Effect Of Nitrogen Application Research Articles

Effects of nitrogen application on flavor compounds of cherry tomato fruits

AbstractA pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of N application on volatile compounds, taste compounds, and firmness of fresh tomato fruits. Each pot was filled with 8 kg of clean sand. The experiment consisted of six nitrogen (N)‐application rates with 0, 2.25, 4.50, 9.00, 18.00, and 36.00 mmol N L–1 in the nutrient solution. Volatile compounds, soluble sugars, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and firmness of fresh tomato fruits were measured. The results show that increasing N application increased the concentrations of 1‐penten‐3‐one, hexanal, cis‐3‐hexenal, 2‐methyl‐4‐pentenal, trans‐2‐hexenal, 6‐methyl‐5‐hepten‐2‐one, titratable acidity, soluble sugars, and soluble solids. By contrast, increasing N supply decreased the concentration of phenylacetaldehyde and first increased and then decreased the concentrations of 2E–4E‐hexadienal and the firmness of fresh tomato fruits. Close relationships between the concentration of various volatile compounds, titratable acidity, soluble sugars, and soluble solids were found. However, concentrations of these flavor compounds were very poorly correlated with fruit firmness. Based on contributions of these compounds to tomato flavor, we assume that moderate high N supply improves tomato flavor, whereas excessive N supply can deteriorate it.

高収性飼料イネ「Rayada」の窒素施肥反応性

高収性飼料イネ「Rayada」の窒素施肥反応性

Effects of nitrogen application and maize growth on N2O emission from soil

With pot experiment and using static chamber-GC technique, this paper studied the effects of N application (150 and 300 mg x kg(-1) soil) and maize growth on N2O emission from soil. In maize-planted soil, the N2O emission rate increased with increasing N application rate, its peak appeared at seedling stage, and there was no significant correlation between N2O emission and air temperature. Contrarily, in bare soil, the peak of N2O emission rate occurred at the anaphase of the experiment, and there was a significant exponential correlation between N2O emission and air temperature. The total amount of N2O emission increased remarkably with increasing N application rate in both planted and bare soils. In comparing with bare soil, maize-planting reduced N2O emission by 92% and 87%, respectively at high and low N application rates, which suggested that maize-planting not only affected the seasonal variation and magnitude of N2O emission from soil, but also altered the relationship between air temperature and soil N2O emission.

Produção e qualidade de frutos de melancia à aplicação de nitrogênio via fertirrigação

O efeito da aplicação de nitrogênio em fertirrigação foi avaliado sobre o rendimento e os componentes de produção de melancia, cultivar Crimson Sweet. Conduziu-se essa pesquisa na área experimental da Embrapa Meio-Norte, localizada no município de Parnaíba, PI, no período de setembro a novembro de 2004. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos inteiramente casualizados com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de 5 níveis de nitrogênio aplicados via fertirrigação (0, 40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha-1 de N). Os resultados mostraram que a qualidade dos frutos de melancia não foi afetada significativamente pelos níveis de nitrogênio. A produção comercial dos frutos aumentou com a adubação nitrogenada aplicada até 97,61 kg ha-1 e foi de 60,17 Mg ha-1.

Study on the Key and Sensitive Stage of Winter Wheat Responses to Water and Nitrogen Coordination

Pot experiments were carried out to study the effect of nitrogen application on winter wheat under different status of soil moisture, so that the key and sensitive stage of winter wheat responses to water and nitrogen coordination were determined. The results showed that the application of N fertilizer was more effective in early stage than in later stage, and at the lower N rates than at the higher N rates under non-irrigated conditions. N treatments had great effect on spikelet bearing number and grain number per spike, but had no effect on 1 000-grain weight; Grain yield and yield component responses to N treatment were greater under irrigated conditions than under non-irrigated conditions. The joining stage was the key and sensitive stage of winter wheat responses to water and nitrogen coordination, and the grain yield, grain number per spike and 1 000-grain weight increased, when water and N Fertilizer were applied at this stage. The mechanism is that water and fertilizer supply at joining stage can speed up the growth of above-ground crops, enhance the abilities to absorb and utilize nitrogen fertilizer, and meanwhile, delay the aging of the root and keep the root vigor for a longer period.

