Effect Of Organic Substances Research Articles

Синтез и исследование дезинфицирующего средства на основе диэтаноламина

The interaction of diethanolamine with formaldehyde at a ratio of initial reagents of 2?:?3, respectively, obtained a preparation that is an equimolar mixture of 3-(?-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-oxazolidine and its methylol derivative – 3-(?-hydroxyoxymethyl-ethyl)-1,3-oxazolidine. The paper presents the results of a study of the antimicrobial activity of the preparation against microorganisms – S. aureus, E. coli, as the most resistant species of bacteria that cause nosocomial infection. The tests were carried out by three methods: the test object method, as well as suspension and adsorption methods. The minimum effective concentration and exposure time of the preparation, which ensure the complete destruction of these microorganisms, have been established. The effect of organic substances and neutralizers on the antimicrobial activity of the preparation was studied. «Sulfonol» (a mixture of stereoisomers of the sodium salt of alkylbenzenesulfonic acid) at a concentration of 0,2?% and ten percent milk were used as neutralizers, and 10?% horse serum was used as protein. The concentration of the preparation and the exposure time required for the complete disinfection of dishes, glass and metlakh tiles infected with S. aureus and E. coli were determined. Disinfection of surfaces is achieved by treatment with a 3?% solution of the preparation during an exposure of 60 minutes, and dishes – with 3–5?% solutions for 45 minutes. It has been established by the thermoanalytical method of analysis that the preparation is stable at normal temperature and does not change its physicochemical properties during storage for 18 months or more. The preparation is recommended as a disinfectant for medical purposes. Keywords: 1,3-oxazolidine derivatives, 3-(?-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-oxazolidine, 3-(?-hydroxyoxymethylethyl)-1,3-oxazolidine, antimicrobial activity, bactericidal activity, nosocomial infection, bacteria, S. aureus, E. coli, disinfection, disinfectant.

Laboratory investigation of CDG soil as source of fine aggregates for Portland cement concrete

Completely decomposed granite (CDG) soil is a typical and abundant in-situ weathered soil on the ground around the world. This paper investigates the possibility of CDG soil as fine aggregates for production of Portland cement concrete. It first develops a washing and sieving method to separate the CDG soil into its constitutional particles including gravel, sand, silt, and clay. It further examines the properties of the CDG sand using Hong Kong and other standards of fine aggregates for concrete. The first type of the property is the geometrical property including the size gradation, stereomicroscope observation, SEM observation, and shape statistical analysis of the sand particles. The second type is the physical property including magnesium sulphate soundness, compacting bulk density, relative density, and water absorption. The third type is its chemical property including chemical elements, acid-soluble chloride content, water-soluble chloride content, acid-soluble sulphate content, total sulphur content, and presence of humus. The fourth type is the mechanical property including drying shrinkage, effect of organic substances, and alkali silica reaction potential. These test results show that all the properties of the CDG sand well meet the standard requirements and can be used as fine aggregates in Portland concrete.

Effect of Organic Substances on Nutrients Recovery by Struvite Electrochemical Precipitation from Synthetic Anaerobically Treated Swine Wastewater.

Anaerobically treated swine wastewater contains large amounts of orthophosphate phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen and organic substances with potential nutrients recovery via struvite electrochemical precipitation post-treatment. Lab-scale batch experiments were systematically conducted in this study to investigate the effects of initial pH, current density, organic substances upon nutrients removal, and precipitates quality (characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and element analysis via acid dissolution method) during the struvite electrochemical precipitation process. The optimal conditions for the initial pH of 7.0 and current density of 4 mA/cm2 favoured nutrients removal and precipitates quality (struvite purity of up to 94.2%) in the absence of organic substances. By contrast, a more adverse effect on nutrients removal, morphology and purity of precipitates was found by humic acid than by sodium alginate and bovine albumin in the individual presence of organic substances. Low concentration combination of bovine albumin, sodium alginate, and humic acid showed antagonistic inhibition effects, whereas a high concentration combination showed the accelerating inhibition effects. Initial pH adjustment from 7 to 8 could effectively mitigate the adverse effects on struvite electrochemical precipitation under high concentration combined with organic substances (500 mg/L bovine albumin, 500 mg/L sodium alginate, and 1500 mg/L humic acid); this may help improve struvite electrochemical precipitation technology in practical application for nutrients recovery from anaerobically treated swine wastewater.

