, and promotion on customer satisfaction at PT Christaraka Sukses Selalu, Medan City. The research method used is a quantitative approach, with data collected from 85 consumers using the Slovin technique to determine the sample. Based on the t-test, price and quality do not have a significant effect on customer satisfaction, with a t-count value smaller than t-table and a significance above 0.05. On the other hand, promotion has a significant effect, with a t-count greater than t-table and a significance of 0.001. The simultaneous F test shows that price, quality, and promotion together have a significant effect on customer satisfaction, with a calculated F value of 53.606 and a significance of 0.001. The Adjusted R Square value of 0.598 indicates that 59.8% of the variation in customer satisfaction can be explained by the variables of price, quality, and promotion, while the remaining 40.2% is influenced by other factors not examined in this study. Keywords: Price, Quality, Customer Satisfaction, Promotion

The Influence of Price and Location on Foreign Tourists' Purchase Interest at Fairfield by Marriott Bali Kuta Sunset Road

This study aims to determine the effect of price and location on the purchase interest of foreign tourists at Fairfield by Marriott Bali Kuta Sunset Road. The population in this study were foreign tourists who had an interest in staying at Fairfield by Marriott Bali Kuta Sunset Road. The data analysis techniques used in this study were Multiple Linear Regression, t-test, f-test and Determination Coefficient using the SPSS application. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the t-value> t-table = 5.521> 1.660 and the significance value <α = 0.00 <0.05 so it can be concluded that price and location have a positive and significant effect on the purchase interest of foreign tourists at Fairfield by Marriott Bali Kuta Sunset Road. Price and location have a strong influence on the dependent variable, namely the purchase interest of foreign tourists. When price and location have a strong influence, the purchase interest of foreign tourists will increase. The suggestion that can be given by the researcher is that Fairfield by Marriott Bali Kuta Sunset Road is expected to maintain the quality of products and services and maintain security around the hotel location and add shuttle car facilities to attract tourists' purchase interest.

PENGARUH KUALITAS PELAYANAN, HARGA DAN LOKASI TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN PASCA PANDEMIC COVID (Studi pada Konsumen di Sardo Swalayan Kota Malang)

This study aims to assess the impact of service quality, price, and location on purchasing decisions following the Covid pandemic. It employs a quantitative, correlational approach, with data gathered through a Likert scale questionnaire. The sample consists of 100 students as customers of Sardo Swalayan in Malang City. Data analysis involves classical assumption testing and hypothesis testing. Consumer purchasing decisions are positively influenced by service quality, validating the first hypothesis. There is an essential and positive effect of price on purchasing decisions, thus the second hypothesis is accepted. Customers of Sardo Swalayan in Malang City consider location as a crucial factor in their purchasing decisions. The fourth hypothesis is accepted after partial and simultaneous testing, as service quality, price, and location are factors affecting consumer purchasing decisions at Sardo Swalayan in Malang City. This study is intended to serve as a reference for Sardo Swalayan in Malang City to maintain its service quality, as this can encourage consumers to make purchases and potentially become loyal customers, thus increasing the profitability of Sardo Swalayan in Malang City.

The Influence of Price and Promotion Through Instagram Social Media on Generation Y Tourists' Purchase Interest at Four Points By Sheraton Bali, Seminyak

The purpose of the research is to test and determine the effect of price and promotion through Instagram social media partially and simultaneously on the purchasing interest of Generation Y tourists at Four Points by Sheraton Bali, Seminyak. The research conducted is a quantitative research with a population of Generation Y tourists who know Four Points by Sheraton Bali, Seminyak. The sample used was 100 respondents. In conducting data analysis, the techniques used were Multiple Linear Regression, t-test, f-test, and Determination Coefficient using SPSS. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the calculated f value> f table = 143.734> 3.09 and the significance value <α = 0.00 <0.05 and it can be concluded that price and promotion through Instagram social media have a positive and significant effect simultaneously on the purchasing interest of Generation Y tourists at Four Points by Sheraton Bali, Seminyak.

