Effect Of Nutrient Supplementation Research Articles

The effects of nutrient supplements on the production of lactic acid from cheese whey

Purpose: To investigate the effects of microorganism strain, substrate concentration and yeast extract (w/v), MnSO 4 .H 2 O, MgSO 4 .7H 2 O addition to cheese whey solution on the lactic acid production and enantiomeric excess of produced lactic acid. Material and Methods: Fermentations were performed as batch fermentations with 100 mL liquid medium in 250 mL erlenmeyer flasks. The different species of lactic acid bacteria (seven bacteria species), concentrations of yeast extract (0-1% w/v), manganese sulfate (0.003-0.02 % w/v) and magnesium sulfate (0.005-0.01% w/v) were investigated on the lactic acid produc- tion. The medium was inoculated with about 0.04 mg/mL inoculum of bacteria. Lactic acid and lactose was determined by HPLC, with a Phen. Rezex. RHM Mon. (300x7.8 mm) column. Lactic acid enantiomers were determined also by HPLC, using a chiral column (Shodex Orpak CRX-853). Results: Lactic acid concentration was increased about three times according to the control experiment by adding additional nutrient supplements (yeast extract, MnSO 4 ) into the che- ese whey. After 48 hour of fermentation, the highest lactic acid concentration was achieved with Lactobacillus casei NRRL-B-1922 with the presence of 0.4% yeast extract and 0.007% MnSO4. The highest lactic acid concentration and conversion were 61 g/L and 94%, respecti- vely. When only 0.5% yeast extract (w/v) was added to the fermentation medium, approxima- tely the same conversion (93%) was obtained at 48 h of fermentation. Lactic acid produced by L. casei NRRL-B-1922 was mostly L(+) lactic acid and 99% ee was obtained at all conditions. Conclusion: It is provided that only addition of yeast extract into cheese whey should be increase the lactic acid conversion and productivity.

Effect of nutrient supplementation on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Nellore ram lambs – An on-farm evaluation study

A field study was conducted in the Nellore sheep breeding tract on growth parameters of 447 Nellore (jodipi) ram lambs, out of which 30 lambs were fed on traditional grazing (control) and 417 lambs on natural grazing along with nutrient supplementation (treated) i.e. feeding of balanced concentrate feed. Average initial body weight of the lambs under control group and treated group were 13.60 ± 0.58 kg and 13.38 ± 0.07 kg, respectively. After 90 days of rearing, lambs under treated group showed better growth rates with significantly (P < 0.01) heavier final average body weight (23.11±0.19 g) as compared to those of control group (22.05±0.11 kg). Growth studies revealed that ram lambs fed on natural grazing along with nutrient supplementation (treated) showed significantly higher average daily gain. Carcass studies also revealed that dressing percentage, cut up parts yield and by- products yield were also better in lambs under treated group compared to those of control group due to better nutritional status in supplemented lambs. This study was part of field demonstration trials to farmers on benefits of growing ram lambs to optimum weight and nutritional intervention for getting higher growth rate.

Effects of nutrient supplementation on fermentation kinetics, H2S evolution, and aroma profile in Verdicchio DOC wine production

Different yeast nutrient additions were studied for the 2008 and 2009 vintages of Verdicchio grape juice fermentation. Addition of yeast derivatives at the beginning of fermentation and/or different amounts of diammonium phosphate at various times within the first half of fermentation were examined, with initial yeast assimilable nitrogen concentrations set at 200 and 250 mg l−1. Supplementation with glutathione in combination with this nitrogen addition was also evaluated. Fermentation rates were monitored throughout these fermentations carried out under different nutrient conditions. H2S production during fermentation and synthesis of volatile compounds in the finished wines were quantified; the wines also underwent sensory evaluation. The fermentation kinetics were almost exclusively influenced by the inorganic nitrogen supplementation with diammonium phosphate. H2S evolution was more affected by assimilable nitrogen than glutathione. Diammonium phosphate significantly reduced H2S production, with a further reduction in the presence of yeast derivative. This nitrogen supplementation yielded higher concentrations of acetate esters, and in particular of isoamyl acetate (fruity aromas), which positively influences the analytical and aroma profile of wines and results in a general reduction in 2-phenylethanol production (floral aromas). Overall results (two harvesting times and vintages) indicate that the management with diammonium phosphate and yeast derivative supplementation improves the kinetics of fermentation and provides a good tool to reduce H2S formation and increase the analytical and sensory quality of Verdicchio wine.

