Effects Of Pollution Research Articles

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure effects on trajectories of maternal and adolescent mental health

BackgroundParental psychological distress is a well-known risk factor for developmental psychopathology, with longer term parental distress associated with worse youth mental health. Neurotoxicant exposure during pregnancy is a risk factor for both poor maternal and youth mental health. The impact of one class of pollutant, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), on long-term trajectories of maternal distress and youth self-reported mental health symptoms in adolescence has been understudied.MethodsPAH exposure was measured by DNA adducts in maternal blood sampled during the third trimester of pregnancy. Maternal distress, operationalized as maternal demoralization, was measured at 11 timepoints (prenatal to child age 16). Adolescent mental health symptoms were measured at age 13–15. Follow up analyses examined a subset of measures available at age 15–20 years. Structural equation modeling examined associations between PAH exposure during pregnancy and latent growth metrics of maternal distress, and between maternal distress (intercept and slope) and youth mental health symptoms in a prospective longitudinal birth cohort (N = 564 dyads).ResultsHigher prenatal PAH exposure was associated with higher concurrent maternal distress. Prenatal maternal distress was associated with adolescent’s self-reported anxiety, depression, and externalizing problems. On average, maternal distress declined over time; a slower decline in mother’s distress across the course of the child’s life was associated with greater self-reported anxiety and externalizing problems in youth.ConclusionsOur findings are consistent with an intergenerational framework of environmental effects on mental health: PAH exposure during pregnancy affects maternal mental health, which in turn influences mental health outcomes for youth well into adolescence. Future research is necessary to elucidate the possible social and biological mechanisms (e.g., parenting, epigenetics) underlying the intergenerational transmission of the negative effects of pollution on mental health in caregiver-child dyads.

The effect of air pollution on defensive expenditures: Evidence from individual commercial health insurance in China

To mitigate the substantial losses incurred by air pollution, individuals undertake defensive behaviors in the form of health insurance expenses. Leveraging data from the 2011–2017 China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) encompassing 3033 residents, we estimate the causal impact of air pollution on defensive expenditures. Our findings are as follows: (1) Air pollution exhibits a significantly favorable effect on individual commercial health insurance expenses, with a 1% increase in PM2.5 concentration correlating to an 11.02% rise in personal commercial health insurance expenditure. (2) Demographics such as younger individuals, married populations, lower educational attainment cohorts, and urban residents, displaying higher sensitivity to air pollution, tend to purchase more insurance coverage. (3) Risk perception emerges as a pivotal channel through which air pollution affects commercial health insurance expenditure. Our conclusions underscore the significance of risk perception in defensive expenditures, thereby optimizing individual risk mitigation strategies.

Cross-sectional study of the association of respiratory diseases health risk with environmental pollutants and climate change in Saudi Arabia.

Saudi Arabia is known for its dry climate. This arid climate of the region makes its ecosystems highly susceptible, with limited water resources and vulnerable agricultural fields. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the public's awareness and perceptions of environmental issues and climate change that have an impact on their health and immune system. This study employed a cross-sectional survey to examine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) and related health impact of environmental pollutants and climate change in Saudi Arabia. The participants were chosen randomly from various regions across the kingdom. In this study, a total of 437 respondents were selected using convenience sampling (80.78% female and 19.22% male). Participants have fair knowledge on immunological and health effect of environmental pollution and climate change (94.3% and 87.5%, respectively). Participants are well aware of influence of environmental pollutants and climate change on spread of infectious diseases 51-94%. Significant correlation exists between participants of private sector in attitude domain of KAP (P = 0.003, χ2 = 5.139). Significant correlation exists between participants of private sector in attitude domain of KAP (P = 0.003, χ2 = 5.139. Participants are well aware of influence of environmental pollutants and climate change on spread of infectious diseases (51-94%). In conclusion, the health mission in Saudi Arabia has integrated order to manage the diseases that are related to climate change. It is crucial to enhance the knowledge and skills of general public regarding climate change and its impact on health.