Effect of organic substances and plant growth regulators on growth of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) Seedlings

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.), or Imli is also called Indian Date. It belongs to the family Leguminaceae. The use of plant growth regulators in proper concentration with scarification may regulate growth behaviour in many fruit crops and pre-sowing treatment of growth regulators could lead to increase seed germination and enhancement of seedling growth. Seed, without use of growth regulators showed poor response for germination and its growth. An experiment was carried out to identify a suitable treatment for getting better seedling growth. In the present study seeds were imposed to twelve different treatments i.e. T0 Control (Soaking in distilled water), T1 GA3 @ 100 ppm, T2 GA3 @ 200 ppm, T3 GA3 @ 300 ppm, T4 NAA @ 100 ppm for 24 hr, T5 NAA @ 200 ppm, T6 NAA @ 300 ppm, T7 Acid Scarification (HCL 10%), T8 Cow urine 5%, T9 Cow Urine 10%, T10 Cow Urine 20%, T11 Cow Dung Slurry for 24hr and in acid 30min in Completely Randomized Design with three replications. The results reveal that among the different treatment combination T2 GA3 @ 200 ppm reported the highest plant growth in respect to days required for Girth of stem, Length of seedling, Root length, Number of roots/seedling, Survival percentage of seedlings were as T3 GA3 @ 300 ppm shows highest result in respect to days required for Number of leaves per seedling and T1 GA3 @ 100 ppm shows highest result for days required for Height of shoot.

Effect of organic substances on wheat (Triticum spp.) productivity and soil enzyme functional stability under drought stress conditions

Application of organic inputs for arable soil is a common way to improve crop production. However, the interactions between organic amendments and drought are not fully known. The present study was conducted at Skolkovo University of Science and Technology, Moscow to compare the effect of three different organic-based supplements viz., humic acid, biochar and fulvic acid on the soil enzyme functional stability and shortterm wheat growth effects. Soil samples under same amount of organic carbon content were studied on wheat in greenhouse condition under three levels of water deficit irrigation: (1) control - no water deficit irrigation (70% of soil water holding capacity, WHC); (2) mild drought stress 50% WHC; (3) high drought stress (30% WHC). The response of the enzyme activities related to the C, N, and P cycles were analyzed after 1, 7, 14 and 28 days of incubation. The stress response of enzyme activities under drought conditions was noted to be constant and organic amendments removed it even in high drought stress. For wheat plants, stress due to limited water availability was successfully eliminated by organic amendments to an extent of mild drought levels.

Screening and characterization of mixotrophic sulfide oxidizing bacteria for odorous surface water bioremediation

Eight species of mixotrophic sulfide oxidizing bacteria (SOB) were isolated from activated sludge and identified using 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The effects of organic substances, dissolved oxygen (DO) and nitrate on sulfide oxidation and bacterial growth were studied in this work. The results showed that Paracoccus sp. (N1), Pseudomonas sp. (N2) and Pseudomonas sp. (S4) have strong adaptability to environments with low DO and high concentrations of organic substance. An SOB additive was optimized in artificial, odorous water. The optimized SOB additive is ablendof 80% N1 and 20% N2 bacteria solution with absorbance equal to 0.5 at a wavelength of 600 nm (OD600), and the optimal dose of the additive is 20 ml/L. Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) and released H2S in an odorous river were measured with and without SOB additive, and the results indicated that the optimized SOB additive has excellent performance for odorous river bioremediation.

New insights into the organic fouling mechanism of an in situ Ca2+ modified thin film composite forward osmosis membrane.

In this study, the effect of organic substances on the fouling behavior of a thin film composite (TFC) membrane with in situ Ca2+ addition (TFC-Ca membrane) was evaluated. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), humic acid (HA) and sodium alginate (SA) were used as surrogate foulants for protein, natural organic substances and polysaccharides, respectively, thus enabling the analysis of foulant–membrane interaction in the membrane fouling process. Fouling experiments were carried out and the fouling mechanism was investigated by extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (XDLVO) theory. SEM-EDX, ICP-OES and TOC analysis were applied to characterize the fouled TFC-Ca membrane. Results suggested that the interfacial free energies obtained from advanced contact angle measurements were correlated strongly with the rates of membrane fouling. In situ Ca2+ addition in the TFC membrane resulted in the decrease of the interfacial adhesion free energy (i.e., foulant–membrane interaction) and thus the mitigation of membrane fouling. The permeate flux of TFC-Ca FO membrane after organic fouling could be fully restored by simple physical cleaning. The antifouling mechanism of Ca2+ pre-binding carboxyl groups in the TFC-Ca FO membrane was demonstrated, which provides new insights into the development of antifouling TFC membranes in the future.