EFFECT OF NUTRIENT SUPPLEMENTATION OF CRUDE OR DETOXIFIED CONCENTRATED DISTILLED GRAPE MARC HEMICELLULOSIC HYDROLYSATES ON THE XYLITOL PRODUCTION BY Debaryomyces hansenii

Biosynthesis of xylitol using the yeast Debaryomyces hansenii NRRL Y-7426 was carried out using distilled grape marc (DGM) hemicellulosic hydrolysates directly concentrated by vacuum evaporation or after detoxification with activated charcoal. The effect of nutrient supplementation with vinasses, corn steep liquor (CSL) or commercial nutrients was explored. Using crude concentrated hemicellulosic hydrolysates, the maximum xylitol concentration, 11.3 g/L, was achieved after 172 hr (Q xylitol = 0.066 g/L-hr; Y xylitol /SC = 0.21 g/g); meanwhile, using detoxified concentrated hydrolysates, the concentration increased up to 19.7 g/L after 72 hr (Q xylitol = 0.274 g/L-hr; Y xylitol /SC = 0.38 g/g). On the other hand, using crude or detoxified hydrolysates, the xylose-to-xylitol bioconversion was strongly affected by the addition of nutrients, suggesting that these hydrolysates present essential nutrients favouring the growth of D. hansenii.

Heterotrophic cultivation of mixed microalgae for lipid accumulation and wastewater treatment during sequential growth and starvation phases: Effect of nutrient supplementation

Microalgae are deemed to be a potential biocatalyst for the production of biodiesel along with other valuable products. An attempt was made to evaluate the effect of sequential growth phase (GP) and starvation phase (SP) on the lipid productivity of heterotrophically grown mixed microalgae using domestic wastewater as substrate/feed-stock. Effect of nutrients viz., nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), carbon (C) and potassium (K) on biomass growth and lipid accumulation was elucidated. Due to good nutrients availability during GP operation, significant increment in biomass growth was observed. On the contrary, nutrients deprived condition during SP operation documented increment in lipid productivity due to acceleration of triacylglycerides formation. Higher biomass growth was observed in GP operation with maximum in N + P condition (1.69 mg/mL) while higher lipid productivity was observed in starvation phase with maximum in C condition (28.2%). Gross fatty acid composition depicted significant variations in the fatty acid profile with abundance in saturated fatty acids (SFAs). Relatively good wastewater treatment efficiency in terms of substrate degradation and nutrient removal was observed during the GP operation. Diversity studies visualized dominance of lipid accumulating microalgae such as Scenedesmus sp., Diatoms and Chlorella sp.

Fermentation of sago starch to biobutanol in a batch culture using Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 (ATCC 13564)

Acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) was produced in Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 using sago starch as a substrate, and the effects of nutrient supplementation on ABE production were studied. Using sago starch as a substrate led to higher butanol production in C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 when compared to other starchy materials as substrates. TYA medium supplemented with sago starch led to enhanced ABE and butanol production; however, P2 medium improved ABE production more than TYA medium. The highest ABE and butanol production was achieved with P2 medium supplemented with 70 g/L of sago starch. Using these fermentation conditions, ABE and butanol were produced at 16.65 and 9.83 g/L, respectively, and productivity was 0.15 g/L h for ABE and 0.09 g/L h for butanol. Using P2 medium supplemented with either 50 g/L enzymatically hydrolyzed sago starch or 70 g/L sago starch without hydrolysis, 9.81 and 9.83 g/L butanol were produced, respectively. These results reveal the importance of media formulation in the biobutanol fermentation of sago starch by C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4.

