Effects Of Nitrogen Treatments Research Articles

Cryo-Assisted Nitrogen Treatment for the Fabrication of Nanoengineered, Mixed Transition Metal Oxide Anode from Inorganic Domestic Waste, for Lithium-Ion Batteries

A novel method for the fabrication of nanoengineered, mixed transition metal oxide anode active material is proposed based on implementing liquid nitrogen treatment during the chemical precipitation process, for the first time in open literature. Such interference in the precipitation is believed to change the surface energy of the nuclei leading to differentiation in the growth process. To exemplify this hypothesis with an environmentally friendly approach, kitchen scourer pads, an existing waste, are used as a starting material instead of using a mixture of primary quality metals’ salts. Therefore, in this study, firstly, an optimization is realized to leach the scouring pad with 100% efficiency. Then, by applying a conventional chemical precipitation to this leachate at pH 5.5, Sample 1-P is produced. Herein, innovatively liquid nitrogen treatment is carried out during the chemical precipitation to produce Sample 2-P. Lastly, these precipitates (Samples 1-P, 2-P) are calcinated in the air to form mixed transition metal oxide powders: Samples 1 and 2, respectively. Structural, chemical, and morphological characterizations are carried out to examine the effect of liquid nitrogen treatment on the powders’ properties. To discuss the effect of nitrogen treatment on the electrochemical performances of the anode active materials (Sample 1 and Sample 2), galvanostatic tests are realized. The results show that Sample 2 demonstrates a higher 1st discharge capacity (1352 mAh/g) and retains 62% of its performance after 200 cycles when 50 mA/g current load is applied. Moreover, this electrode delivers around 500 mAh/g at 1 A/g current load. The remarkable cycle performance of Sample 2 is believed to be related to the superior chemical, structural, and physical properties of the electrode active material.Graphical

Impacts on Various Management Practices on Crops Yield and Soil Biology in Maize-Wheat Cropping System

Aims: Integrated approaches that consider the synergies and trade-offs among tillage, residue, and nitrogen management are essential for optimizing agricultural sustainability to highlight the complex interplay between agronomic, environmental, and biological factors. We intended to evaluate the impact of tillage, residue, and nitrogen management on crop growth and soil biological properties under a maize-wheat cropping system in an inceptisol. Study Design: Split-split plot design. Place and Duration of Study: ICAR-IARI research farm, New Delhi, since 2014. Methodology: We collected soil samples at the anthesis stage of wheat crop and silking stage of maize crop at 0-5, 5-15, and 15-30 cm soil depth. Soil properties, namely soil organic carbon, dehydrogenase, acid, and alkaline phosphatase, soil microbial biomass carbon, soil microbial biomass phosphorus, and glomalin content by using standard procedures. Results: We observed that the soil organic carbon, enzyme activities, microbial biomass carbon and phosphorus, and glomalin content were significantly (P<0.05) higher under no-tillage and residue treatment at 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. Enzyme activity and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) were significantly higher by application of 100 and 150% RDN, respectively, at 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. The effect of nitrogen treatment on biomass yield was significant (P<0.05) and found to be higher at 150% Recommended dose of Nitrogen (RDN). The biomass yield of maize was 15.3% and 44.5%, and wheat was 7.8% and 20.4%, significantly increased by applying 150% RDN over the 100% and 50% RDN respectively. Conclusion: Farmers can successfully adopt NT with 5 t ha-1 crop residue mulch with 150% RDN to attain better soil health and higher biomass yield under the maize-wheat cropping system.

Analyzing Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Growth Pattern Using High Spatial Resolution Images: A Case Study at Lakehead University Agriculture Research Station, Thunder Bay, Canada

Remote sensing technology currently facilitates the monitoring of crop development, enabling detailed analysis and monitoring throughout the crop’s growing stages. This research analyzed the winter wheat growth dynamics of experimental plots at the Lakehead University Agricultural Research Station, Thunder Bay, Canada using high spatial and temporal resolution remote sensing images. The spectral signatures for five growing stages were prepared. NIR reflectance increased during the growing stages and decreased at the senescence, indicating healthy vegetation. The space–time cube provided valuable insight into how canopy height changed over time. The effect of nitrogen treatments on wheat did not directly influence the plant count (spring/autumn), and height and volume at maturity. However, the green and dry weights were different at several treatments. Winter wheat yield was predicted using the XGBoost algorithm, and moderate results were obtained. The study explored different techniques for analyzing winter wheat growth dynamics and identified their usefulness in smart agriculture.