Tillage and Nitrogen Application Effects on Nitrous and Nitric Oxide Emissions from Irrigated Corn Fields

A 2-year study was conducted to investigate the potential of no-till cropping systems to reduce N2O and NO emissions under different N application rates in an irrigated corn field in northeastern Colorado. Flux measurements were begun in the spring of 2003, using vented (N2O) and dynamic (NO) chambers, one to three times per week, year round, within plots that were cropped continuously to corn (Zea mays L.) under conventional-till (CT) and no-till (NT). Plots were fertilized at planting in late April with rates of 0, 134 and 224 kg N ha−1 and corn was harvested in late October or early November each year. N2O and NO fluxes increased linearly with N application rate in both years. Compared with CT, NT did not significantly affect the emission of N2O but resulted in much lower emission of NO. In 2003 and 2004 corn growing seasons, the increase in N2O-N emitted per kg ha−1 of fertilizer N added was 14.5 and 4.1 g ha−1 for CT, and 11.2 and 5.5 g ha−1 for NT, respectively. However, the increase in NO-N emitted per kg ha−1 of fertilizer N added was only 3.6 and 7.4 g ha−1 for CT and 1.6 and 2.0 g ha−1 for NT in 2003 and 2004, respectively. In the fallow season (November 2003 to April 2004), much greater N2O (2.0–3.1 times) and NO (13.1–16.8 times) were emitted from CT than from NT although previous N application did not show obvious carry-over effect on both gas emissions. Results from this study reveal that NT has potential to reduce NO emission without an obvious change in N2O emission under continuous irrigated corn cropping compared to CT.

Implications of nitrogen nutrition for grapes, fermentation and wine

This review discusses the impacts of nitrogen addition in the vineyard and winery, and establishes the effects that nitrogen has on grape berry and wine composition and the sensory attributes of wine. Nitrogen is the most abundant soil-derived macronutrient in a grapevine, and plays a major role in many of the biological functions and processes of both grapevine and fermentative microorganisms. Manipulation of grapevine nitrogen nutrition has the potential to influence quality components in the grape and, ultimately, the wine. In addition, fermentation kinetics and formation of flavour-active metabolites are also affected by the nitrogen status of the must, which can be further manipulated by addition of nitrogen in the winery. The only consistent effect of nitrogen application in the vineyard on grape berry quality components is an increase in the concentration of the major nitrogenous compounds, such as total nitrogen, total amino acids, arginine, proline and ammonium, and consequently yeast-assimilable nitrogen (YAN). Both the form and amount of YAN have significant implications for wine quality. Low must YAN leads to low yeast populations and poor fermentation vigour, increased risk of sluggish/stuck/slow fermentations, increased production of undesirable thiols (e.g. hydrogen sulfide) and higher alcohols, and low production of esters and long chain volatile fatty acids. High must YAN leads to increased biomass and higher maximum heat output due to greater fermentation vigour, and increased formation of ethyl acetate, acetic acid and volatile acidity. Increased concentrations of haze-causing proteins, urea and ethyl carbamate and biogenic amines are also associated with high YAN musts. The risk of microbial instability, potential taint from Botrytis-infected fruit and possibly atypical ageing character is also increased. Intermediate must YAN favours the best balance between desirable and undesirable chemical and sensory wine attributes. ‘Macro tuning’, of berry nitrogen status can be achieved in the vineyard, given genetic constraints, but the final ‘micro tuning’ can be more readily achieved in the winery by the use of nitrogen supplements, such as diammonium phosphate (DAP) and the choice of fermentation conditions. This point highlights the need to monitor nitrogen not only in the vineyard but also in the must immediately before fermentation, so that appropriate additions can be made when required. Overall, optimisation of vineyard and fermentation nitrogen can contribute to quality factors in wine and hence affect its value. However, a better understanding of the effect of nitrogen on grape secondary metabolites and different types of nitrogen sources on yeast flavour metabolism and wine sensory properties is still required.

Simulating the effect of Nitrogen application on Wheat Yield by linking remotely sensed measurements with wtgrows simulation model

A field experiment was conducted on wheat at New Delhi with five treatments of Nitrogen (N) fertilizer application (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kgha-1). Relationship has been established between observed leaf area index (LAI) and remotely sensed vegetation indices. These relationships are inverted and used for predicting LAI from vegetation indices on different days after sowing. The “re-initialization” strategy is implemented in model WTGROWS in which initial conditions of model are changed so that the model simulated LAI match remote sensing predicted LAI. The model performance with re-initialization has been evaluated by comparing the simulated grain yield and total above-ground dry matter (TDM) values with the actual observations. The results show that in-season re-initialization is effective in model course correction by improving the simulated results of yield and TDM for different N treatments even though the model was run with no N stress condition. Model re-initialization at different days shows that the closer is the day of re-initialization to crop anthesis the more effective is model course correction. Also, the treatment showing maximum error in yield simulation without re-initialization shows maximum reduction in error by re-initialization. The approach shows that the remote sensing inputs can substitute for some of the inputs or errors in inputs required by crop models for yield prediction.

