Effective Policing Research Articles

세계 테러리즘 지수로 본 테러 범죄와 대테러 경찰 활동에 관한 연구

The landscape of terrorism has evolved from a national and international focus in the past to a prevalent transnational nature today. Islamic State-led attacks caused numerous casualties. Home-grown terrorism and terrorism with unclear motives also have risen. In this study, based on the Global Terrorism Index by the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP), I examined terrorist incidents targeting Western countries among the 66,000 recorded cases spanning from 2007 to 2022 to see their trends, motivations, and changes. Additionally, I conducted a comparative assessment of counter-terrorism policies and strategies in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany. As a result, I suggest the following approaches the effectiveness of counter-terrorism policing: 1. Shifting the paradigm towards a proactive, preventive approach to terrorist crimes. 2. Promoting a shift in perspective to view terrorism as a disaster response issue, thereby expanding the authority and role of law enforcement agencies. 3. Establishing a legal framework underpinning counter-terrorism policing efforts. 4. Enhancing coordination with counter-terrorism organizations and related agencies.

Criminal investigation by the Kyiv Police in the first half of XIX century

The article attempts to analyze the procedure of criminal investigation of crimes by the Kyiv police in the first half of the XIX century. The main approaches to interpreting the activities of the police in historiography are considered, which view law enforcement as a practical embodiment of government policy. From the perspective of power, there was no gradation of crimes, and the investigation was perceived as an equal duty in maintaining order and “good.” According to legislation, the duties of the police included not only criminal investigation but also a range of other functions, such as maintaining urban development, supervising trade activities, and overseeing the moral state of the population through enforcing the prohibition of gambling.The study outlines the procedure of criminal investigation used in mid-XIX century Kyiv. It is noted that the investigation was closely linked to the testimonies of local residents, who were questioned about the circumstances of the crime as well as their own circle of suspects. Using archival documents, including case materials and reports from the city police, it is highlighted that the handling of cases at the local level was influenced by both governmental directives and the interests of the police officials themselves.The personal needs and motivations of the city police influenced the formation of reports and communication with higher-ranking officials, as well as the course of the investigation. Police reports were intentionally incomplete, as officials could pay less attention to minor cases that still fell within their jurisdiction and required investigation according to the law. Instead, police officers focused more on notable cases that could provoke a reaction from superiors and raise questions about the effectiveness of the city police’s work, such as high-value thefts or repeated crimes (including armed robberies committed by “people in black” as an example mentioned in the article). The specific characteristics of Kyiv’s local context also influenced the course of cases, as the city police responded more actively to unusual crimes for the region, such as murders. The “unconventional” nature of a committed crime could affect the established procedure of the investigation itself.

Protection or predation? Examining COVID-19 policing and the nuances of police corruption in Nigeria

ABSTRACT The bulk of scholarship on police intervention in enforcing COVID-19 pandemic-imposed restrictions focuses on police misconduct, securitisation, human rights, police preparedness, and legitimacy, but empirical research on police corruption during the restriction in Nigeria is sparse despite reports of pervasive police extortion and bribery. Thus, this study fills the academic gap by examining the dynamics of police predation and corruption during the enforcement in Nigeria. With interview data, I uniquely examined the intervention from the purview of predatory policing – an aspect of policing that is understudied in the context of COVID-19 policing despite its relevance in contemporary discourse on social control. Evidence indicates that, as COVID-19 policing characterised predation in Nigeria, the embedded problems of police corruption revolve around unresolved police institutional challenges and police-public connivance that results from moral decadence, thereby portending gloomy implications for law enforcement and society. Therefore, advancing and implementing police reforms, addressing moral corruption, and resolving widespread socioeconomic problems are very critical in the effective policing and containment of future public health crises.

Revolutionizing Policing: Examining the Himachal Pradesh Police Act, 2007 within the Framework of 21st Century Reforms

This paper explores the transformative journey of policing in Himachal Pradesh, India, examining the Himachal Pradesh Police Act of 2007 within the context of 21st century reforms. India's intricate federal structure mandates a distinct legal framework for policing in each state. The historical evolution of policing in Himachal Pradesh is traced from the colonial-era Police Act of 1861 to the state-specific 2007 Act. The study analyzes the significant differences between these two legislative frameworks, emphasizing the broader scope of duties, enhanced powers, improved accountability, and greater welfare provisions for police personnel under the Himachal Pradesh Police Act of 2007. The Act's relevance within India's federal system is underscored, particularly in light of contemporary challenges and community engagement. The Himachal Pradesh experience serves as a model for effective police reform within a federal framework. It highlights the importance of context-specific legal frameworks for maintaining public order and safeguarding community interests in the 21st century. Effective implementation of the 2007 Act is crucial to realizing its full potential and offering valuable lessons for policing and governance in the evolving Indian landscape.