METHODS: Long-term effect of nutrient supplementation of cassava wastewater on biohydrogen production by mixed culture

Abstract The long-term effect of nutrient supplementation of cassava-processing wastewater on biohydrogen production by a mixed culture has been assessed. An anaerobic sequential batch reactor (ASBR) was operated for 120 d and fed with cassava wastewater, without nutrient supplementation during the first 65 d, and with nutrient addition between days 66 and 120. The specific hydrogen production rate and the hydrogen yield obtained by feeding the bioreactor with cassava wastewater without supplementation were 44.6 mLH2/gVSS.d and 323 mL H2/g COD, respectively. However, nutrient addition favored nonspecific microbial growth, which culminated in a decreased specific hydrogen production of 23.1 mLH2/gVSS.d, with a hydrogen yield of 153.5 mL H2/g COD. During the final 35 d of operation, gas production was largely inhibited, attributed to increased growth of lactic acid bacteria, as evidenced by the presence of a high concentration (1.25 g/L) of LA in the reactor during this period.

Evaluation of nutrient addition to diesel biodegradation in contaminated soils

Increasing public concern towards petroleum pollution demands for new and more environmentally efficient low-cost strategies for cleaning up contaminated sites. Diesel biodegradation by microbial communities was investigated in artificially contaminated soils by supplementing commercial fertilizers under laboratory conditions. The amounts of oil degraded at each sampling day were determined by the Soxhlet extraction method, the quantities of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds and hydrocarbon content in the treated and non-treated soil samples were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The significant enhancement of diesel degradation was observed soon after the supplementation of fertilizers in loam soil and sea sand, but not in clay soil. The fertilizer supplements stimulated higher degradations, but no significant differences in contaminated sea sand and loam soil after 60 days of incubation period. The inhibitory effect of adding fertilizers was observed in the clay soil. The breakdown of hydrocarbon C>16 were relatively faster than the shorter chain compounds such as C9. In conclusion, the supplementation of fertilizer stimulates the diesel degradation rate in the contaminated soil and the effects of nutrient supplementation are dependant upon soil types, existing nutrients and microbial populations. Key words: Diesel, bioremediation, biostimulation, fertilizers

The Effect of Nutrient Supplementation on Growth and Leaching Performance of Bioleaching Bacteria

Heap bioleaching operations are often faced with extended and unpredictable lag periods after inoculation, prior to the establishment of a stable oxidising environment, during which the heap is fully colonised or the inoculum overcomes the sub-optimal conditions resulting from acid agglomeration. Supplementation of laboratory scale (4kg ore) leach columns with soluble nitrogen, particularly as yeast extract, significantly reduced the lag time and promoted bacterial growth, resulting in a 50-95% increase in copper recovery post-inoculation. The effect of yeast extract addition to Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in controlled oxidation tests was investigated. Initial exposure of a stock culture to yeast extract resulted in a transient, dose dependent inhibition at concentrations of 0.5 g.l-1 and below. At 1.25 g.l-1 inhibition was complete over the time scale of the experiment. The inhibition phase was characterised by observable changes in cell morphology and ultrastructure. Despite the initial inhibition, the biomass yield at the end of the experiments was equivalent, or higher, in the presence of yeast extract. Cultures were adapted to growth on yeast extract as the sole nitrogen source and adapted cultures showed the highest rates of iron oxidation and cell growth, in the presence of 0.5 and 1 g.l-1 of yeast extract.

Does taking vitamin, mineral and fatty acid supplements prevent cognitive decline? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Observational studies have shown associations between nutritional status and cognition in later life but evidence from intervention studies is unclear. The present study systematically reviewed the evidence on the effect of nutrient supplementation on cognitive function in people aged >or=65 years. Databases including MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched up to 1 September 2006. Randomized controlled trials using at least one kind of vitamin, mineral or omega-3 fatty acid, evaluating standardized neuropsychological test(s), were included. There were no restrictions on participants' baseline nutritional status or cognitive function. Quality assessment and data abstraction were conducted by one author and checked by another. Of 4229 articles retrieved, 22 trials (3442 participants) were identified. Many were small, short duration and of poor methodology. Only 16 out of 122 cognitive tests were significantly different between groups. A meta-analysis showed no significant effect of taking B vitamins or antioxidant vitamins on global cognitive function. There was insufficient evidence to evaluate the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on any cognitive domains. There was little evidence of a beneficial effect from taking B vitamins or antioxidant supplements on global cognitive function in later life. Larger-scale randomized controlled trials of longer duration in selected age groups are needed.