Effect of humus preparations on chlorophyl content in leave and potato plant productivity on sandy soil in Moscow distric

Results on evaluation of effect of organic preparations LFSC-HA (Life Force Soil Conditioner Natural Humic Acids for soil fertility) and LFSC-HB (Life Force Soil Conditioner Humate Balance for soil enrichment) on productivity of potato plant of early maturing variety arizina. Two preparations have been provided by firm Life Force Ltd (Moscow). A field experiment was carried out on a potato plantation of the firm Agriko-Eurasia in Moscow district on sandy soil with low humus content. Organic preparations were applied in to soil by hand in powder form in 50 g/sq. m dosage. Reaction of potato plants on the experimental treatment was assessed by measurement of chlorophyll a and b content in potato leaves, and number and mass of tubes per plant at harvest. Positive effect of preparation used on chlorophyll content in leaves and number of tubes peer plant was found. Prevailing number of tubes of small sizes (less than 30 mm) - 38% may be considered as negative effect for early maturing variety. Number of tubes greater than 50 mm may be assigned to stimulative effect of organic preparation LFSC-HA on tube formation may and to additional amount of phosphorus and potassium containing in the preparation as well. Additional evaluation of organic preparation produced by Life Force Ltd are needed to separate positive effects of organic substances and additional amount of mineral elements in it. Having in mind positive effect tested preparations on formation of bigger number of tubes there it is advisable to carry out experiments with late maturing varieties.

流動担体に付着した微生物による最終処分場排出水中の1,4-ジオキサン処理に及ぼす易分解性有機物濃度の影響

流動担体に付着した微生物による最終処分場排出水中の1,4-ジオキサン処理に及ぼす易分解性有機物濃度の影響

Effect of Organic Substances on the Efficiency of Fe(Ii) to Fe(Iii) Oxidation and Removal of Iron Compounds from Groundwater in the Sedimentation Process

One of the problems with iron removal from groundwater is organic matter. The article presents the experiments involved groundwater samples with a high concentration of total iron - amounting to 7.20 mgFe/dm<sup>3</sup> and an increased amount of organic substances (TOC from 5.50 to 7.50 mgC/dm<sup>3</sup>). The water samples examined differed in terms of the value of the ratio of the TOC concentration and the concentration of total iron (D). It was concluded that with increase in the coexistence ratio of organic substances and total iron in water (D = [TOC]/[Fe<sub>tot</sub>]), efficiency of Fe(II) to Fe(III) oxidization with dissolved oxygen decreased, while the oxidation time was increasing. This rule was not demonstrated for potassium manganate (VII) when used as an oxidizing agent. The application of potassium manganate (VII) for oxidation of Fe(II) ions produced the better results in terms of total iron concentration reduction in the sedimentation process than the oxidation with dissolved oxygen.

無菌水稲幼植物に吸収されたアミノ酸の体内での挙動 : 高等植物の生育に及ぼす有機物質の影響 (第3報)

無菌水稲幼植物に吸収されたアミノ酸の体内での挙動 : 高等植物の生育に及ぼす有機物質の影響 (第3報)

Effect of charge mixture preparation technology on the physicochemical and optical properties of LiNbO3:Mg crystals

LiNbO3:MgO crystals, representing important materials for nonlinear optics, laser optics, integrated optics, and optical electronics owing to their high resistance with respect to optical damage, are studied. The crystals of LiNbO3:MgO were grown from a granulated charge mixture of lithium niobate synthesized using homogeneously doped Nb2O5:Mg precursors of different origin. The effect of organic substances used in the technology of lithium niobate charge mixture on the properties of LiNbO3:MgO single crystals is studied. It is found that the physicochemical and optical characteristics of LiNbO3:MgO crystals grown from charge mixtures synthesized from Nb2O5:Mg precursors obtained using organic solvents and without them differ to a considerable extent. It is suggested that the difference in the properties of LiNbO3:MgО crystals of different origin is caused by change in the structure of the ion complexes in the melt owing to the presence of traces of organic impurities. Change in the structure of ion complexes in the melt leads to change in crystallization mechanisms and, accordingly, in the chemical composition and the properties of LiNbO3:MgO crystals. Furthermore, it is shown that the use of homogeneous doping methods as opposed to the method of direct doping provides the distribution coefficient K eef > 1. That is, the method of homogeneous doping allows one to introduce a substantially greater concentration of an impurity element in the LiNbO3:MgO crystal compared with the direct method for doping the charge mixture at the same impurity concentration in the starting material.