Social Media Users Cyberhate Reporting Intentions: Does Users’ Perceptions of Police Effectiveness Matter?

In Kenya, social media platforms are the primary medium for cyberhate, and it predominantly affects university students who have extensive social media usage. Although cyberhate is considered as a criminal offence in Kenya, victims, particularly young people, often do not report victimisation to the police. Despite the well-documented harmful effects of cyberhate, the cause behind its underreporting remains unclear. Studies have established the influential role of attitudes, particularly views of police effectiveness, in shaping the choice to report crimes. However, insufficient focus has been given to examining this relationship, specifically within the context of cyberhate reporting. Moreover, potential variations in perceptions of police effectiveness across different policing contexts also introduce nuances to the relationship. Guided by the Instrumental Performance-Based Model of policing, the study explored the connection between social media users' views of police effectiveness and their intention to report incidents of cyberhate victimisation to the police. A descriptive survey design utilizing a quantitative approach was adopted, targeting undergraduate students at a public university in Kenya. From this population, a sampling frame consisting of 5,121 undergraduates was created by focusing on three faculties, and stratified sampling ensured proportional selection from all strata. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire administered to a randomly selected subset of 378 respondents, of whom 261 returned completed questionnaires. Spearman's correlation results revealed a positive and significant correlation between perceived police effectiveness and cyberhate reporting intentions. The study explored the implications of this finding for the National Police Service and suggested directions for future research.

Effect of institutional performance on combating crimes, A case of South Sudan National Police Service

The study aims to investigate the effect of institutional performance on combating crimes in the case of the South Sudan National Police Service. And examine the relationship between judiciary roles and national police performance in Juba County Police, Central Equatoria State, South Sudan. However, the South Sudan National Police Service functions and performs combating crime as a way to guarantee efficient service delivery. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative research design techniques for effectiveness and accuracy during the analysis stage. The source of data was retrieved from both primary and secondary data sources to encourage comprehensiveness and inclusivity of the data. In-depth interviews, questionnaires, and observation were used in the study to collect data from participants. These methods are convenient and easy to administer. The study targeted 360 respondents, who are private legal attorneys, crime control heads, criminals, public attorneys, and men on duty. With the help of the Slovene formula for sample size determination, the researcher obtained 186 sample populations. The data was analysed with the help of the statistical package of social science (SPSS software version 16.0 with advanced Excel). Both tools are cost-effective and best for the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data. The study findings indicated that the socio-political order prevalent in South Sudan affects effective police performance, in addition to the fact that high levels of unemployment have made the crime situation overwhelming for the police to control effectively. The study recommends that for the police to effectively prevent and control crime, there is a need to improve police-public relations and recognize the importance of different private security organizations working side-by-side and hand in hand with the police and other government agencies of law enforcement for the public to realize harmony and peaceful co-existence. The language barrier was among the challenges that affected this study.

Between Election Rivalry and the Agency Costs of Government: The Effectiveness of Party Competition Across Indian States, 1957–2018

Two dimensions of the intensity of interparty rivalry are used to test the hypothesis that greater interparty competition enhances government efficiency. Using data from a set of 14 large Indian state governments between 1957 and 2018, we find confirmation for two political rivalry hypotheses. The first is that the ex-post size of the first versus second place seat share winning margin is a useful metric of the (in)effectiveness of rival party policing of incumbent spending behavior. The second is the hypothesis that excessive spending by the incumbent governing party is decreased by the expectation of greater election contestability and that contestability is related to the expected effective number of competing parties ( ENPSeats) nonmonotonically. Our analysis suggests that contestability across Indian States reaches a maximum when the incumbent faces an expectation of ENPSeats that is closer to 5 than to Duverger's 2.