Variation in Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration in Response to Nitrogen Application Across Maize Hybrids in Contrasting Environments.

Leaf chlorophyll concentration was measured for 84 publicly available maize hybrids grown under three nitrogen fertilizer treatments in two contrasting environments in Nebraska. The effect of nitrogen treatment on chlorophyll response was found to be significant (p < 0.05) for both locations. In Scottsbluff, chlorophyll concentrations increased significantly with increasing nitrogen rate, while no significant difference was found between medium and high nitrogen in Lincoln. Within equivalent nitrogen treatments, chlorophyll was more abundant in Lincoln than Scottsbluff for nearly every hybrid. Hybrid response was not consistent between environments, with approximately 11% of variance explained by genotype by environment interaction.

Effect of Integrated Use of Poultry Manure with Fertilizer Urea for Sustainable Nitrogen Management in Rice (cv. BRRI Dhan 29) under Two Water Management Systems

The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The experiment's objectives were to evaluate the performance of integrated management of poultry manure with chemical fertilizer urea and to seek water-saving technology that will allow rice (BRRI dhan 29) production to be maintained or increased in the face of declining water availability. The experiment comprised seven treatments viz. T1:100% N from poultry manure, T2:100% N recommended doses of prilled urea, T3:90% N from PU + 10% N from PM, T4:80% N from PU + 20% N from PM, T5: 70% N from PU + 30% N from PM, T6: 60% N from PU + 40% N from PM, T7: 50% N from PU + 50% N from PM. It was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The main plots were allocated for irrigation treatments (alternate wetting and dying and continuous flooding) and sub-plots for nitrogen treatments. Altogether, 42 unit plots were conducted, each measuring 2.5mx2.5m. The application of different nitrogen levels significantly influenced all the growth parameters. Irrigation levels significantly affected all the yield and yield contributing characters except plant height, number of ineffective tillers, panicle length, unfilled grain per panicle, 1000 grain weight and harvest index. The highest value of total tiller/hill (11.01), number of effective tillers per hill (9.72), filled grain per panicle (132.23), grain yield (4.80), straw yield (6.68), biological yield (11.47) was observed in the two-irrigation system while height value of non-effective tiller/hill (1.29). The effect of nitrogen treatment was found to be significant. On the other hand, the interaction effect of irrigation management and treatments significantly influenced all the yield parameters except plant height, No. of tiller/ hill, no. of non-effective tiller/hill, panicle length, unfilled grain/panicle and 1000 grain weight. The height value of all those parameters was recorded at the I1×T2 (continuous flooding ×100% N recommended doses of prilled urea). The lowest value of all these parameters was recorded at the I2×T1 (AWDI × 100% N from poultry manure) and I1×T1 (continuous flooding × 100% N from poultry manure). The integrated use of 90% N from PU + 10% N from PM appeared as the better practice because of reducing the considerable amount of prilled urea in Boro rice (cv. BRRI dhan 29) cultivation in terms of grain yield. Moreover, the best promising practice was obtained using 100% N recommended doses of prilled urea applied with continuous flooding (CF).

Effects of nitrogen treatments and bacterial inoculation on macro- and micro-element contents of the &lt;i&gt;Halisbey&lt;/i&gt; peanut variety

This study was conducted to determine the effect of nitrogen (N) doses (0, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, and 240 kg ha-1) and bacterial inoculation on macro- (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na) and micro- (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and B) element contents of the Halisbey peanut variety. The nutrient requirements, specific nutrient management strategies, and adaptation of the variety to the regions where it was grown were also assessed. According to the average results of the N applications, different doses affected the levels of N (240N+B: 1.76%) alongside the content of other macro-elements, as well as sodium (200N: 0.09 mg kg-1), iron (80N: 32.39 mg kg-1), and copper (40N: 14.11 mg kg-1) among the micro-elements. The bacterial application was not found to significantly increase N content (240N+B: 1.76%), calcium content (0.08%) and zinc content (49.68 mg kg-1). At the same time, (240N+B) bacteria and N application increased the N ratio.

