Effective Policing Research Articles

Police Social Capital and the Effectiveness of Emergency Policing in China During COVID-19

Abstract Emergency policing has played a significant role in controlling the spread of COVID-19 in various countries. China is one of the few countries that has successfully controlled the pandemic. What are the factors that determine the effectiveness of emergency policing in China? This study argues that the social capital played a supportive role in emergency policing during COVID-19. Based on the data analysis, we construct a theoretical framework to explain why pandemic control in China has been effective. The effectiveness of the police response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Zhejiang, China, displays the importance of all three types of social capital for emergency policing, including interaction-assisted social capital represented by ‘grid-governance’, technology-driven social capital represented by ‘data sharing’, and service-assisted social capital represented by ‘safety construction’.

Prison Populations: The International Mystery

At first glance international prison rates, measured by prisoners per 100,000 population, appear to be uncorrelated with national intelligence and with racial diversity, which contradicts both a priori expectations and individual level observations that higher intelligence (IQ) generally reduces criminality, although GDP per capita shows a small positive correlation. We present a solution to this mystery by first breaking prison rates into three components: crime rates (proxied by homicide rates), effectiveness at catching and imprisoning criminals, and sentencing length. We then employ a path analysis to first estimate the effect of national IQ and racial diversity on GDP per capita and income inequality. Finally, we estimate both the direct and indirect association of intelligence and diversity with our prison rate components. Consistent with previous literature we find that national IQ increases GDP per capita and reduces income inequality, whilst racial diversity raises income inequality. GDP per capita in turn is correlated with lower homicide rates, higher effectiveness and longer sentencing length, whilst inequality is not significantly associated with any outcome variable, after controlling for racial diversity. While the association between national IQ and prison rate components appears to be entirely indirect, through the channel of national income, racial diversity is directly associated with higher homicide rates and is weakly positively correlated with sentencing length. This evidence suggests that the opposing effects of raising effectiveness and reducing homicide rates provides an explanation for the lack of correlation between national IQ and prison rates. Keywords: Prisoners, Crime, Homicide, Intelligence, GDP, Racial diversity, Income inequality, Police effectiveness

Conditions, Actions and Purposes (CAP): A Dynamic Model for Community Policing in Europe

AbstractDespite its popularity as a policing method and evidence of its positive affect on communities, community policing has defied attempts to establish a clear definition and replicable form. Often regarded as an Anglo-American policing method in origin, community policing is now found across the world and is growing in influence. The need for differentiated local implementation raises important questions regarding the core features of community policing to guide the work of practitioners. Integrating insights from the existing literature and a trans-European project involving 323 interviews with community members and police officers across eight countries, we propose a dynamic model for community policing. In this original model, we differentiate between the conditions, actions and purposes of community policing (CAP) and describe how these core components are required for effective community policing, interrelated, and flexible enough for local implementation. Accordingly, we show how the CAP model is adaptable while at the same time retaining a sense of what makes ‘community policing’ a unique and identifiable policing method. We conclude our study with a discussion of the implications for research and practice internationally.

Challenges of Effective Policing in Ghana: The Central Regional Command in Perspective

Challenges of Effective Policing in Ghana: The Central Regional Command in Perspective

영국철도경찰제도의 현황 및 시사점

Today the changes of railway environment are further increasing the demand for railway policing. The South Korean Railway Police Force puts great efforts into protecting citizens’ lives and properties and maintaining order on trains and in train stations. In order for South Korean Railway Police Force to develop further from now on, it may be necessary to analyze the railway police system in advanced foreign countries and derive implications as many as possible for South Korean Railway Police Force. The purpose of this study is to analyse the organization and operation of the British Transport Police System and to derive the useful implications for the South Korean Railway Police. These implications will be helpful for further development of the South Korean Railway Police Force.
 Among the advanced foreign railway police forces, the British Transport Police has jurisdictions over almost all railways in U.K, and the British Transport Police Authority(BTPA) has been established to oversee and maintain the efficient and effective police force of the British Transport Police. Regarding the British Transport Police, the management of the BTP by BTPA, the establishment of regular annual plans, the establishment of clear mission and vision system, and the systematic goals setting may give many implications for the South Korean Railway Police Force.