Behavioral analysis of cybercrime: Paving the way for effective policing strategies

This comprehensive survey paper offers a panoramic exploration of the dynamic realm of cybercrime policing, encompassing a wide spectrum of intricacies from cybercrime definitions to establishing a robust investigative framework. Navigating through the intricate tapestry of cybercrime, the study meticulously classifies and contextualizes cybercrime taxonomies, typologies, and defining attributes. Emphasizing the importance of a holistic understanding, the research dissects the stages of cybercriminal activities, shedding light on the multifaceted strategies employed in executing cybercrimes. By deconstructing the entire cybercrime lifecycle, this paper enhances the granularity of comprehending cyber incidents, consequently facilitating more effective investigative preparedness. An essential focal point of this investigation is the indispensable role of digital artifacts in the cybercrime landscape. The study underscores their pivotal significance in catalyzing cybercrime investigations and shaping the trajectory of law enforcement efforts. Additionally, the study probes the repercussions of cybercrime on victims, dissecting the complex interplay between public perception of policing and law enforcement’s perspective on victims. Amid the intricate challenges faced by cybercrime policing, the research uncovers diverse investigation approaches and underscores the criticality of well-defined digital investigation procedures. Moreover, the study delves into the symbiotic collaboration between public and private sectors, highlighting the joint efforts of private entities and law enforcement agencies in combatting cybercrimes. A cornerstone of this survey is the evaluative scrutiny of existing investigative models, culminating in the proposition of a robust and comprehensive cybercrime investigation framework. Rooted in meticulous research methodologies, this endeavor contributes a valuable resource poised to inform and guide future research in the ever-evolving field of cybercrime policing. As the digital landscape continues to evolve, this survey paper equips law enforcement with essential insights to navigate the complexities of cybercrime and safeguard digital realms with utmost efficacy.

Community Policing and Internal Security in Delta and Edo States of Nigeria

This study investigated the effect of community policing as supportive strategy in combating security challenges in Delta and Edo States of Nigeria. A cross-sectional research design and the probability sampling technique were adopted. A questionnaire was employed as the research instrument for this study with 317 respondents deemed usable. Data collected were analyzed using simple regression analysis with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23.0. The results of the study revealed that police inefficiency positively and significantly influences human insecurity in the country; the structure of the Nigeria police positively and significantly impacts the ineffective police security service delivery in the country, The present security challenges in the country positively and significantly influences the clamour for community policing in the country and the community policing positively and significantly influences improve internal security in the country. The study concludes that keeping peace and maintaining safety of citizens and property cannot be over emphasized for the progress and survival of any sovereign nation. It can be viewed as a precondition for good governance leading to socio-economic growth, political advancement, national peace building, human capital development, human freedom and proper functioning of things in a country. There will be no doubt therefore, that absence of internal security breeds disorder, increase insecurity, distorts freedom, reduce human value, and impoverish the citizens. Thus, the study recommends among others that the implementation of community policing programme should be beyond mere rhetoric. Therefore, the government should allocate more funds and resources to support the operations of community poling. Moreover, more motor vehicles and other security gadgets should be procured to enhance police patrol.

Engaging communities as partners: policing strategies in Johannesburg

PurposeThis paper aims to explore police perspectives on community engagement strategies within the context of crime prevention in South Africa, focusing on Johannesburg metropolitan police stations. The study’s objective is to scrutinise the effectiveness and challenges of community policing strategies.Design/methodology/approachThrough a qualitative research approach, this study conducted unstructured interviews with station commanders and visible policing officers across 10 Johannesburg metropolitan police stations.FindingsThe findings reveal that community policing strategies, such as community–policing forums, sector policing, street patrollers and social media utilisation, can effectively engage communities as partners in crime prevention. However, certain challenges such as resource limitations and difficulties in policing-specific regions, were also identified.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the broader understanding of community–policing partnerships and the practical implications of community–policing strategies in South Africa, suggesting areas for improvement and adaptation to the unique South African context. This knowledge can help optimise efforts to foster stronger relationships between police and communities, bolster public trust and ultimately improve crime prevention outcomes.