In vitro propagation of Vitis: The effects of organic substances on shoot multiplication

The effects of organic substances on shoot multiplication from subcultured shoots of the Vitis hybrid Remaily Seedless were investigated. Culture media contained the inorganic nutrients of MURASHIGE and SKOOG (1962). Benzylaminopurine (BAP) was most effective in promoting shoot multiplication at 5 μM. 60 % of the shoots had at least 3 nodes (1.5 cm total length), a size considered adequate for micropropagation. The addition of adenine sulfate from 2.5 to 20 x 10 - 4 M depressed shoot multiplication when BAP was optimal. Combinations of thiamine (2 and 4 μM) and inositol (50; 100; 500 μM) were tested. Shoot multiplication decreased with increasing inositol concentration and was higher with 4 μM of thiamine. Best multiplication was with 4 μM thiamine and 50 μM inositol and gave similar number of shoots per explant as obtained on our standard medium which contains in addition nicotinic acid and pyridoxine. However, twice _as many 3-node shoots were produced on the standard medium. The amino acids arginine, aspartate, asparagine, glutamate, glutamine and tyrosine at 2.5-40 x 10 - 4 M had no effect on shoot multiplication. With the culture conditions used in this research, an adequate set of organic constituents for shoot multiplication of grapevines is defined as 3 μM thiamine · HCl, 55.5 μM myo-inositol, 8 μM nicotinic acid, 5 μM pyridoxine · HCl and 5 μM benzylaminopurine. The addition of 4 μM of aspartate may be beneficial. It was found that optimization of vitamin concentration is important in shoot multiplication. The restricted Optimum cytokinin concentration for best shoot production suggests that its concentration may have to be adjusted for each cultivar.

Effects of organic substances on struvite crystallization and recovery

The effects of organic substances on struvite crystallization and recovery from synthetic wastewater were investigated. Experiments were completed during trials lasting 5 days using a pilot reactor with two concentric stainless steel meshes as seed material. Various concentrations of organics were added to synthetic CO2-saturated solutions and the pH was elevated from an initial value of 6.5 using a degassing technique. The results showed the presence of glucose, humic acid, and citric acid could reduce the struvite mass accumulating rates as compared to solutions without organic additives. In addition, glucose as an additive could significantly promote the removal rate of phosphorus as opposed to the other two. The mechanisms of the inhibitory effects are specially focused on the fact citric acid is able to complex with Mg2+, and NH4+ in solution, while humic acid or glucose are able to adsorb onto the crystal surface. The recovered precipitates were analyzed using X-ray diffraction and were proven to have high purities. The morphologies of the precipitates were examined using scanning electron microscopy and found struvite particles aggregated together showing an irregular block shape, with the exception of particles recovered from solutions with humic acid, which showed a triangle-like shape.

Adsorptive Removal of Ni(II) from Water Using Alginate-Fixed Water Hyacinth: Effect of Organic Substances

The potential of water hyacinth—Eichhornia crassipes biomass immobilized in calcium alginate for the adsorption of Ni(II) from water was studied using the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. The equilibrium adsorption data were obtained at different initial Ni(II) concentrations = 0.05 - 2 mg/L, temperature = 30˚C ± 0.2˚C, agitation rate = 150 rpm, equilibration time = 3 hr, biosorbent dose = 4 g/L, and pH range = 4 - 7.4. Langmuir isotherms gave monolayer sorption capacities ( ) of 26.5, 44.3 and 53.0 mg/g for the removal of Ni(II) in the presence of methanol, without adde d organic substance, and in the presence of acetonitrile, respectively. These findings were also confirmed by the trend in the Freundlich isotherm parameter ( m q 1 n 90%). The results from these studies indicated that E. crassipes fixed on calcium alginate beads is a viable metal enrichment media that can be used freely immersed in solution to achieve very high adsorption capacities and possible preconcentration of Ni(II) in aquatic environments.