Study of tactics and personal security measures of the dialogue police during the protection of public order at mass events

Further reform of law enforcement activities in Ukraine is, of course, absolutely necessary and requires constant attention from the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the National Police and the services and units involved in this activity. The scientific approach and the definition of new directions and technologies are impossible without the use of research studies of the scientific and pedagogical staff of higher education institutions with specific learning conditions. The article analyzes the work of the dialogue police, identifies directions for improving their activities in terms of serving at mass events. Dialogue police is one of the main innovations in the proposed system of public order protection, which is implemented in the law enforcement activities of Ukraine as a “Scandinavian model”.
 The main tactical tasks of the dialogue police have been formulated, which include communication tactics and tactical skills. Based on the expert survey of police officers from different units, a list of problematic issues has been identified and directions for further research have been formulated. The factors that affect the effectiveness of the dialogue police during the service have been considered and analyzed, which made it possible to adjust the tactics of actions and personal security measures of the personnel. The tactics and personal security measures of the dialogue police are based on the basic principles of the Scandinavian model, the capabilities of the National Police, the theory of the crowd, the features of mass events, the differentiation of dangers and the “tree of events”.
 The actions and location of the dialogue police personnel have been proposed depending on the color of the “barometer of the situation” (green, yellow, red), the location in relation to other units of the National Police has been established. The conclusions and recommendations have been given, on the basis of which it is possible to reduce the level of injuries among the personnel of the dialogue police during the service at mass events and to increase their effectiveness; they can be used during the preparation of police officers for service and targeted instruction.

Structural Reformation of Nigeria Police Force through Strategic Human Resource Management Framework

Aims: The Police force stabilizes public institutions for societal tranquillity, economic development, peaceful coexistence and is an integral pillar in securing human development, which unfortunately operates as a mirage in Nigeria. Therefore, this study seeks to provide appropriate recommendations for structural reform of the Nigeria Police force using the strategic human resource management (SHRM) approach to the identified challenges facing the Nigerian Police Force.
 Study Design: The study utilized a qualitative research design.
 Methodology: The study used a systematic literature review of qualitative research methodology through the thorough and critical content analysis of reports, journals, publications, and news.
 Results: The study findings revealed five significant challenges hindering police effectiveness in Nigeria and developed a 10 X 5 SHRM framework that included ten (10) strategic focus and five (5) strategies. 
 Conclusion: The study concluded that the 10 X 5 strategic human resource management frameworks will provided the needed reforms and recommended the 1829 nine (9) policing principles and three (3) core ideas of Sir Robert Peel.

Pandemic Policing and Community Engagement: Preparedness, Legitimacy and Public Support During the COVID-19 Crisis in Nigeria

This study brings to the fore, insights into three key factors that had been widely noted to play significant roles in driving effective pandemic policing. These are the preparedness of the police as first responders to a public health crisis, the level of public trust in the police as a legitimate power holder, and community engagement as a tool to drive public support and participation in fighting COVID-19. Using the Nigeria police as a case study, with the damning reports of abuse of power and other misconduct, this study examined how the police responded to COVID-19 mandates and community participation. Interviews with 40 police officers who enforced the COVID-19 lockdown, 16 senior police officers, and 18 community leaders within Lagos and Ogun states were conducted, and a thematic analysis of the narratives was carried out. Findings indicated that community engagement was not effectively deployed by the Nigerian police in the course of pandemic policing. This was due to a lack of police preparedness, over-reliance on the use of force for public control, public distrust in the police, and a lack of prior practice of community engagement by the police. Public distrust in the police was found to be central to peoples’ disobedience to COVID-19 rules which worsened police-community relations, culminating in protests against the police and its formations. These findings have important policy and practical implications if police legitimacy and post-COVID police-community relations are to improve.

Legitimiteit van de politie: Over het belang van procedurele rechtvaardigheid in Nederland

Police legitimacy: The importance of procedural justice in the Netherlands The current study tests two assumptions in procedural justice theory by examining (a) to what extent is the relationship between police procedural justice and police legitimacy stronger in comparison with competing determinants like distributive justice and police effectiveness, and (b) to what extent does the strength of the relationship between police procedural justice and police legitimacy differ across individual and contextual differences (also termed the ‘invariance thesis’). These assumptions are tested using Dutch data from the European Social Survey (N = 1.442). The results show that police procedural justice is most strongly related to police legitimacy. Furthermore, police procedural justice has an invariant effect on police legitimacy across all characteristics (age, gender, education level, immigrant background, contact with police, victimization, fear of crime in neighborhood, fear of crime at home).