Civilian Oversight of Police Through the Lens of Polarities of Democracy

Following the murder of George Floyd, the U.S. Congress called upon the National Organization for Black Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE) to play a role in the reimagining of policing in America, including a transformation of policing from a warrior to a guardian mentality. In turn, NOBLE partnered with the Institute for Polarities of Democracy (the Institute) to conduct an analysis of the <em>21st Century Policing Report</em> (the Report), which focused on addressing a myriad of issues that challenged the relationship between the police and communities. The Report determined there were six “pillars” necessary for effective policing in America, including (1) Trust and Legitimacy; (2) Policy and Oversight; (3) Technology and Social Media; (4) Community Policing and Crime Reduction; (5) Training and Education; and (6) Officer Wellness and Safety that encapsulated areas in need of attention. This review was an in-depth analysis conducted with support from the Walden University Center for Social Change through its strategic alliance with the Institute. In this article, we summarize the results of the Institute's initial review of Pillar Two of the Report, Policy and Oversight, with a specific focus on civilian oversight of police. Information to support this article was taken from original data that supported the compilation of the Report. The Institute’s analysis of a sampling of responses (from the participants against a survey question) was identified as correlating with polarities of democracy values. Additionally, a separate comprehensive critical analysis was conducted by comparing various principles believed necessary for effective civilian oversight of police against individual polarities of democracies value sets. Finally, the 5-Step SMALL Process (Seeing, Mapping, Assessing, Learning, and Leveraging) was identified as a tool that could be used to implement recommendations contained in the Report. From this tool, Polarity Maps for Justice and Due Process, as well as Participation and Representation, were developed to graphically depict the correlation of the polarities of democracy value sets with the preconditions for effective civilian oversight of police.

성별에 따른 경찰신뢰 영향요인에 대한 탐색적 연구

This study separated male and female samples from 539 citizens living in Seoul to explore the factors that have the greatest influence on increasing police trust among instrumental, expressive, and fairness factors, and compared gender-based influencing factors. First, the variable that best predicts the increase in police trust in both men and women was found to be an police effectiveness. This means that the most important factor in enhancing police trust is police effectiveness for both men and women. Second, procedural fairness and lawfulness, which are factors that affect police trust after police effectiveness in both men and women, have been verified. Third, the difference between men and women regarding the factors influencing police trust is that men's social cohension and women's informal control have been verified as factors that explain the increase in police trust. The result of this study are meaningful in that it derived more specific analysis results by exploring the most influential factors through stepwise regression analysis in understanding the direction of enhancing citizens' trust in the police.

실효적인 자치경찰제도의 확립을 위한 법·제도적 방안의 모색

실효적인 자치경찰제도의 확립을 위한 법·제도적 방안의 모색

POLICE RECORD MANAGEMENT: IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY POLICE PERSONNEL IN THE FIRST CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT OF ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE

This paper primarily sought to determine the extent of effectiveness of police records management in the first congressional district of Zamboanga del Norte. This study employed a quantitative method which included descriptive-survey and descriptive-correlational. There were thirty (30) respondents in the study. Frequency count and per cent, weighted mean, Mann-Whitney U Test, Kruskal-Wallis H Test, and Spearman rank-order correlation were the statistical tools used in the study. The study revealed that the level of respondents' perception level on the attributes of records management, specifically in records creation, records retention and disposition, records storage and maintenance, records access and retrieval, and appropriate use of technology and records management programs is “very much effective" rating. However, the level of respondents' perception level on archival records is "much effective." Moreover, the problems encountered by police personnel in managing police records are not serious and the extent of the factors precipitating the police personnel problems encountered in managing police records is to the least extent. Furthermore, there was no relationship between police record management attributes and record management problems. It signifies that the police records officers' highly effective management of police records had nothing to do with their less severe management issues. In other words, police officers who claimed to be highly competent at handling police records did not necessarily have major issues doing so. Keywords: Police personnel records management, recordkeeping

Examining the Effects of Perceptions of Police Effectiveness, Procedural Justice, and Legitimacy on Racial Differences in Anticipated Cooperation With Law Enforcement in Pennsylvania

Perceptions of law enforcement ineffectiveness, injustice, and illegitimacy are prevalent among individuals living in Black communities in the United States. Prior research links these attitudes with differential orientations toward cooperation with police. The current study used data collected from a representative sample of 522 Pennsylvania residents to measure public perceptions of police. Analyses examined racial differences in perceptions of police and determined whether normative (i.e., perceptions of procedural justice) and/or instrumental (i.e., perceptions of police effectiveness) assessments of police could explain racial differences in anticipated cooperation with law enforcement through perceptions of legitimacy. Findings revealed the presence of a significant indirect relationship between race and perceptions of legitimacy through perceptions of police effectiveness and procedural justice, as well as a significant indirect relationship between race and cooperation through police effectiveness, procedural justice, and legitimacy. Theoretical and practical implications stemming from these findings are discussed within.