Synthesis and characterization of hybrid nanostructures produced in the presence of the titanium dioxide and bioactive organic substances by hydrothermal method

Hybrid nanostructures produced by hydrothermal treatment of TiO2 in the presence of bioactive organic substances such as chitosan, aminoterephthalic acid and their mixture have been investigated. Sodium polytitanates as one-dimensional elongated structures with lengths of several hundred of nanometers were obtained in the presence of chitosan and aminoterephthalic acid. With chitosan the elongated nanostructures are formed by successive superposition of structural fragments—nanostrips with well-ordered multilayered morphology and increased distance between successive layers to 1.2nm. Quite different amorphous products as agglomerates with roundest and rhomboid morphology are formed when the mixture of chitosan and aminoterephthalic acid is added to the reaction system. One can propose that main reason of such behavior is a low rate of diffusion of dissolved Ti(IV) ions in the high viscous mixed chitosan–aminoterephthalic system. An effect of organic substances on the formation, morphology and transformation of various titanates is discussed.

Removal of pollutants and reduction of bio-toxicity in a full scale chemical coagulation and reverse osmosis leachate treatment system

Removals of pollutants and toxic organic compounds and reduction in bio-toxicity of leachate along an operating full-scale leachate treatment system utilizing chemical coagulation, sand filtration, microfiltration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane were evaluated. High pollutant removals were achieved mainly by coagulation and sand filtration. Major toxic organic pollutants, i.e. DEHP, DBP and bisphenol A were removed by 100%, 99.6% and 98.0%. Acute toxicity test using water flea, Nile Tilapia and common carp and genotoxicity (Comet assay) were conducted to determine toxicity reduction in leachate along the treatment. Ammonia was found to be the main acute toxic compounds in leachate as determined by LC 50 but the effect of organic substances was also observed. DNA damage in fish exposed to diluted raw leachate (10% of LC 50) was found to be 8.9–24.3% and it was subsequently decreased along the treatment. Correlation between pollutants and its bio-toxicity was established using multivariable analyses.

Effect of organic substances in clay rocks on formation of a black core in ceramics

When clay rocks are heated, decomposition of organic substances is accompanied by liberation of H2, CO, and CO2, which creates the reducing character of the gas medium. Combustion of residual carbon takes place in the 250–500°C temperature region and is extremal in character due to diffusion of oxygen into the internal layers of the heat-treated material. To exclude a black core, holding in the 700–800°C region is recommended for completing combustion of oxygen and forming hollow articles with the minimum acceptable thickness of the external and internal walls.

Characterization of effects of selected organic substances on decomposition of hydrogen peroxide during Fenton reaction

This study aims to investigate the effects of selected organic substances on the degradation of hydrogen peroxide during the Fenton reaction. Since the presence of organic substances can strongly affect the mechanism of the Fenton reaction, the information on effects of organic substances on the reaction would be a vital guide to the success of its application to the destruction of organics in wastewater. Several organic compounds having different structures were selected as model pollutants: 4-chlorophenol, 1,4-dioxane, chloroform, a dye (reactive black-5), and EDTA. Oxidation of 4-chlorophenol and reactive black-5 resulted in enormously fast degradation of hydrogen peroxide, while others such as 1,4-dioxane and chloroform showed much slower degradation. These experimental data were compared to simulation results from a computational model based on a simple *OH-driven oxidation model. Modelling results for chloroform and 1,4-dioxane were in relatively good agreement with the experimental data, while those for 4-chlorophenol and reactive black-5 were very different from the experimental data. The results for EDTA showed a different trend to those for other compounds. From these results, classification of organic substances into several sub-groups was tried.

Effect of Water Extract of Compost on the Adsorption of Arsenate by Two Calcareous Soils

The increasing mobility of arsenate will increase its leachingpotential to groundwater and uptake by plants. The mobility ofarsenate in soils is related to the competitive adsorption with other substances. The effect of organic substances on the adsorption of arsenate by soils was evaluated using the water extract of compost (WEC) as a complex anion source in a batch experiment. Two calcareous slate alluvial soils, Chiwulan andShuipientou, with higher arsenic contents of 23.7 and 12.9 mg kg-1, respectively, were used. The Langmuir equation has been used to describe successfully the As adsorption isotherm for the two soils. The maximum adsorption of As was 6.098 and 4.785 μmol g-1 for Chiwulan and Shuipientou soils, respectively. There was competitive adsorption for binding siteson the soils between arsenate oxyanions and organic anions derived from the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of WEC. Differentcritical pH values were for arsenate addition related to arsenateadsorption on both soils in the absence of DOC of WEC but not inthe presence of DOC of WEC. The soil properties related to arsenate adsorption by the two soils may govern the critical pH values.