Hybrid machine learning methods for risk assessment in gender-based crime

Gender-based crime is one of the most concerning scourges of contemporary society, and governments worldwide have invested lots of economic and human resources to foretell their occurrence and anticipate the aggressions. In this work, we propose to apply Machine Learning (ML) techniques to create models that accurately predict the recidivism risk of a gender-violence offender. We feed the model with data extracted from the official Spanish VioGen system and comprising more than 40,000 reports of gender violence. To evaluate the performance, two new quality measures are proposed to assess the effective police protection that a model supplies and the overload in the invested resources that it generates. The empirical results show a clear outperformance of the ML-centered approach, with an improvement of up to a 25% with respect to the preexisting risk assessment system. Additionally, we propose a hybrid model that combines the statistical prediction methods with the ML method, permitting authorities to implement a smooth transition from the preexisting model to the ML-based model. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that achieves an effective ML-based prediction for this type of crimes against an official dataset.

Model of Transformational Leadership, Risk Management Factors Influencing on Law Performance

The ability of law enforcement organisations to effectively combat crime depends on their use of innovation and workplace transformation. When the need for change in law enforcement organisations' daily operations becomes more and more apparent, transformational leadership has been shown to be extremely beneficial in risk management and enhancing police performance. The right strategy for effective policing development and improving police officer performance is established by this leadership style. The Dubai Police Department's performance in enforcing the law suffers in the absence of effective risk management and transformational leadership, potentially jeopardising the relationship between officers and all departments. As a result, this study created a model outlining the causal links between risk management and transformational leadership and the effectiveness of law enforcement. This study was quantitatively conducted, collecting 381 completed responses that were statistically analysed using SPSS and AMOS. The responses gathered during the data collection process were verified by the reliability analysis. Using fit index parameters to define the relationship between risk management and transformational leadership and law enforcement performance, AMOS analysis revealed that the developed model is satisfactory. The police department will be able to effectively manage risk with the help of this finding in order to reduce crime and create a security plan for the officers.

Road Safety Regulations: How Compliant are Commercial Motorcyclists in Semi-Urban Towns in Western Nigeria?

The aim of the study was to determine compliance with road safety laws and factors that influence it among commercial motorcyclists in semi-urban towns in Western Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study was done using a multi-stage sampling technique of 502 commercial motorcyclists. Data was collected using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics with statistical significance determined at a 95% confidence interval and p-value of 0.05. The median age of respondents was 30 years; most were in the second and third phases of life. Compliance with road safety regulations was good in only 26% of respondents; mobile phone usage and alcohol drink riding was found in 31.9% and 28.1%, respectively. Approximately 96.4% indulged in carrying more than one pillion rider, 48% admitted to riding against traffic, and 83.3% wore reflective jackets at night. Use of stimulants was reported among 39.4% of respondents, while only 13.7% smoke cigarettes. The reported crash was found in 56.8% of respondents. Those with previous traffic violations and those that admitted fault for the crash were 2.75 times and 2.51 times more likely to comply with road safety regulations [AOR:2.748, 95%CI: 1.784- 4.332 and AOR: 2.512, 95% CI: 1.195-5-5.278] respectively. Compliance with road safety regulations was poor among commercial motorcyclists in the study population. Measures gingered towards increasing observance of road safety regulations such as increased safety education, effective policing to enforce compliance and punishment of erring riders, should be instituted. This will eventually translate to increased awareness and enhance road safety

The effects of community-infused problem-oriented policing in crime hot spots based on police data: a randomized controlled trial.

This randomized controlled trial (RCT) assessed the effectiveness of a community-infused problem-oriented policing (CPOP) intervention on reducing property/violent crime. In two mid-Atlantic cities, a total of 102 crime hot spots were randomly assigned to receive CPOP or standard patrol. Analyses examine changes in crime the year before, during, and one year after the intervention. We used hierarchical Poisson regression models. We found no main effects for the CPOP intervention on property and violent crimes in either site. In site B, the violent crime count in low treatment hot spots was 200% higher than controls post-intervention but this likely reflected officers paying less attention to treatment locations with lower levels of crime. Our results suggest that CPOP was not effective in the unusual context of the COVID-19 pandemic and post-George Floyd killing. Given the challenges of implementing CPOP during this unique time, caution is needed in interpreting these findings.

Prevention Strategies for Policing Gun Violence

The police have the unique capacity to preempt and deter violence and to reduce the use of firearms in violent encounters. But overly aggressive policing tactics have contributed to a fraught relationship with low-income minority communities in which gun violence is heavily concentrated. Increased resources should be devoted to policing gun violence, but efforts of this sort must be targeted and disciplined. Effective policing requires a focus on the places and people that are at greatest risk; and there is a strong case for police agencies to increase the resources devoted to investigations of all criminal shootings, not just homicides. Successful policing of gun violence requires a productive working relationship with victims and their neighbors, which can be facilitated through observing community policing principles and respect for residents’ interests.