Adolescent exposure to tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) induces reproductive toxicity in zebrafish through hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis disruption

Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), a prevalent organophosphorus flame retardant in aquatic environments, has raised significant concerns regarding its ecological risks. This study aims to explore the impacts of TCPP on the reproductive functions of zebrafish and delineate its gender-related toxic mechanisms. By assessing the effects on zebrafish of 10 mg/L TCPP exposure from 30 to 120 days post-fertilization (dpf), we thoroughly evaluated the reproductive capability and endocrine system alterations. Our findings indicated that TCPP exposure disrupted gender differentiation in zebrafish and markedly impaired their reproductive capacity, resulting in decreased egg laying and offspring development quality. Histological analyses of gonadal tissues showed an abnormal increase in immature oocytes in females and a reduction in mature sperm count and spermatogonial structure integrity in males, collectively leading to compromised embryo quality. Additionally, molecular docking results indicated that TCPP showed a strong affinity for estrogen receptors, and TCPP-treated zebrafish exhibited imbalanced sex hormones and increased estrogen receptor expression. Alterations in genes associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and activation of the steroidogenesis pathway suggested that TCPP targets the HPG axis to regulate sex hormone homeostasis. Tamoxifen (TAM), as a competitive inhibitor of estrogen, exhibited a biphasic effect, as evidenced by the counteraction of TCPP-induced effects in both male and female zebrafish after TAM addition. Overall, our study underscored the gender-dependent reproductive toxicity of TCPP exposure in zebrafish, characterized by diminished reproductive capacity and hormonal disturbances, likely due to interference in the HPG axis and steroidogenesis pathways. These findings emphasize the critical need to consider gender differences in chemical risk assessments for ecosystems and highlight the importance of understanding the mechanisms underlying the effects of chemical pollutants on the reproductive health of aquatic species.

The mediating effect of sleep quality on solid cooking fuel use and psychological distress among rural older adults: evidence from Shandong, China

BackgroundExposure to indoor air pollution from solid cooking fuel use may increase mental disorders risk through pathways such as oroxidative stress, neuroinflammation, or cerebrovascular damage. However, few studies have explored the underlying mechanism between solid cooking fuel use and psychological distress. The present study aims to investigate the mediating role of sleep quality on the relationship between solid cooking fuel use and psychological distress among older adults in rural Shandong, China.MethodsThis study used the cross-sectional data from the second follow-up survey of the Shandong Rural Elderly Health Cohort (SREHC). A total of 3,240 rural older adults were included in the analysis. Logistic regression and the Karlson, Holm, and Breen (KHB) mediation analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between solid cooking fuel use and psychological distress, as well as the mediating role of sleep quality in this association.ResultsThis study found that solid cooking fuel use was significantly and positively associated with psychological distress among older adults in rural Shandong, China (OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.12,1.70). Mediation analysis revealed that sleep quality mediated the association between solid cooking fuel use and psychological distress among older adults (β = 0.06, P = 0.011). The mediation effect accounted for 16.18% of the total effect.ConclusionsOur study showed that solid cooking fuel use was associated with psychological distress among rural older adults, and sleep quality mediated this association. Interventions should focus on addressing cooking fuel types and poor sleep quality to reduce psychological distress. In the future, more aggressive environmental protection policies would be needed to lessen the adverse effects of indoor air pollution on the health of older adults in rural China.

Integrated multiscale analysis reveals complex gender-specific changes in lymphocytes of smokers

Environmental stressors induce specific physiological responses that can be measured in the blood, notably by morphological changes in lymphocytes. Tobacco being the best-known stress in terms of its impact on health, we studied the physiological properties of peripheral blood lymphocytes in a population of 33 healthy non-smokers and smokers. Proteasome amount, mitochondria energy levels, changes in membrane properties and cell and nuclear size were analyzed to obtain 28 parameters from two fluorescence-based techniques: flow cytometry and cell imaging. The results showed that none of the parameters alone identified gender and smoking status, but that statistical analysis of these parameters, whether or not combined with a third set of data, hematological data, can. Statistical analysis of selected parameters clearly discriminates between male and female samples, as well as smokers and non-smokers. Effects of tobacco smoke pollutants are more pronounced in female smokers than in other groups.