Study of effect of nitrogen treatment on Nd-Fe-B based powder

The Nd-Fe-B magnet has been utilized in high power applications. In this context, to implement Nd-Fe-B magnet, it is necessary to optimize key properties such as internal pressure and survivability. For this, it was proposed to investigate the nitrogenation of Nd2Fe14B powders, where they affect the metallic compounds R2Fe17 and RFe11Ti (R = rare earth) and improve their magnetic properties. According to the results obtained in the N atmosphere treatment process, the main phase (Nd2Fe14B) decomposes at higher treatment temperatures, which affects the magnetic properties. For longer exposure times in N2 and 673 K, the coercivity decreased.

Rice canopy temperature is affected by nitrogen fertilizer

Canopy temperature strongly influences crop yield formation and is closely related to plant physiological traits. However, the effects of nitrogen treatment on canopy temperature and rice growth have yet to be comprehensively examined. We conducted a two-year field experiment with three rice varieties (HD-5, NJ-9108, and YJ-805) and three nitrogen treatments (zero-N control (CK), 200 kg ha−1 (MN), and 300 kg ha−1 (HN)). We measured canopy temperature using a drone equipped with a high-precision camera at the six stages of the growth period. Generally, canopy temperature was significantly higher for CK than for MN and HN during the tillering, jointing, booting, and heading stages. The temperature was not significantly different among the nitrogen treatments between the milky and waxy stages. The canopy temperature of different rice varieties was found to follow the order: HD-5>NJ-9108>YJ-805, but the difference was not significant. The canopy temperature of rice was mainly related to plant traits, such as shoot fresh weight (correlation coefficient r=–0.895), plant water content (–0.912), net photosynthesis (–0.84), stomatal conductance (–0.91), transpiration rate (–0.90), and leaf stomatal area (–0.83). A structural equation model (SEM) showed that nitrogen fertilizer was an important factor affecting the rice canopy temperature. Our study revealed: (1) A suite of plant traits was associated with the nitrogen effects on canopy temperature, (2) the heading stage was the best time to observe rice canopy temperature, and (3) at that stage, canopy temperature was negatively correlated with rice yield, panicle number, and grain number per panicle. This study suggests that canopy temperature can be a convenient and accurate indicator of rice growth and yield prediction.

LeafSpec-Dicot: An Accurate and Portable Hyperspectral Imaging Device for Dicot Leaves.

Soybean is one of the world's most consumed crops. As the human population continuously increases, new phenotyping technology is needed to develop new soybean varieties with high-yield, stress-tolerant, and disease-tolerant traits. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is one of the most used technologies for phenotyping. The current HSI techniques with indoor imaging towers and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) suffer from multiple major noise sources, such as changes in ambient lighting conditions, leaf slopes, and environmental conditions. To reduce the noise, a portable single-leaf high-resolution HSI imager named LeafSpec was developed. However, the original design does not work efficiently for the size and shape of dicot leaves, such as soybean leaves. In addition, there is a potential to make the dicot leaf scanning much faster and easier by automating the manual scan effort in the original design. Therefore, a renovated design of a LeafSpec with increased efficiency and imaging quality for dicot leaves is presented in this paper. The new design collects an image of a dicot leaf within 20 s. The data quality of this new device is validated by detecting the effect of nitrogen treatment on soybean plants. The improved spatial resolution allows users to utilize the Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) spatial distribution heatmap of the entire leaf to predict the nitrogen content of a soybean plant. This preliminary NDVI distribution analysis result shows a strong correlation (R2 = 0.871) between the image collected by the device and the nitrogen content measured by a commercial laboratory. Therefore, it is concluded that the new LeafSpec-Dicot device can provide high-quality hyperspectral leaf images with high spatial resolution, high spectral resolution, and increased throughput for more accurate phenotyping. This enables phenotyping researchers to develop novel HSI image processing algorithms to utilize both spatial and spectral information to reveal more signals in soybean leaf images.