The Influence of Price and E-WOM on Millennial Generation Purchase Interest at InterContinental Bali Resort

This study aims to determine the effect of price and e-WOM on the purchase intention of the millennial generation at the InterContinental Bali Resort. The population is the millennial generation who have accessed information about the InterContinental Bali Resort using the Google platform, and have never stayed at the InterContinental Bali Resort. The sample used was 100 respondents with a data collection method using a questionnaire, in the form of a Google Form. The data analysis techniques used in this study are Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, t-Test, F-Test, and Determination Coefficient Analysis. Based on the results of the study, it can be seen that price and e-WOM partially and simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on purchase intention. The magnitude of the influence of the price and e-WOM variables on purchase intention is 63.3% or can be said to be in the strong category.

PENGARUH TRANSFER PRICING, UMUR PERUSAHAAN, DAN PERTUMBUHAN PENJUALAN TERHADAP PENGHINDARAN PAJAK

This study aims to provide empirical evidence of the effect of transfer pricing, company age, and sales growth on tax avoidance. The population in this study is consumer non-cyclicals companies in the food and beverage subsector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2018-2022 period. The type of research used is an associative quantitative approach using secondary data in the form of annual financial reports obtained from the IDX. This research uses purposive sampling. The number of samples used was 17 companies with 5 years of observation, so that the total sample of this study was 85 data. Data analysis in this study used panel data regression analysis with the help of EViews version 9 software. The results of the study simultaneously show that transfer pricing, company age, and sales growth affect tax avoidance. While the partial research results show that: (1) Transfer pricing has no effect on tax avoidance, (2) Company age affects tax avoidance, and (3) Sales growth has no effect on tax avoidance. This research is expected to provide contribution benefits in the development of theory about the effect of transfer pricing, company age, and sales growth on tax avoidance

Effect of Transfer Pricing, Capital Intensity and Audit Committee on Tax Avoidance

This research was conducted with the aim of providing empirical evidence of Transfer Pricing, Capital Intensity and Audit Committees on Tax Avoidance (Case Study of Energy Sector Mining Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2021-2022 Period). The sample selection technique was carried out using the porpusive sampling method. The total population in this study was 82 companies with a sample size of 31 companies that met the sample criteria. Data collection in this research uses secondary data obtained from the annual financial reports of companies operating in the mining industry, energy sub-sector which are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2021-2022 period. This research method uses a quantitative method with data testing used using SPSS version 26. The data analysis used is descriptive statistical analysis. The results of this research show that transfer pricing, capital intensity, and audit committees have a positive and significant influence on tax avoidance, such as which was tested using t test analysis and F test.

How competition play a role in dental pricing? A study on French medico-administrative and tax reports dataset

ObjectivesFrench dentists charge additional fees for dental prostheses. This paper aims to provide new information on the determinants of dental price setting and inform public decision-making in the context of the widespread rejection of prosthetic dental care for financial reasons. We focus on the competitive mechanism in the dental prosthetics market and measure the impact of the density of professionals and competitors' prices on the fees charged by dentists. MethodsWe use data merging from an administrative health insurance database and information from tax declarations of French dentists. We test the effect of competitor prices and competition on individual price-setting using instrumental variables. The database obtained included 29,220 dentists. ResultsPractitioners’ prices grow with competitors’ prices (+1€ in competitor prices entails an increase of + 0.37€ in the practitioner's price). Women set lower prices, and having a young child in the household predicts an increase in price of 6.8€ (p-value=0.014). Rural areas present lower fees than urban areas (+11.4€ (p value=0.000)). ConclusionProsthetic prices are strategic complements that are compatible with the application of monopolistic competition in the dental care market. We encourage the regulator to develop competitive mechanisms, for example, through a public offer at moderate prices.

Not all oil types are alike in trade substitution

Motivated by the ongoing war in Ukraine and the public debate on sanctioning crude oil imports from Russia, we estimate the elasticity of substitution between different crude oil types. Using European data on country-level crude oil imports by their field of origin, we argue that crude oil is far from a homogenous good, and that the relevant substitutability for analyzing the impact of trade sanctions must account for the quality of different oil types in terms of their density and sulfur content. Distinguishing crude oil imports by their chemical composition, the elasticity of substitution between types is substantially lower than suggested by previous estimates. Our results also suggest that, by neglecting these differences in quality, standard estimates underestimate the production disruptions and price effects in crude oil refining resulting from sanctions.