Emerging Scientific Approaches for Identifying Ecologically Adverse Effects of Air Pollution.

Now more than ever, complex socio-ecological challenges require timely and integrated responses from scientists and policymakers. Air quality is one such challenge. Under the Clean Air Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency establishes ambient air quality standards to protect public welfare from known or anticipated adverse effects of air pollutants. As our understanding of the environment and awareness of social values grow, there is a need to improve characterization of "adversity to the public welfare." Scientific assessment can link ecological effects to public welfare using modern scientific approaches that incorporate ecological complexity and multiple value systems held by the public. We propose ideas for the future of scientific assessments meant to inform air quality and other environmental decision-making, including concrete ways we can focus on vulnerable species and ecosystems, incorporate a multiplicity of values, climate and multiple stressors, and partner to diversify the knowledge upon which protective policies are based.

Pollutants-mediated viral hepatitis in different types: assessment of different algorithms and time series models

The escalating frequency of environmental pollution incidents has raised significant concerns regarding the potential health impacts of pollutant fluctuations. Consequently, a comprehensive study on the role of pollutants in the prevalence of viral hepatitis is indispensable for the advancement of innovative prevention strategies. Monthly incidence rates of viral hepatitis from 2005 to 2020 were sourced from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Infectious Disease Surveillance Information System. Pollution data spanning 2014–2020 were obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), encompassing pollutants such as CO, NO2, and O3. Time series analysis models, including seasonal auto-regressive integrated moving average (SARIMA), Holt-Winters model, and Generalized Additive Model (GAM), were employed to explore prediction and synergistic effects related to viral hepatitis. Spearman correlation analysis was utilized to identify pollutants suitable for inclusion in these models. Concurrently, machine learning (ML) algorithms were leveraged to refine the prediction of environmental pollutant levels. Finally, a weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression framework was developed to evaluate the singular and combined impacts of pollutants on viral hepatitis cases across different demographics, age groups, and environmental strata. The incidence of viral hepatitis in Beijing exhibited a declining trend, primarily characterized by HBV and HCV types. In predicting hepatitis prevalence trends, the Holt-Winters additive seasonal model outperformed the SARIMA multiplicative model ((1,1,0) (2,1,0) [12]). In the prediction of environmental pollutants, the SVM model demonstrated superior performance over the GPR model, particularly with Polynomial and Besseldot kernel functions. The combined pollutant risk effect on viral hepatitis was quantified as βWQS (95% CI) = 0.066 (0.018, 0.114). Among different groups, PM2.5 emerged as the most sensitive risk factor, notably impacting patients with HCV and HEV, as well as individuals aged 35–64. CO predominantly affected HAV patients, showing a risk effect of βWQS (95% CI) = − 0.0355 (− 0.0695, − 0.0016). Lower levels of PM2.5 and PM10 were associated with heightened risk of viral hepatitis incidence with a lag of five months, whereas elevated levels of PM2.5 (100–120 μg/m3) and CO correlated with increased hepatitis incidence risk with a lag of six months. The Holt-Winters model outperformed the SARIMA model in predicting the incidence of viral hepatitis. Among machine learning algorithms, SVM and GPR models demonstrated superior performance for analyzing pollutant data. Patients infected with HAV and HEV were primarily influenced by PM10 and CO, whereas SO2 and PM2.5 significantly impacted others. Individuals aged 35–64 years appeared particularly susceptible to these pollutants. Mixed pollutant exposures were found to affect the development of viral hepatitis with a notable lag of 5–6 months. These findings underscore the importance of long-term monitoring of pollutants in relation to viral hepatitis incidence.

Causal effects of air pollutants on lung function and chronic respiratory diseases: a Mendelian randomization study.