The Combined Effect of Nitrogen Treatment and Weather Conditions on Wheat Protein-Starch Interaction and Dough Quality

The objective of this field crop study was to compare the effect of organic (cattle manure, off-season cover crop) and mineral N (NH4NO3; 0, 50, 100° 150 kg N ha−1) fertilizers on (i) gluten-starch interaction, and (ii) rheological properties of winter wheat dough. Data were collected from the long-term field experiment located in the Baltic Sea region (58°22′ N, 26°40′ E) in years 2013–2017. The amount of minuppueral N 150 kg ha−1 applied in two parts before flowering ensured higher gluten content (31 ± 3.3%) and dough quality (81 ± 7.4 mm) due to more positive interactions between gluten proteins and starch granules. The quality of dough was more variable in organic treatments (ranged up to 33%) because the availability of organic N was more variable and sensitivity to the weather conditions was higher. The mean variability of different dough properties over trial years under organic treatments was 1.4–2.0 times higher than in the treatment with 150 kg N ha−1.

The α-Gliadins in Bread Wheat: Effect of Nitrogen Treatment on the Expression of the Major Celiac Disease Immunogenic Complex in Two RNAi Low-Gliadin Lines.

Celiac Disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder that affects approximately 1% of the worldwide population. The α-gliadins of wheat contain the 33-mer peptide, the most active peptide in CD both in adults and pediatric patients. In this study, we have characterized the variants and expression profile of an α-gliadins amplicon, harboring the 33-mer peptide, in two low-gliadin RNAi wheat lines, under two different Nitrogen (N) treatments. We estimated that the amplicon expands 45 different α-gliadin variants with high variability due to length, randomly distributed SNPs, and the presence of encoded CD epitopes. Expression of this amplicon is reduced in both RNAi lines in comparison to the wild type. High N treatment significantly increases transcripts of the amplicon in the wild type, but not in the transgenic lines. Classification of α-gliadin variants, considering the number of epitopes, revealed that amplicon variants containing the full complement of 33-mer peptide were affected by N treatment, increasing their expression when N was increased. Line D793 provided higher and more stable silencing through different N fertilization regimes, expressing fewer CD epitopes than D783. Results of this study are important for better understanding of RNAi α-gliadin silencing in response to N treatments, and for undertaking new strategies by RNAi or CRISPR/Cas toward obtaining new varieties suitable for people suffering gluten intolerances.

Analysis of development, accumulation and structural characteristics of starch granule in wheat grain under nitrogen application

Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for wheat growth and has a critical influence on yield and quality. This study aims to examine how medium nitrogen level (240 kg/hm2) affects the starch granule development, starch accumulation, and structural characteristics of wheat starch. The results showed that nitrogen treatment could reduce the biosynthesis of starch and amylose, delay the degradation of starch in pericarp, and promote the proportion of B-type small starch granule in endosperm compared with those in the N0. In addition, the composition and distribution of starch granules were changed, the crystal structure in the inner lamellae and ordered structure in the external region of starch granules were affected, and the swelling power and solubility of starch during wheat development were increased. The effect of nitrogen treatment on the mRNA expression of enzymes related to starch biosynthesis or degradation varied in different developmental stages. During middle and later grain filling stages, AGPase, GBSSI, and GBSSII were lower, and SSS, SBE, and DBE were higher in N240 than in N0. This study indicated that nitrogen application at booting stage significantly affected the structural characteristics of starch, and ultimately determines its quality.