Understanding the aftermath of banks merger: analyzing price effects on public sector banks since the COVID-19 pandemic

PurposeThe current study immerses in the realm of bank mergers among prominent PSBs in India, focusing on the financial performance of six recently merged PSBs entities. Amidst the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on economies, the study aims to uncover the efficiency of these PSBs in navigating this unprecedented crisis.Design/methodology/approachThe evaluation encompasses panel data on an annual basis spanning from 2020 to 2023. To assess the overall efficiency of merged PSBs, the advanced statistical technique like one-step system generalized method of moments has been applied to estimate its efficiency.FindingsThe study findings affirm that PSB mergers have bolstered financial metrics and efficiency. Enhanced return on equity (ROA) and net profit margin (NPM) signify improved profitability and efficiency. The consolidation also facilitates better asset management and utilization. Moreover, merged entities benefit from economies of scale, cost efficiencies, risk diversification, technological investments, and overall performance improvements.Practical implicationsThe study's policy suggestions stress ongoing consolidation efforts to boost banking sector resilience, advocating for improved efficiency, governance, and asset quality management. These steps are crucial for successful bank mergers and fostering a robust, competitive banking landscape in India.Originality/valueThis study is a novel attempt to analyze Indian bank profitability and efficiency post PSB mergers amid COVID-19 pandemic. In a developing country like India, especially in PSBs has experienced significant structural changes over the previous 7 years just before pandemic, such a study necessitates a prompt empirical investigation.

Carbon pricing under electricity market constraints: analyzing rent management dynamics in the Republic of Korea

ABSTRACT How do policymakers manage the tension between enforcing a carbon price and ensuring low-cost electricity provision? This paper answers this question in two steps. First, it combines literature on electricity market design and rent management to arrive at a novel analytical framework. Carbon pricing can disrupt longstanding rent transfers between the state and electricity consumers by making it more expensive to produce and/or consume fossil fuel-based electricity. We theorize that policymakers respond to this dilemma by making incremental policy design adjustments to gradually enforce rent losses across the electricity production value chain. We apply this framework to study the implementation of the Korean emissions trading scheme (ETS) policy 2015–2022. Drawing on 20 expert interviews and policy documents we identify an initial sequence of policy design adjustments which enable, but also delay, the enforcement of the carbon price signal in the electricity system. This incremental and politically contentious process reduces the ETS policy’s ability to abate greenhouse gas emissions from the Korean electricity sector in the short term. The findings suggest that the effectiveness of carbon pricing in the electricity sector hinge on the parallel construction of supportive institutions to permit meaningful carbon cost pass-through.

E-WOM as the Main Influencer of Surabaya Consumers in Making Purchase Decisions for Fashion Products on Shopee

This study is motivated by problems often experienced by fashion product buyers when shopping online, such as products received do not match the picture, have different colors or textures from those seen in online photos, items received are different from orders. This study aims to analyze the effect of price, product quality, and E-WOM on purchasing decisions for fashion products with trust as an intervening variable on the Shopee e-commerce site in the city of Surabaya. This study is a quantitative study with a population of all fashion product consumers from the Shopee e-commerce site who live in the city of Surabaya. The sampling technique used purposive sampling and a sample of 120 respondents was found. The analysis technique used is Structure Equation Models (SEM) using the help of AMOS software version 26. The results of this study indicate that price has a negative but insignificant effect on purchasing decisions. Product quality has a positive but insignificant effect on purchasing decisions. E-WOM has a significant positive effect on purchasing decisions. Price has a positive but insignificant effect on trust. Product quality has a significant positive effect on trust. E-WOM has a significant positive effect on trust. Trust has a significant positive effect on purchasing decisions. Trust does not mediate the effect of price on purchasing decisions. Trust does not mediate the effect of product quality on purchasing decisions. Trust mediates the effect of E-WOM on purchasing decisions. The implication of this study is that e-commerce companies, especially Shopee, should pay more attention to product quality and manage E-WOM well to increase consumer trust, which can ultimately strengthen purchasing decisions. In addition, it is important for companies to ensure that accurate and honest product descriptions are conveyed to consumers, in order to minimize the difference between expectations and reality, and to build and maintain consumer trust.