Our study aims to clarify the causality between air pollutants and lung function, chronic respiratory diseases, and the potential mediating effects of inflammatory proteins. We employed Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis with comprehensive instrumental variables screening criteria to investigate the effects of air pollutants on lung function and chronic lung diseases. Our study incorporated genetic instruments for air pollutants, ensuring F-statistics above 20.86. A total of 18 MR analyses were conducted using the inverse-variance weighted approach, along with heterogeneity and pleiotropy tests to validate the results. Mediated MR analysis was utilized to evaluate the inflammatory proteins mediating the effects of air pollutants. MR analysis demonstrated significant causal interactions of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), PM10, and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) with lung function decline. Specifically, PM10 negatively affected forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (OR: 0.934, 95% CI: 0.904-0.965, p = 4.27 × 10-5), forced vital capacity (FVC) (OR: 0.941, 95% CI: 0.910-0.972, p = 2.86 × 10-4), and FEV1/FVC (OR: 0.965, 95% CI: 0.934-0.998, p = 0.036). PM2.5 and NO2 were identified as potential risk factors for impairing FEV1 (OR: 0.936, 95% CI: 0.879-0.998, p = 0.042) and FEV1/FVC (OR: 0.943, 95% CI: 0.896-0.992, p = 0.024), respectively. For chronic respiratory diseases, PM2.5 and NO2 were associated with increased COPD incidence (OR: 1.273, 95% CI: 1.053-1.541, p = 0.013 for PM2.5; OR: 1.357, 95% CI: 1.165-1.581, p = 8.74 × 10-5 for NO2). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings, with no significant heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy detected. Our study ascertained the causal correlations of air pollutants with lung function and COPD, emphasizing the importance of reducing air pollution. Interleukin-17A mediates the reduction of FEV1 and FVC by PM10, revealing potential therapeutic targets.

Intelligent Fuzzy Traffic Signal Control System for Complex Intersections Using Fuzzy Rule Base Reduction

In this study, the concept of symmetry is employed to implement an intelligent fuzzy traffic signal control system for complex intersections. This approach suggests that the implementation of reduced fuzzy rules through the reduction method, without compromising the performance of the original fuzzy rule base, constitutes a symmetrical approach. In recent decades, urban and city traffic congestion has become a significant issue because of the time lost as a result of heavy traffic, which negatively affects economic productivity and efficiency and leads to energy loss, and also because of the heavy environmental pollution effect. In addition, traffic congestion prevents an immediate response by the ambulance, police, and fire brigades to urgent events. To mitigate these problems, a three-stage intelligent and flexible fuzzy traffic control system for complex intersections, using a novel hybrid reduction approach was proposed. The three-stage fuzzy traffic control system performs four primary functions. The first stage prioritizes emergency car(s) and identifies the degree of urgency of the traffic conditions in the red-light phase. The second stage guarantees a fair distribution of green-light durations even for periods of extremely unbalanced traffic with long vehicle queues in certain directions and, especially, when heavy traffic is loaded for an extended period in one direction and the short vehicle queues in the conflicting directions require passing in a reasonable time. The third stage adjusts the green-light time to the traffic conditions, to the appearance of one or more emergency car(s), and to the overall waiting times of the other vehicles by using a fuzzy inference engine. The original complete fuzzy rule base set up by listing all possible input combinations was reduced using a novel hybrid reduction algorithm for fuzzy rule bases, which resulted in a significant reduction of the original base, namely, by 72.1%. The proposed novel approach, including the model and the hybrid reduction algorithm, were implemented and simulated using Python 3.9 and SUMO (version 1.14.1). Subsequently, the obtained fuzzy rule system was compared in terms of running time and efficiency with a traffic control system using the original fuzzy rules. The results showed that the reduced fuzzy rule base had better results in terms of the average waiting time, calculated fuel consumption, and CO2 emission. Furthermore, the fuzzy traffic control system with reduced fuzzy rules performed better as it required less execution time and thus lower computational costs. Summarizing the above results, it may be stated that this new approach to intersection traffic light control is a practical solution for managing complex traffic conditions at lower computational costs.