The Police, Extrajudicial Killings and Imperatives for Reforms in the Nigerian Fourth Republic

Extrajudicial killings attributed to personnel of the Nigerian Police in the conduct of their constitutional duties and responsibilities have become prevalent in recent times. They have been accused of human rights violations, torture, brutality, and unlawful killings of varying proportions. This palpable, yet injurious trend has become a strain on effective policing and security in Nigeria. This paper examines the role of the Nigeria Police Force in extrajudicial killings in the course of discharging their duties since the return to civilian rule in 1999 and how Police reforms can help increase police accountability. The paper was anchored on the organizational theory of police behavior and adopts a qualitative approach by reviewing the literature on extrajudicial killings by the Nigerian police as available in peer-reviewed journal articles, government reports, media reports, newspapers, and international agencies reports. The findings show that the Nigerian Police have been largely complicit in extrajudicial killings. It also shows that organizational deficits such as corruption, lack of investigative infrastructure, lack of human rights training, poor working conditions, poor internal control, and the often-abused Order 237 are major factors that enhance the perpetuation of the incidence of extrajudicial killings by the Police. The study concluded that without a sincere approach toward reforming the Police, extrajudicial killings might become a dominant narrative. Therefore, the paper recommends that a comprehensive security reform of the Nigerian Police should be carried out in conjunction with the private sector and Civil Society Organizations in Nigeria.

Book review: Behavioural Skills For Effective Policing

Book review: Behavioural Skills For Effective Policing

Public cooperation with police in Detroit: a testing of three perspectives

PurposeWhile public support for and cooperation with the police has been deemed vital for police effectiveness, what shapes such support and cooperation has not been fully examined. The purpose of this study is to explore three perspectives on public cooperation with police simultaneously: (1) police legitimacy, (2) legal cynicism, and (3) neighborhood norms.Design/methodology/approachThe data used in this study came from a survey conducted with 408 residents across three neighborhoods in Detroit, Michigan, in 2009. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was used to assess the relationship between the three groups of theory-based predictors, representing police legitimacy, legal cynicism, and neighborhood norms, and the dependent variable of cooperation.FindingsThe findings partially support the legitimacy model, as trust in police, but not perceived obligation to obey, predicts cooperation with police. This study provides strong support for the legal cynicism and neighborhood norms perspectives. Specifically, residents who have higher levels of legal cynicism and who report a stronger anti-snitch neighborhood subculture report being less inclined to cooperate with the police.Originality/valueThis study is the first to compare the relative influences of three major perspectives on public cooperation. Future studies should continue to analyze competing theories in explaining public cooperation with the police and determine if findings from this study are applicable to locations outside Detroit.

Effectiveness Of Mix Police (Fiscal And Monetary Police) In Reducing Unemployment In 5 Southeast Asia Countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore And Philipnes)

Effectiveness Of Mix Police (Fiscal And Monetary Police) In Reducing Unemployment In 5 Southeast Asia Countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore And Philipnes)

Police Leadership Training: Effective Policies and Methods

Modern security institutions face important issues related to police leadership training and contemporary security challenges. The scope and context of training programs in security institutions must be evaluated to develop effective policies and methods for training security leaders. The International Police Science Association (IPSA) aims to support effective training approaches and other aspects of effective policing by supporting and sharing international scientific efforts in police science.

An Empirical Test of Procedural Justice, Legitimacy, and Public Cooperation with the Police in China

Grounded in the pathbreaking work of Tom Tyler and his colleagues, procedural justice and legitimacy have been widely tested in different fields in Western societies. Although a small body of research provides some evidence supporting the process-based model of policing in China, studies testing the theory of procedural justice using a larger representative sample are lacking. Drawing upon survey data collected by the Chinese General Social Survey in 2017, this study assesses the applicability of Tyler’s work in a non-democratic setting—China—and finds that the Western wisdom of process-based policing is largely supported. Procedural justice, as the strongest factor, plays a crucial role in influencing Chinese people’s feelings of obligation to obey and willingness to cooperate with the police. Police effectiveness also promotes police legitimacy and cooperation. This study highlights the implications of procedural justice and police legitimacy in a different cultural context.