Effect of nutrient supplementation and successive plantings in oil-polluted soil on the performance of<i>carica papaya </i>L.

Effect of nutrient supplementation and successive plantings in oil-polluted soil on the performance of<i>carica papaya </i>L.

Effect of Nutrient Supplements from Food Manufacturing Waste on L-Lactic Acid Production by Streptococcus bovis Using Fresh Cassava Roots in Tofu Liquid Waste

To improve the production of L-lactic acid by Streptococcus bovis using an original medium of fresh cassava roots (FCR) in tofu liquid waste (TLW), three nutrient supplements, skim milk (SM), the residue of the yeast extract waste (YEW) from beer manufacturer and concentrated maguro waste (CMW) from fish manufacturing were independently added to the original medium (FCR-TLW). Maximum fermentation properties (fermented L-lactic acid concentration, productivity of L-lactic acid and specific growth rate) were obtained at about 2% w/w crude protein concentration in the original medium for three nutrient supplements. The highest fermentation properties were shown by CMW supplement, and they were comparable with those in the standard medium. The medium supplemented with 2% w/w crude protein concentration of CMW in the original medium (FCR-TLW-CMW2) clearly gave the greatest effects on L-lactic acid production.

Effects of Nutrient Supplements on Simultaneous Fermentation of Nisin and Lactic Acid from Cull Potatoes

The feasibility of using cull potatoes as substrate for the simultaneous production of nisin, a natural food preservative, and lactic acid, a raw material for biopolymer production, was studied. Cull potatoes are potato tubers unacceptable for food processing because of size or damage caused by bruising or disease. Although cull potatoes are enriched in various nutrients including starch, minerals, and proteins, they alone still cannot provide enough essential nutrients for the growth and metabolism of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (ATCC 11454). Stimulation of bacterial growth, nisin biosynthesis, as well as lactic acid production was observed when additional nutrients such as yeast extract, peptone from meat, peptone from soy (PS), corn steep solid (CSS), and distillers' dried grains with solubles were provided. Considering the cost and availability, PS and CSS were selected as nutrient supplements for nisin and lactic acid coproduction. The conditions for nisin biosynthesis and lactic acid coproduction by L. lactis subsp. lactis in a cull potato-based medium were subsequently optimized using a statistically based experimental design.

Effect of Protein-Carbohydrate Intake During Exercise on Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism in Elderly Individuals