Human sperm mitochondrial DNA copy numbers and deletion rates: Comparing persons living in two urban industrial agglomerations differing in sources of air pollution

Persons living in industrial environments are exposed to levels of air pollution that can affect their health and fertility. The Czech capital city, Prague, and the Ostrava industrial agglomeration differ in their major sources of air pollution. In Prague, heavy traffic produces high levels of nitrogen oxides throughout the year. In the Ostrava region, an iron industry and local heating are sources of particulate matter (PM) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), especially in the winter. We evaluated the effects of air pollution on human sperm mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Using real-time PCR, we analysed sperm mtDNA copy number and deletion rate in Prague city policemen in two seasons (spring and autumn) and compared the results with those from Ostrava. In Prague, the sperm mtDNA deletion rate was significantly higher in autumn than in spring, which is the opposite of the results from Ostrava. The sperm mtDNA copy number did not show any seasonal differences in either of the cities; it was correlated negatively with sperm concentration, motility, and viability, and with sperm chromatin integrity (assessed with the Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay). The comparison between the two cities showed that the sperm mtDNA deletion rate in spring and the sperm mtDNA copy number in autumn were significantly lower in Prague vs. Ostrava. Our study supports the hypothesis that sperm mtDNA deletion rate is affected by the composition of air pollution. Sperm mtDNA abundance is closely associated with chromatin damage and standard semen characteristics.

Perceived Effect of Shipborne Sewage Discharge on Water Quality of Apapa Sea Port

The Apapa Sea Port in Lagos, Nigeria, faces significant environmental concerns due to shipborne sewage discharge. Over 3 billion tons of sewage are discharged annually, posing health risks and causing disease outbreaks. Understanding this relationship is crucial for developing policies to protect marine environments and port operations. The study investigates the perceived effects of sewage wastewater pollution on the marine environment, focusing on Apapa Port, Nigeria’s largest and busiest port. The study used a sample of 475 individuals, with a stratified frame of 323 respondents, resulting in a sample size of 245 using Yaro Yamane’s formula. Descriptive statistical methods were used to summarize and interpret data, with a mean score of 2.5 as the threshold for classification. Inferential statistics, including ANOVA and regression analysis, were used to test the research hypotheses. The results shown that the perceived impact of sewage pollution on water quality, with findings showing a strong awareness and concern among port personnel regarding its deleterious effects, including eutrophication (mean rating: 3.825), harmful algal blooms (mean rating: 3.921), habitat degradation (mean rating: 3.868), and waterborne diseases (mean rating: 4.018). The Hypotheses testing confirmed that sewage discharge significantly impacts the study area (p-value = 0.048) and that the implementation of MARPOL Annex IV has a significant influence on pollution levels (p-value < 0.05). The study concludes with recommendations to improve treatment processes, enforcement mechanisms, infrastructure, and stakeholder collaboration to ensure compliance and protect the marine ecosystem at Lagos Port, among many others. Keywords: Apapa seaports, sewage, shipborne, pollution, waste management.

Digital finance policy and the challenge of air pollution in China

This study investigates the influence of digital finance tools on air quality in China from 1990 to 2020 using the cross-sectional augmented autoregressive distributed lag approach. The findings underscore the critical role of digital finance, especially internet banking, in reducing air pollution levels. The increased adoption of internet banking is linked to lower vehicular emissions and more efficient financial operations, aiding environmental preservation. Similarly, ATM banking is found to negatively correlate with air pollution, though to a lesser extent. In contrast, coal consumption, urban population growth, and inflation are positively associated with air pollution, highlighting the necessity for sustainable urban planning and energy transition policies. To combat air pollution, it is essential to utilize digital finance tools, broaden digitalization across various sectors, and employ AI and big data for precise interventions. Supporting green financial tools can help fund renewable energy projects, speeding up China’s shift to a low-carbon economy and mitigating the harmful effects of air pollution.