Dampak Harga dan Citra Merek terhadap Minat Beli Ulang yang Dimediasi oleh Kepuasan Pelanggan pada Produk Sabun Mandi Batang Merek Lifebuoy di Kota Bandung

This study aims to analyze the effect of price and brand image on repurchase intention of Lifebuoy brand bath soap products in Bandung City, with customer satisfaction as a mediating variable. Data were collected through instruments that had been tested for reliability and validity, with a sample of 120 respondents who had used the product. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, and this study used a cross-sectional approach. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive test methods and multiple linear regression using SPSS version 23, as well as the Sobel test to test mediation. The results showed that price and brand image significantly influenced repurchase intention, and customer satisfaction acted as a mediator in the relationship. In conclusion, this study provides new insights related to the factors that influence repurchase intention, especially in the context of Lifebuoy bath soap bars in Bandung City, and is expected to be a reference for managers in designing more effective marketing strategies. Keywords: Price, Brand Image, Customer Satisfaction, Repurchase Intention

The value of green and blue space: Walkability and house prices

Urban green and blue spaces are important amenities within highly urbanised areas which offer social, economic and ecological benefits and provide a number of valuable direct and indirect ecosystem of services to surrounding land uses, urban households integral to sustainable urban development. Existing research has revealed that green and blue spaces are not uniform environmental amenities, but rather a set of distinct goods comprising aesthetic and hydro-morphological characteristics therefore which can influence property values. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to examine the heterogeneity of green and blue spaces using 4985 sales transactions applying quantile regression to investigate the proximity effects of these urban amenities on property prices within the Belfast Metropolitan area, Northern Ireland. The findings show premiums for green features range between 3.0 % and 3.6 %, with blue space proximity to the coastline and lakes commanding premiums of 7.3 % and 5.3 %. Conversely, walking distance to large rivers shows a negative pricing effect of 3.8 %. The results further reveal some evidence of distance decay effects with proximity for green and blue space amenities. The quantile findings show empirical evidence of a U-shape relationship for a number of the green space amenities, indicating that lower and higher priced houses value proximity to these urban amenities differently. For urban blue spaces, the findings reveal that living near to a lake or the coastline observes larger premiums for higher priced properties. Moreover, the highest priced dwellings exhibit a higher negative pricing effect with walkability to urban rivers than those in the lowest priced properties. Overall, the findings provide empirical evidence to inform urban design and planning in line with sustainable development goals and biodiversity strategies for inclusive, and accessible public spaces within cities.

Influence of Technology Readiness in the Adoption of Augmented Reality Applications in Retailing

Forget crowded aisles and unending product comparisons. Imagine yourself trying on clothes virtually, visualizing furniture in your living room before making a purchase, or even discovering information about products that are hidden behind interactive labels. Augmented reality (AR) promises to revolutionize the shopping experience, but widespread adoption depends on understanding user motivations. This study explores what motivates consumers to interact with this emerging technology to determine the “why” behind AR retail adoption. Although AR has the potential to transform many industries, consumer technology readiness is a critical factor that will determine how widely adopted AR becomes. This research investigates how a person’s ability, willingness, and confidence in their ability to use technology serves as a vital link between the potential for innovation and its practical implementation. The study investigates the effects of performance expectancy, price, effort expectancy, hedonic motivation, and technological readiness on adoption behavior using a partial least squares-structural equation modeling analysis of data from 306 online survey respondents. The results show that price and performance expectancy are significant drivers, but hedonic motivation and effort expectancy have no impact on adoption behavior. Notably, one factor that strongly influences the adoption of AR apps is technological readiness. These findings provide retailers with insightful advice, telling them to prioritize app value, affordability, and user-friendly design while also realizing how crucial it is to accommodate different degrees of technological comfort. Retailers can effectively use AR technology to improve customer engagement and accelerate adoption in the retail space by knowing these key drivers.