Effect of Nitrogen Application on Leaf Yield and Nutritive Quality of Black Nightshade (Solanum NigrumL.)

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of nitrogen application and plant age on edible leaf yield and anti-nutrient content of Solanum nigrum plants. Nitrogen rates were 0, 26, 52, 78 and 104 kg ha–1, applied in one, two or three applications. Shoots were harvested fortnightly starting at eight weeks up to 20 weeks after transplanting. Edible leaf yield increased with both increasing nitrogen application rates and plant age. Plant age significantly affected the oxalate content. In Experiment 1, oxalate content decreased with plant age between eight weeks and 20 weeks after transplanting. In Experiment 2, the oxalate content increased between eight and 12 weeks after transplanting; but from 16 weeks, it declined with increasing plant age.

Effects of Applied Nitrogen and Leaf Density of Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) on the Grazing Behavior of Sheep

Effects of Applied Nitrogen and Leaf Density of Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) on the Grazing Behavior of Sheep

Effects of Nitrogen Application on the Growth and Yield of Summer Buckwheat Cultivated in Western Japan with Special Reference to Dry Matter Production and Nitrogen Absorption

Effects of Nitrogen Application on the Growth and Yield of Summer Buckwheat Cultivated in Western Japan with Special Reference to Dry Matter Production and Nitrogen Absorption

Effects of nitrogen application rate on soil and plant characteristics in pastures of perennial grass mixtures in the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China

To illustrate the effect of nitrogen (N) application on soil physical and chemical characteristics, herbage yield and quality, and nitrogen and water use efficiency in the alpine region of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, a 3-year experiment was conducted on 3 mixtures of 4 perennial grasses commonly cultivated on the Plateau, Bromus inermis (BI) + Elymus nutans (EN), BI + E. sibricus (ES) + Agropyron cristatum (AC), and BI + ES + EN + AC by applying 4 levels of N fertiliser, 0, 115, 230, and 345 kg/ha from 1998 to 2000 in a randomised design. At harvesting time, soil pH and soil dry bulk density at 0–30 cm depth did not vary with N application rate. Soil organic carbon at 0–30 cm was not significantly variable under different N rates. Total soil N at 0–30 cm increased with N application rate and application year. After 3 years’ consecutive N treatment, total soil N reached 13 g/kg at an N application rate of 345 kg/ha. Soluble soil N at 0–30 cm increased with application rate but decreased with application year. At 345 kg N/ha application rate, soluble soil N was >100 mg/kg in 1998, but decreased to around 80 mg/kg in 2000. Herbage DM yields increased linearly with the N application rate. Compared with no fertiliser, 1.5 times more DM yield in 1998 and nearly double the DM yield in 1999 and 2000 were harvested for all grass mixtures at 345 kg N/ha. N concentrations in the herbages were significantly improved by N application. Each N fertiliser rate increased N contents in grass herbages by ≈3 g organic matter/kg. Apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) decreased with N application rate in the establishment year of 1998, but increased with N application rate in 1999 and 2000. N use efficiency (NUE) decreased with N application throughout the experiment. Precipitation use efficiency (PUE) was significantly improved by N application for each grass mixture. Positive residual N-fertiliser effects were observed on herbage DM yield, ANR, NUE, and PUE in this study. BI + ES + AC showed higher DM yields, ANR, NUE, and PUE than the other 2 grass mixtures, and thus was proposed for N-input grassland systems in the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

牧草 -雑草間競争に及ぼす窒素施肥量の影響

牧草 -雑草間競争に及ぼす窒素施肥量の影響

Variation in the export of 13C and 15N from soybean leaf: the effects of nitrogen application and sink removal