2210 Dynamic exercise-induced skeletal muscle protein metabolism and the effect of nutrient supplementation on the protein metabolism have not been well demonstrated in elderly individuals. PURPOSE: This study aimed at evaluating the effect of a protein-carbohydrate supplement taken during cycling exercise on the net balance of amino acid concentrations across the working muscles in elderly subjects. METHODS: Six healthy elderly volunteers (4 males and 2 females, means ± SD, 64 ± 3 yrs, 175 ± 6 cm, 74 ± 8 kg) were studied by a double blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial. The subject performed 3 bouts of 20-min cycling exercise (5-min break between each bout) at intensity of 89 ± 14 W corresponding to 50% of maximal work intensity. Either a nutrient supplement containing 10.0 g protein and 16.5 g carbohydrate (PROT) or a non-calorie placebo (CONT) was given at 10 min of the 1st exercise bout. Arterial and venous blood samples were taken from arteria radialis and vena femoralis, respectively. Blood flow in arteria femoralis was determined by ultrasound Doppler technique. Blood sampling and blood flow measurements were performed at rest, every 10 min during each exercise bout, and every 15 min during 60-min recovery period. Net balance of plasma phenylalanine concentration [Phe] (μmol min−1) as an index for skeletal muscle protein metabolism, was calculated by the use of the following formula: Net balance of [Phe] = ([Phe]artery – [Phe]vein) × blood flow × (1-hematocrit). RESULTS: No difference in blood flow was observed between PROT and CONT, at rest (0.39 ± 0.21vs. 0.37 ± 0.21 L min−1) and the end of 3rd exercise bout (2.48 ± 0.56 rd vs. 2.65 ± 0.22 L min−1). In PROT, the arterial plasma concentration of total amino acids at rest was 2.42 ± 0.14 mmol L-1. After 35 min of PROT ingestion, the total amino acids concentration reached 3.33 ± 0.23 mmol L-1. The concentrations remained unchanged to the end of 3rd exercise bout (3.28 ± 0.26 mmol L-1) and returned to the resting level by the end of 60-min of recovery (2.40 ± 0.11 mmol L-1). In CONT, the arterial plasma concentration of total amino acids at rest was 2.31 ± 0.11 mmol L-1, and remained constant throughout the experiment. In CONT, negative balance of [Phe] was observed during the exercise bouts. In PROT, a significantly larger net balance of [Phe] across leg muscles was observed at 35-min cycling as compared with CONT (1.23 ± 1.49vs. −1.98 ± 1.90μmol min-1, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Skeletal muscle proteolysis was indicated to occur during dynamic exercise at 50% of maximal intensity in elderly individuals, and such response was diminished by ingesting a protein-carbohydrate supplement at onset of exercise.

Effects of nutrient supplements on biological efficiency, quality and crop cycle time of maitake (Grifola frondosa).

The effects of various combinations of wheat bran, rye and millet (at 20% and 30% of total dry substrate wt) on crop cycle time, biological efficiency (BE) and mushroom quality were evaluated for a commercially used isolate of Grifola frondosa (maitake). Supplements were combined with a basal ingredient of mixed oak (primarily red oak) sawdust, and the resulting mixture was pasteurized, cooled, inoculated and bagged with an autoclaving mixer. Times to mushroom primordial formation and mushroom harvest were recorded, and mushroom quality was rated on a scale of 1-4, where 1 was the highest quality and 4 was the lowest quality. The combinations of 10% wheat bran, 10% millet and 10% rye (BE 47.1%, quality 1.8 and crop cycle 12 weeks) and 10% wheat bran plus 20% rye (BE 44%, quality 1.7 and crop cycle 10 weeks) gave the most consistent yields and best basidiome quality over time.

Effect of nutrients supplementation on anaerobic sludge development and activity for treating distillery effluent

Startup of laboratory anaerobic reactors and treatment efficiency were investigated by supplementing the distillery effluent feed with macronutrients (Ca, P) and micronutrients (Ni, Fe and Co) under mesophilic conditions. Calcium and phosphate were deterimental to the treatment efficiency and sludge granulation. Traces of salts of iron, nickel and cobalt, individually and in combinations improved the COD removal efficiency and sludge granulation process.

Nutrient composition of the prey's diet affects growth and survivorship of a generalist predator

It is well known that secondary chemicals produced at one trophic level may affect organisms at subsequent levels of the food chain. Effects of nutrient supplements may also propagate through trophic levels, but the mechanisms here are less clear. We tested the hypothesis that predators can be affected by the nutrient composition of the prey's food. Wolf spider (Pardosa amentata) hatchlings were raised ad libitum on fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) that were cultured in poor basic medium with additions of different nutrients. These additions strongly affected the performance of the spiders. Growth rates increased when additions consisted of 19 different amino acids or fatty acids+cholesterol or commercial dogfood. Survival increased in spiders reared on fruit flies from cultures containing 19 amino acids or methionine or dogfood. The addition of dogfood increased spider growth and survival more significantly than the addition of any single nutrient group alone. Adult female flies from the dogfood culture were significantly heavier than females from the basic culture. The nutrients added to the fruit fly media were thus able to create biological effects at both the second and the third trophic levels. To test whether nutrients passed to the predators through the gut content of the prey, we included a treatment where the spiders were fed flies that had been starved for 48h in order to empty their guts. Gut emptying of the flies did not reduce the positive effects of the enriched fruit fly media, i.e. the nutritional benefits were not due to nutrients that passed directly through the guts of the flies. Since the nutrients added to the fruit fly media were separated from the spiders that benefited from them by two trophic transformations, this phenomenon was a true tritrophic interaction.