Narrow and wide replication of Chalfin and McCrary (REStat, 2018)

SummaryWe undertake a narrow and wide replication of "Are US Cities Underpoliced? Theory and Evidence" by Chalfin and McCrary. Using data from medium to large cities in the United States from 1960 to 2010, the authors estimate the effect of police on crime. To correct for the presence of measurement error, they propose to combine the information from two proxies of the police variable within the generalized method of moments framework. Throughout our replication exercise, we find that, in general, the original results are robust to computation in R compared to STATA and to the inclusion of more recent data (until 2019).

A Study on the Effects of Local Police's Perception of Crime Prevention Activities on Police Trust

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how the crime prevention activities of the autonomous police, centering on Suwon City, have an impact on police trust, and to suggest ways to secure the reliability of the autonomous police activities in the future.
 Method: In this study, 320 copies of the meaningful results obtained through the survey conducted on the citizens of Suwon were analyzed. For the analysis, the crime prevention activities of the autonomous police were set as an independent variable and trust in the police was set as a dependent variable.
 Results: As a result of analysis on the impact of crime prevention activities(patrol, crime prevention environment creation, order maintenance) of autonomous police on police trust, it was found that patrol and crime prevention environment creation had a significant effect, and order maintenance No significant effect was found.
 Conclusion: In order to actively prevent crime, it is necessary to support visible police activities, such as strengthening intensive patrols using foot patrols, motorcycles, and patrol cars, as well as supporting technical equipment for effective arrest. CCTV has a very useful value in that it can be used as an efficient means of arresting criminals by filling the public security vacuum caused by insufficient police manpower at the present time and converting data into a database. In addition, more practical equipment support should be provided by securing the police's own budget to expand the development and expansion of a customized work system tailored to the local situation and to strengthen cooperative public order such as autonomous security guards and child guards.

Comparing Witness Behavior Between Violent, Property and White-Collar Crimes: Some Covariates of Reporting Decision

Based on the analysis of a survey among university students, the current study investigates the correlates of witness decision-making for three types of crime: white-collar crime, violent crime, and property crime. Using hypothetical scenarios, we contribute to the literature on law enforcement-citizen cooperation and white-collar criminality by (a) exploring whether witness willingness to report differs depending on the crime, and (b) separately assessing the effects of independent variables on witness decision-making. The overall level of willingness to report across hypothetical scenarios was high. Both property crime and violent crime are more likely to be reported than white-collar offenses. Irrespective of crime type those with previous contact with the criminal justice system in the last 3 years and lower level confidence in the police effectiveness expressed a lower likelihood of reporting crimes they would witness. The level of trust in the police correlated with the likelihood of reporting violent crimes and property crimes only, while sex was associated with violent crime and white-collar crime.

Exploring Trust in the Police in South Korea During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Does Fear of the COVID-19 Matter?

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, governments restricted community members’ activities and, in turn, patterns of human behavior, both legal and illegal, changed. In many countries, the police have been entrusted to enforce these new COVID-19 related restrictions and were often perceived as the main enforcers of these sometimes unpopular measures. In this paper, we study four types of factors that may affect the public's trust in the police during the COVID-19 pandemic: traditional factors, such as interactions with the police during the pandemic, assessments of the police effectiveness in dealing with the pandemic, COVID-19 related factors, such as instrumental concerns for their personal health, and the adherence to the conspiracy theories. Specifically, using data from a sample of 527 respondents from the Seoul metropolitan area in South Korea, collected in the fall of 2021, we estimate the effects of the factors listed above. The results indicate that trust in the Korean National Police was strengthened when the police were perceived to have effectively dealt with the challenges of the pandemic and addressed the instrumental concerns of the community in the protection of public health. No demographic variables were significantly independently associated with trust in the police during the pandemic. The theoretical and policy implications of the findings are discussed.

How do law enforcement agencies recruit diverse applicants? Analysis of digital recruiting materials

Law enforcement agencies across the country are struggling to recruit qualified candidates and this problem is pronounced when recruiting demographically diverse officers. Women demonstrate competencies important for effective policing: restoring trust in police, obtaining high case clearance rates, and using less force. The goal of this study was to understand how agencies use online recruiting materials to recruit women officers. We assessed the frequency of text, images, and videos depicting women and racially and ethnically diverse individuals, and content related to hiring and the job itself. We conducted thematic analysis to understand how policing, the agency, and diversity were portrayed. Characteristics known to discourage women applicants were highlighted prominently in materials. Agencies did not provide consistent messaging about diversity, resources for women, or support for work–life balance. We found differences between agencies with higher and lower percentages of women, but they were inconsistent and often in unexpected directions.