Translocation of carbon and nitrogen within a single source-sink unit, comprising a trifoliated leaf, the axillary pod and the subtending internode, and from this unit to the rest of the plant was examined in soybean (Glycine max L. cv. Akishirome) plant by feeding 13CO2 and 15NO3. The plants were grown at two levels of nitrogen in the basal medium, i.e. low-N (2 g N m−2) and high-N (35 g N m−2) and a treatment of depodding was imposed by removing all the pods from the plant, except the pod of the source sink unit, 13 days after flowering. The plants at high-N accumulated more biomass in its organs compared to low-N and pod removal increased the weight of the vegetative organs. When the terminal leaflet of the source-sink unit was fed with 13CO2, almost all of the radioactive materials were retained inside the source-sink unit and translocation to rest of the plants was insignificant under any of the treatments imposed. Out of the13C exported by the terminal leaflet, less than half went into the axillary pod, as the lateral leaflets claimed equal share and very little material was deposited in the petiole. Pod removal decreased 13C export at high-N , but not at low-N. Similar to 13C, the source-sink unit retained all the 15N fed to the terminal leaflet at high-N. At low-N, the major part of 15N partitioning occurred in favour of the rest of the plant outside the source-sink unit, but removal of the competitve sinks from the rest of the plants nullified any partitioning outside the unit. Unlike the situation in 13C, no partitioning of 15N occurred in favour of the lateral leaflets from the terminal leaflet inside the unit. It is concluded that sink demand influences partitioning of both C and N and the translocation of carbon is different from that of nitrogen within a source-sink unit. The translocation of the N is more adjustive to a demand from other sink units compared to the C.

Effect of nitrogen application on juice quality and sugar yield in sugarcane varieties

A field experiment was conducted at Lakhaoti during 1993 94 and 1994 95 to assess the impact of nitrogen levels (0,60, 120, and 180 kglha) on juice quality . and sugar yield of some promising sugarcane genotypes ( Co 11 48 , CoS 767, CoS 687 and CoJ 64 ) planted in spring season. Genotypes differed significantly in terms of per cent extraction brix, sucrose, purity, available sugars, reducing sugars, millable canes, cane yield, and commercial cane sugar (CCS) yield. CoJ 64 had the best quality, followed by CoJ 687 , Co 1148 and CoS 767 . However, the highest sugar yield was recorded with Co 1148 . Nitrogen had an adverse effect on juice quality attributes. The highest commercial cane sugar yield was obtained with 120 kg Nlha and it declined by 8.2% with further higher dose of 180 kglha.

Effect of nitrogen application on partitioning of biomass, seed yield and harvest index in contrasting genotypes of oilseed brassicas ,

Five genotypes of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. Cosson], viz. RH 30 , RH 8814 , GJM 9056 , CS 52 and Kranti , and 1 genotype of Swede rape (Brassica napus L.) cv. GSH 1 were grown to assess the effect of various nitrogen levels (0,40,60 and 80 kg Nlha) on dry matter partitioning, seed yield and harvest index during the winter seasons of 1993 94 and 1994 95. Stem and leaf constituted the major part of plant biomass upto peak flowering (66 days after sowing), onwards and siliquae continued to increase their share to plant . biomass irrespective of nitrogen levels and genotypes. Total dry matter increased significantly up to 60 kglha. For above ground plant biomass, RH 8814 was significantly superior at 66, and 108 days after sowing and at harvest than RH 30 , GJM 9056 , CS 52 , GSH 1 and Kranti. Seed yield increased significantly up to 80 kglha. There were non significant differences in seed yield among Brassica juncea genotypes and all these were significantly superior to Brassica napus GSH 1 . Harvest index increased with the increasing nitrogen levels and RH 30 genotype had the better harvest index than other genotypes.

Effect of nitrogen application on grain yield and incidence of grain mottling of durum wheat (Eticum durum)

A 2-year field investigation was conducted on sandy-loam soils of Gurdaspur, to study the influence of nitrogen application on yield and grain mottling incidence on varieties of durum (Tritcum dunrm Desf.) wheat. Significant increase in grain and straw yields and reduction in grain mottling were observed with application of nitrogen up to 120 and 160 kglha, respectively, though increasing trend of grain yield continued up to 160 kg N/ha in both the years. Differences among different varieties for growth, yield attributes (except 1,000-grain weight), grain and straw yields were also significant. Varieties PDW 245 and PDW 251 gave the highest grain yield with 160 kg Wha which was on a par with that of PBW 34 and WH 91 2 at the same level of nitrogen. The lowest grain mottling incidence was also recorded in PDW 251 when it received 160 kg M a . Grain mottling incidence in PDW 233 and Raj 6513 was also low at 160 kg Wha.