Effect of gasoline prices on urban air quality: Evidence from China new vehicle registrations

The emissions from motor vehicle are increasingly becoming a major source of urban air pollution in China. This study examines the impact of fuel price on expected new vehicle prices based on a hedonic valuation model. Utilizing monthly panel data from Chinese cities and employing panel ordinary least squares regression and mediation effect models, this paper finds the effects of fuel price fluctuations on new vehicle registrations and air pollution. Empirical findings indicate that rising gasoline prices lead to an improvement in urban air quality by reducing the number of new vehicle registrations. The study categorizes vehicle engine displacement into five levels, revealing that higher gasoline prices prompt residents to reduce purchases of medium-displacement vehicles and shift to small-displacement vehicles, while the impact on the registration of larger-displacement vehicles is less pronounced. The purchase tax exemption for new small-displacement vehicles has a moderating effect. Considering China's uneven economic development, the influence of gasoline prices on new vehicle registrations gradually diminishes as regional residents' incomes rise. Gasoline prices are used by regulators to guide the restructuring of vehicle consumption, thereby helping to mitigate urban environmental problems.

The Effect of Transfer Pricing, Foreign Ownership on Tax Avoidance with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a Moderating Variable

This study analyzes how Transfer Pricing and Foreign Ownership affect tax avoidance, and how Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can moderate the relationship. This research falls into the quantitative category because it uses hypothesis testing methods to measure the effects between variables. The research sample consists of 30 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2020-2021 period. Data were collected through the IDX website (www.idx.co.id) and analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results showed that tax avoidance is significantly affected by transfer pricing and foreign ownership. In addition, CSR is proven to moderate the effect of transfer pricing and foreign ownership on tax avoidance significantly.

Financing a push and pull supply chain under revenue sharing: value addition and default risk transmission mechanism

Supply chain finance (SCF) releases participants' capital constraints and facilitates their operations. SCF and transactional contracts can have synchronised effects on participants' performance. This research analyses how credit financing and bank loans with revenue-sharing contracts can help capital-constrained suppliers and retailers improve their financial and risk management performance in the push and pull supply chains. Results suggest that SCF generates greater profits than capital-constrained supply chains without SCF and well-capitalised supply chains, demonstrating a leverage effect. In a push scenario, SCF enhances the wholesale price effect and risk-sharing effect of the revenue-sharing contract, resulting in increased order quantity and profits for participants, albeit with an amplified default risk transmission effect. Conversely, in a pull scenario, SCF boosts participant profitability by strengthening the order quantity effect of the wholesale price contract, although its risk-sharing effect is weakened by the revenue-sharing contract, thereby mitigating the default risk transmission effect. When the revenue-sharing rate is low, the push model performs better in terms of profit enhancement but exhibits higher default risk transmission levels compared to the pull model, and vice versa. The findings guide participants in leveraging SCF and revenue-sharing contracts to enhance their benefits and control the default risk transmission level.

Association between current cigarette prices and cessation behaviors among male adult smokers: findings from 2018 to 2020 ITC Vietnam surveys

BackgroundThis study evaluated the impact of the tax increase in January 2019 on changes in intention to quit and the effect of cigarette prices on quit attempts and successful quitting among male cigarette smokers in Vietnam.MethodsData were derived from the ITC project in Vietnam, which included 1585 adult smokers at baseline (Wave 1, Aug-Oct 2018) followed up to waves 2 (Sep-Nov 2019) and 3 (Sep-Dec 2020). Generalized estimating equations regression was performed to estimate changes in the intention to quit. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the cigarette price of a cigarette pack in relation to quit attempts and successful quitting.ResultsThe increase in cigarette tax in 2019 did not significantly increase the likelihood of the intention to quit. After the tax increase, 63.6% of participants who smoked made a quit attempt, and 27.6% successfully quit smoking in the follow-up waves. However, the price of a cigarette pack was not significantly associated with quit attempts and successful quitting. The study did not observe a significant impact of cigarette prices on quit attempts and successful quitting in all subgroups of household income. Factors associated with quit attempts included the number of cigarettes smoked and the intention to quit, while those associated with successful quitting included age, dual use of cigarettes and other tobacco products, and the intention to quit.ConclusionCurrent cigarette prices were not associated with cessation behaviors even within the lowest household income group. Therefore, a sharp rise in cigarette tax is required to incentivize smokers to quit smoking.