Effects of Nitrogen Treatment on Growth Characteristics in Moso Seedling

Effects of Nitrogen Treatment on Growth Characteristics in Moso Seedling

Effects of Nitrogen Treatments on Macro and Microelement Contents of Oil Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Seeds

Effects of Nitrogen Treatments on Macro and Microelement Contents of Oil Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Seeds

Effects of nitrogen fertilization and vegetative growth on the population dynamics of the aphid,Myzus persicae, in the peach tree,Prunus persica

The green peach aphid, myzus persicae , is a major pest in peach orchards. In order to find alternatives to the use of chemicals for aphid control, it is crucial to better understand the interactions between aphid population dynamics and tree status, i.e. growth and nutrient composition of the plant tissues. M. persicae acts as a flush feeder on peach tree. Aphid abundance is expected to be maximized on vigorous non-stressed plants, in concordance with the plant vigour hypothesis. How far cultural practices could be used to control plant vigour and in turn aphid population was tested on potted trees submitted to 2 levels of nitrogen supply (N+/N-), and artificially infested. We described shoot growth, leaf nitrogen concentration and aphid population levels during the entire infestation period (two months). When separately considering shoot growth and nitrogen treatment, we evidenced a positive effect of both factors on aphid population dynamics. However, when testing for the concurrent effects of both shoot growth and nitrogen treatment, only shoot growth had significant positive effect over aphid population dynamics. These results suggest that the observed effect of nitrogen treatment on aphid population dynamics may be an indirect one, mediated by a modification of plant growth.

Effects of nitrogen treatment and intra-row spacing on the morphological and physiological characteristics in pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.)

Pumpkin (&lt;em&gt;Cucurbita pepo&lt;/em&gt; L.) is a medicinal plant recently under common cultivation in Iran. The seeds and its products are used in the treatment of some diseases. Due to the lack of information about the intra-row spacing and nutritional demands of the plant a factorial experiment with Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications was planned in Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University Research Field in 2013. The treatments were 5 levels of Urea fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg/ha nitrogen), and intra-row spacing in 3 levels (30, 60 and 90 cm). The result showed that interaction effects of intra-row spacing and nitrogen treatment had significant effect on some morphological traits such as plant height, number of auxiliary branches and leaf number per plant. Application of 200 kg/ha nitrogen increased the plant height, the number for auxiliary branches and leaves as well as the leaves dry mass, mainly due to the prolonged vegetative growth period and delayed flowering and fruiting. 150 kg/ha nitrogen combined with 60 cm intra-row spacing hold the highest number of female flowers, fruit number and intact fruit number and fruit fresh weight, and the highest dry weight of the intact seeds. The results for some physiological traits showed that interaction effects of nitrogen and intra-row spacing had significant effects on chlorophyll b at the late stages of flowering period and the contents for chlorophyll a and carotenoids were significant at the end of growing season. The highest oil content was recorded in 150 kg/ha nitrogen and 60 cm intra-row spacing. Based on results obtained, 150 kg/ha nitrogen and 60 cm intra-row spacing were the best regime for the production of this plant.

Effect of Nitrogen Treatments on Growth and Biomass Production Behaviour in Myrica esculenta Buch.Ham. ex D.Don

To study the nitrogen fertilizer effect on growth and morphological traits in Myrica esculenta, a pot experiment was conducted under nursery conditions with four different nitrogen fertilizer doses i.e. 0, 20, 40, 80 kg/ha. Maximum plant height, collar diameter, number of leaves and root per plant together with root length were observed in 20 kg N/ha treatment. However, leaf, stem, root biomass produced per plant was higher in 80 kg N/ha as compared to other treatments. On seasonal analysis basis growth and biomass values were observed significantly different as compared to treatments effect and interaction between season x treatments. However, in case of root shoot ratio higher values were recorded in summer followed by winter and summer season. The seasons, treatments and their interactions i.e., seasons x treatments were observed significantly different with each other.