Wheat-Lolium multiflorum competence: effect of nitrogen application onto Argentinean varieties aggressivity

The objective of this study was to establish the competitive ability of Argentinean wheat (Triticum aestivum L) varieties in competence with Lolium multiflorum, and to determine the nitrogen level influence in the competitive process. Fields experiments were conducted at the La Plata National University Experimental Station (34°S, 58°W) La Plata (Argentina) during 1997 and 1998. Two wheat varieties (Klein Cacique and Pro Inta Super) and a local ecotype of L. multiflorum were used. The aggressivity index for above dry matter and grain yield and relative yield total were used as a measure of competitive ability and complementary resources, respectively. The aggressivity index variation due varieties was significant (p<0.05) for above-dry matter at first node detectable of wheat in 1997. No effect of nitrogen fertilization was observed. Neither varieties nor nitrogen fertilization effects were registered at anthesis and maturity. At these crop stages, L.multiflorum had a higher aggressivity than K. Cacique and P. I. Super. Weed registered a higher aggressivity in 0 N2 and 100N2 for grain yield. A higher aggressivity of wheat varieties at first node detectable up to 100 pl.m−2 of weed was observed in 1998 for above-dry matter. Higher weed aggressivity than wheat varieties, irrespective of nitrogen application, were obtained at anthesis. There were no resources complementarity (RYT ∼ 1) and a complete competence amongst crop-weed association was detected. A higher weed relative growth rate from first node detectable stage could explain this reversion onto weed aggressivity index. The application of nitrogen would result in losses of wheat aggressivity and that these losses would increase with increasing L.multiflorum density.

Nitrogen Nutrition of Spathiphyllum 'Sensation' Grown in Sphagnum Peat- and Coir-based Media with Two Irrigation Methods

Effects of nitrogen application on growth, stomatal conductance, transpiration, and chlorophyll content were studied in Spathiphyllum Schott 'Sensation' grown in sphagnum peat (SP)- and coir dust (CD)-based media with top-irrigation or subirrigation. Maximum shoot dry weight occurred at 8 mM N in plants grown in SP-based medium under top-irrigation and subirrigation, and in CD-based medium under subirrigation. For plants in CD-based medium under top-irrigation, maximum shoot dry weight was obtained at 16 mm N. In SP- or CD-based medium, shoot dry weight was greater at 4 and 8 mm N under subirrigation than under top-irrigation. Stomatal conductance and transpiration were reduced by nitrogen deficiency (0 N), greatly enhanced by 4 mm N, and decreased gradually at higher N levels. Chlorophyll content increased with increasing N concentration up to 8 mm. The percentage of maximum total dry weight increased quadratically as leaf N content increased from 1.5% to 3.5%. Nitrogen at 16 and 32 mm increased the number of leaves with marginal necrosis. Reduced growth and more leaves with marginal necrosis occurred in SP- or CD-based media with EC &gt; 1.25 dS·m-1 in the middle and bottom layers.

Effects of nitrogen application and seedpiece spacing on yield and tuber size distribution in eight potato cultivars

The responses of eight cultivars to nitrogen fertilizer and spacing treatments were examined from 1992 to 1996. Experiments were carried out at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Farm in Harrington, Prince Edward Island. Four nitrogen rates and three seedpiece spacings were compared. Total and Canada #1 yields were investigated for patterns of responses of the individual cultivars to both treatments, and possible interactions between the treatments. Response surfaces were presented for all cultivars. Nitrogen application increased both total and Canada #1 yields for all cultivars. Increasing rates of nitrogen showed linear and/or quadratic trends for both total and Canada #1 yields in all cultivars, whereas responses to spacing treatments showed linear patterns for total yield, but little change for Canada #1 yields in seven of the eight cultivars. No interactions were detected between fertilizer and spacing treatments for total or Canada #1 yields. Generalized regression equations representing the responses of the cultivars to fertilizer and spacing treatments for both total and Canada #1 yields were also derived. These equations should be useful as a guideline for determining appropriate nitrogen rates and seedpiece spacing for the eight cultivars tested. Ratios of Canada #1 to total yield were higher after initial application of nitrogen (0 to low rate) in all but one cultivar. However, only two cultivars showed higher ratios as nitrogen rate was further increased. Wider seedpiece spacing yielded higher ratios of Canada #1 in five of the eight cultivars tested.