Sources, Distribution, and Health Implications of Heavy Metals in Street Dust across Industrial, Capital City, and Peri-Urban Areas of Bangladesh

Heavy metals in road dusts can directly pose significant health risks through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. This study investigated the pollution, distribution, and health effect of heavy metals in street dust from industrial, capital city, and peri-urban areas of Bangladesh. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) examined eight hazardous heavy metals such as Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Mn, Cr, Cd, and Co. Results revealed that industrial areas showed the highest metal concentrations, following the order Mn > Zn > Cr > Pb > Ni > Co > Cd, with an average level of 444.35, 299.25, 238.31, 54.22, 52.78, 45.66, and 2.73 mg/kg, respectively, for fine particles (≤20 μm). Conversely, multivariate statistical analyses were conducted to assess pollution levels and sources. Anthropogenic activities like traffic emissions, construction, and industrial processing were the main pollution sources. A pollution load index revealed that industrial areas had significantly higher pollution (PLI of 2.45), while the capital city and peri-urban areas experienced moderate pollution (PLI of 1.54 and 1.59). Hazard index values were below the safety level of 1, but health risk evaluations revealed increased non-carcinogenic risks for children, especially from Cr, Ni, Cd, and Pb where Cr poses the highest cancer risk via inhalation, with values reaching 1.13 × 10−4–5.96 × 10−4 falling within the threshold level (10−4 to 10−6). These results underline the need for continuous environmental monitoring and pollution control in order to lower health hazards.

Offshore wind farm operation contributed to a slight improvement in seawater quality along the Jiangsu Coast, China

The rapid growth of offshore wind farms (OWFs) is driven by concerns for energy security and climate change mitigation. However, their impact on marine environments remains poorly understood due to limited research. This study analyzes the effects of an OWF along China's Jiangsu Coast on seawater quality using data from different development phases. Results show the major pollutants were different across phases. Heavy metal pollution reached alert levels during construction compared to the safe levels observed in the pre-construction and operational phases, mainly due to increases in Pb, Cd, and Hg concentrations. Eutrophication was mild throughout all periods but exhibited a continuous decrease, primarily attributed to reductions in PH and COD concentrations. As a result, the comprehensive pollution level during construction was increased, but it was improved to a clean level during the operational phase. Besides, significant variations were observed in the spatial distribution patterns of major pollutant indices across different scenarios. These changes may stem from a combination effect of land-based pollution, aquaculture, OWF-induced disturbances to atmosphere and hydrodynamics, OWF-related drain and leakage contamination, and marine management policies. Understanding these effects informs OWF optimization, rational wind resource utilization, and marine ecology protection.

Effects of Meteorological Factors and Air Pollutants on Tuberculosis Incidence: A Distribution Lag Non-Linear Analysis

Effects of Meteorological Factors and Air Pollutants on Tuberculosis Incidence: A Distribution Lag Non-Linear Analysis

Variations of dissolved trace elements in precipitation and stream water in Japanese forest area: additional evidence of changing air pollution in the region

Trace elements released into the atmosphere by human activities, such as fossil fuel combustion, flow into forest ecosystems via wet and dry deposition and can flow out via mountainous stream water. The Kajikawa catchment site in Niigata Prefecture, located on the Sea of Japan side in central Japan, suffers from large amounts of acidic substance deposition due to its geographical conditions and meteorological seasonality and is affected by transboundary air pollution originating from the Asian continent due to northwesterly seasonal winds in winter. This study determined the concentrations of trace elements dissolved in precipitation and stream water to comprehensively evaluate the effects of transboundary air pollution on forest ecosystems. The results showed that the concentrations of trace elements and major inorganic ions in precipitation tended to be high in winter and low in summer. The fluxes of many trace elements also increased in winter, reflecting high precipitation amount. Except for Sr, the enrichment factors of the highly enriched trace elements did not show clear seasonality. Therefore, they were continuously influenced by anthropogenic activities. Furthermore, the stable Pb isotope ratio changed significantly during the observation period; however, this was not explained by seasonal changes. This study revealed that trace elements are transported to the Sea of Japan side in central Japan, especially in winter; however, their quantity and content change in response to changes in local and transboundary air pollution.Graphical