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT NITROGEN LEVELS ON THE GRAIN YIELD AND SOME YIELD COMPONENTS OF QUINOA (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) UNDER MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

ABSTRACT Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), is a pseudo-cereal crop that has been cultivated in the Andean region in South America. The quinoa as a field crop has a great potential in the improvement of food for humans and animals even under the conditions of marginal lands. For getting high crop yields, nutrients in balanced amount are a basic requirement. Experiments were carried out at the Bornova experimental fields of Field Crops Dept. of Agriculture Fac., Ege Univ., Turkey during 2013 and 2014 main crop growing season in order to evaluate the effect of seven nitrogen levels (0, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 and 175 kg ha -1 ) on the grain yield and some yield components of cultivar Q-52 of quinoa. Results indicated that the effects of nitrogen treatments and years on all characteristics tested were significant. Nitrogen level of 150 kg ha -1 was proved to be the best level for nitrogen supplementation of soil for grain yield (2.95 t ha -1 ) and crude protein content ( 16% ) of quinoa under Mediterranean ecological conditions of Bornova. Key words: quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa , nitrogen level, grain yield.

The effect of nitrogen treatment on the anthacyanine and polyphenols content and ORAC factor of Aronia melanocarpa grown in Maryland (1042.5)

Black chokeberry or Aronia melanocarpa is a small fruit‐bearing shrub in the rose family. Although it is native to Maryland, its range nowadays is from Newfoundland, west to Ontario, south into Alabama, and east to Georgia, and hardy to Zone 3. Aronia is a landscape quality plant, susceptible to few pests and diseases that persist in soils and temperate climatic conditions. It is an ideal candidate for organic fruit production. The Aronia fruit has nutraceutical qualities, heightening its marketability and sales potential as a value‐added product. There is currently great interest in fruits and vegetables that contain high concentrations of flavonoids, considered potent antioxidants. Some recent studies have implicated the relationship between in‐field plant nutrient fertility and antioxidant production in aronia. Here we present the data for the antioxidant content of Aronia melanocarpa as a function of the difference of age, amount of time spent in the sun or shade, and nitrogen treatment levels of crops. We have shown that the level of nitrogen treatment in the soil influences the antioxidant capacity significantly. Detailed measurements and analysis of anthocyanin and polyphenols as well as ORAC factor will be presented and discussed. The aim of the project is to determine the treatment that produces the highest capacity of antioxidants in aronia.Grant Funding Source: Supported by Grant T34GM008411, from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on biomass production and nodulation behavior of Pongamia pinnata Pierre seedlings under nursery conditions

At the seedling stage, a small amount of N is required to boost growth of leguminous plants. A pot experiment was conducted to observe the effect of N fertilizer on various growth parameters and nodulation behavior of Pongamia pinnata under nursery conditions. After the establishment of seedlings, four nitrogen treatments, 0, 40, 80 and 100 kg·ha−1 N were applied in two equal splits. Monthly observations were taken for the morphological parameters viz. plant height, collar diameter, leaf number, root length, root shoot ratio, nodule number and weight per plant. Maximum plant height was recorded after application of N at 40 kg·ha−1. Seasonally, the difference in collar diameter in rainy season was significantly higher than in winter or summer. However, more leaves were produced per plant at N-40 and N-100 treatments in winter and rainy seasons. Higher root length was recorded in rainy season than in winter or summer. Root biomass was higher than for stems or leaves. Seasonal effects of N-80 and N-40 treatments on leaf dry weight were significantly higher than for N-100 or N-0. Stem dry weight was higher at N-40 than at other treatments in winter and summer seasons. Root:shoot ratio was higher throughout winter to early summer. Nodule biomass was 2–3 times higher in rainy season compared to winter or summer. Maximum nodule number and biomass per plant were highest at N-40, followed by N-0, N-80 and N-100 treatments. New nodule formation started from June to the end of September. Maximum biomass per plant was recorded at N-40, followed by N-80, N-100 and N-0. Nitrogen treatment effect and seasonal behaviour interaction were not significant. Significantly higher numbers of nodules per plant were recorded in rainy season followed by summer and winter for all treatments. Higher nitrogen doses suppressed growth while lower doses promoted growth in Pongamia pinnata. Therefore, the lower nitrogen dose i.e., N-40 Kg·ha−1 applied in two equal splits was suitable at the initial nursery stage for the increase in nodulation and biomass production.