Improvement of Treatment Efficiency of Thermophilic Oxic Process for Highly Concentrated Lipid Wastes by Nutrient Supplementation

The biodegradation of highly concentrated lipid wastes was conducted by a thermophilic oxic process (TOP). In order to improve the treatment efficiency of TOP, the stimulatory effect of nutrient supplementation was examined. A model nutrient supplement that satisfied the essential components necessary to promote degradation of lipid wastes was developed. The importance of balanced nutrient supplement consisting of organic and inorganic components was demonstrated. Regardless of the source of either vegetable oil or animal fat, the combination of 1.5 g of yeast extract, 1 g of urea and 60 ml of trace-element solution was effective to stimulate the degradation of 15 g of lipids by TOP. With this combination, degradation efficiencies of 68% and 77% in a 120-h treatment were attained for salad oil and lard, respectively. The conversion ratio of degraded lipid materials to CO2 was 0.91, confirming the advantage of TOP, i.e., very low excess sludge generation. The effectiveness of the model nutrient supplement for stimulating the degradation of lipid materials by TOP was also confirmed when tested on three kinds of actual highly concentrated lipid wastes. A constant degradation efficiency of around 60% in a 120-h treatment was attained for all lipid wastes although further improvement of degradation efficiency was possible by some nutrient addition into the model supplement combination. Based on the model nutrient supplement, the essential components for stimulating oil degradation by TOP and the possible alternative materials for the model nutrient supplement were discussed. The results demonstrated the possibility of employing TOP (stimulated by nutrient supplement) as a new biological treatment strategy for highly concentrated lipid wastes.

Biodegradabilities and Microbial Activities During Composting of Municipal Solid Waste In Bench-Scale Reactors

In the design of large scale, in-vessel systems, the biodegradability of the waste, the optimal nutritional conditions, and the length of time required to complete the high-rate phase are important. Because composting is a microbial process, the overall levels and activities of microorganisms influence the rate and extent of degradation. In this study, bench-scale reactors were used to determine the biodegradability of municipal solid waste, primarily office trash, and the effects of nutrient supplementation on biodegradability during six weeks of composting. Supplementation with nitrogen, phosphorus, vitamins, and trace minerals did not increase the biodegradability of the waste. Although the levels of specific microbial subpopulations varied, total numbers of microorganisms did not change significantly.

Germination of Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) Seeds and Desiccated Somatic Embryos. II. Effect of Nutrient Supplements

Summary The vigor of seedlings from desiccated somatic embryos of Medicago sativa is less than in seeds and this limits the utilization of synthetic seeds for the establishment of plants in the field or greenhouse. To determine whether low seedling vigor was caused by a lack of protein or carbohydrate reserves, the desiccated somatic embryos were imbibed on agar media supplemented with sucrose and/or Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts. The combination of 10 g L∔1 sucrose and half strength MS increased conversion, seedling fresh mass, shoot and root length, and number of leaves in the seedlings from somatic embryos at 14 d after imbibition. Sucrose could be replaced by glucose or fructose, but not mannitol. Sucrose had a stimulating effect only if applied with MS salts at imbibition, but not if it was applied at 7 d after imbibition. Neither the amino acids, asparagine or glutamine, nor gibberellic acid had any effect on the germination or vigor of somatic embryos. Since the same stimulation was observed in seeds, the lack of nutrients does not seem to be the physiological factor limiting vigor, but germination on nutrient media may be a remedial way to enhance seedling development. Low seedling vigor therefore may be a consequence of inadequate or abnormal maturation of somatic embryos.