Study of the Relationship Between Antioxidant Enzymes in the Blood of Women Suffering From Miscarriage and The Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution on Them in Basra, Iraq

In this study, environmental heavy metal pollution is associated with recurrent miscarriage. It is closely linked to oxidative stress and homeostasis imbalance due to reproductive toxicity resulting from (HM), as lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) are considered among the most important biological factors that are hostile to human health and can reduce the possibility of a healthy pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the effect of antioxidant enzymes as well as some heavy metals such as lead and mercury on recurrent miscarriage. Comparing them to healthy women with no history of miscarriage. Samples were collected from women who had miscarried, 50 samples, compared to 40 samples from healthy women who had not suffered a miscarriage previously. In Basra Women's and Children's Hospital in Basra, Iraq. During the reproductive age of patients and healthy people (18-40) years. The patients were divided into two groups according to place of residence (city center and countryside). And compare them with healthy women. He also highlighted oxidative stress because it is more affected by heavy metals and the appearance of women who have frequent miscarriages who live in rural areas, where oil and gas refineries are close to them, unlike the city. Due to direct exposed to pollution.

Identification of urban street trees for green belt development for optimizing pollution mitigation in Delhi, India.

The current study evaluated the effects of air pollution on selected street trees in the National Capital Territory during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons to identify the optimally suitable tree for green belt development in Delhi. The identification was performed by measuring the air pollution tolerance index (APTI), anticipated performance index (API), dust-capturing capacity (DCC) and proline content on the trees. The APTI of street trees of Delhi varied significantly among different tree species (F11,88.91 = 47.18, p < 0.05), experimental sites (F3,12.52 = 6.65, p < 0.001) and between seasons (F1,31.12 = 16.51, p < 0.001), emphasizing the relationships between trees and other types of variables such as the climate and level of pollution, among other factors. This variability emphasizes the need to choose trees to use for urban greening in the improvement of air quality in different environments within cities. Ascorbic acid (AA) concentration and relative water content (RWC) had a strong influence on APTI with an extremely significant moderate positive correlation between AA concentration and APTI (r = 0.65, p < 0.001) along with RWC and APTI (r = 0.52, p < 0.001), indicating that higher levels of AA concentration and RWC are linked to increased air pollution tolerance. The PCA bi-plot indicates AA has poor positive loading coefficients with PC1 explaining 29.49% of the total variance in the dataset. The highest APTI was recorded in Azadirachta indica (22.01), Leucaena leucocephala (20.65), Morus alba (20.62), Ficus religiosa (20.61) and Ficus benghalensis (19.61), irrespective of sites and seasons. Similarly, based on API grading, F. religiosa and F. benghalensis were identified as excellent API grade 6 (81-90%), A. indica and Alstonia scholaris as very good API grade 5 (71-80%), M. alba, Pongamia pinnata and Monoon longifolium as good API grade 4 (61-70%) and Plumeria alba as moderate API grade 3 (51-60%) in different streets of Delhi. As these plants are indigenous to the region and hold significant socio-economic and aesthetic significance in Indian societies, they are advisable for avenue plantations as part of various government initiatives to support environmental sustainability.

Air Pollution and Corporate Innovation: Does Top Management Quality Mediate and Government Talent Policy Moderate?

Air pollution not only poses significant threats to the physical and mental well-being of individuals, but it also has the potential to trigger a regional brain drain, thus inhibiting corporate innovation performance. This study explores the impact of air pollution on corporate innovation from the perspective of top management quality. We find that lower air quality significantly reduces the quality of corporate top management, thereby reducing their innovation output. However, local government talent attention alleviates the negative impact of air pollution on corporate innovation. Further analysis reveals that the local government’s environmental attention aggravates the negative effects of air pollution on corporate innovation. Finally, executive compensation alleviates the negative impact of air pollution on corporate innovation.