Effect Of Nanoparticle Shape Research Articles

Effect of nanoparticle shape on cooling performance of boehmite-alumina nanofluid in a helical heat sink for laminar and turbulent flow regimes

This study is motivated by the impacts of nanoparticle shapes on flow and heat transfer characteristics in a microchannel helical heat sink for cooling of electronics in both laminar and turbulent flow regimes. Therefore, effects of five different nanoparticle shapes (platelet, cylindrical, blade, brick and spherical) at five different volume fractions (ϕ = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0%) and at eight different Reynolds numbers corresponding to laminar and turbulent flow regimes (Re = 500–20,000) are investigated using finite volume method with two-phase mixture approach for nanofluids. Various performance parameters related with the first law of thermodynamics are considered. It was found that nanofluid utilization remarkably improves heat transfer along with causing an increment in pumping power. Furthermore, it was revealed that these variations in the parameters strongly depend on the utilized nanoparticle shape, and the platelet shaped particles were the most advantageous. They improved convective heat transfer coefficient up to 25% in laminar and up to 22.5% in turbulent flow regimes compared to base fluid. However, they increased pumping power up to 6.3-folds both in laminar and turbulent flow regimes. On the other hand, spherical particles yielded the least enhancement in convective heat transfer coefficient, which can reach up to 3.7% in laminar, and 1.8% in turbulent flow. Nevertheless, they slightly increase pumping power, which maximally reaches up to around 8%. Yet, the performance evaluation criteria showed that the heat transfer improvement effect of platelet shaped particles is more dominant over the increment effect in pumping power, which makes them favourable for applications.

Shape effect of Cu, Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles on stagnation point nanofluid flow in a microgravity environment

The unsteady viscous nanofluid flow near a three-dimensional stagnation point was studied numerically under microgravity environment. g-Jitter is one of the effects occurs under microgravity environment that producing a fluctuating gravitational field. Three different types of nanoparticles were induced in the study that is copper (Cu), alumina (Al2O3), and titania (TiO2) which then produce a water-based typed of nanofluid. In addition, different shape of nanoparticle was applied on the study in analyzing the performance of each types of nanoparticle. The fluid system was then mathematically formulated into a system of partial differential equation based on physical law and principle such as conservation of mass, Newton’s second law and conservation of energy. The system of equation then undergoes semi-similar transformation technique in reducing the complexity of the problem into non dimensionless form. Keller box method was applied into the dimensionless system of equations in solving the problem numerically. The problem was analyzed in term of velocity and temperature profiles together with skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number. The results shown that temperature profile, skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number were increase while velocity profile decreased as nanoparticle volume fraction decreased. The results indicated that, the needle-shaped nanoparticles give the highest enhancement on the heat transfer of the nanofluid compared to sphere and disk-shaped nanoparticles with more than 14% significant different. In addition, alumina hold the highest velocity profile while copper hold the lowest velocity profile.

Thermohydraulic performance and effectiveness of a mini shell and tube heat exchanger working with a nanofluid regarding effects of fins and nanoparticle shape

The influence of varied nanoparticle shapes on thermal–hydraulic efficacy of a boehmite nanofluid (BNF) in a mini shell and tube heat exchanger (MSTHX) in the cases of with and without fin is investigated. The five nanoparticle shapes with 90 °C inlet temperature at Reynolds number of 500 for the warm fluid side, and four Reynolds numbers of 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 with 20 °C inlet temperature for the cold fluid side are considered. The warm fluid is the nanofluid that moves in the tube side, whilst the cool fluid is common water inside the shell side. With elevating Reynolds number, the heat transfer rate (q), overall heat transfer coefficient (U), pressure drop, effectiveness, and number of transfer unit (NTU) increase, while the performance index reduces. By increasing the Reynolds number from 500 to 2000 in the nanofluid having the oblate spheroid nanoparticles, the effectiveness rises 20%, and the performance index reduces 21.7%. The BNF with the platelet additives results in the largest q, whilst the smallest pressure loss is achieved for the Os-shaped additives. Also, the heat transfer rate, U, effectiveness, NTU, performance index, and pressure loss for the MSTHX with fin are larger than those for the MSTHX without fin.

Effect of Nanoparticle Shape and Volume Fraction on Nanofluid Flow in Serpentine Microtube

The nanofluid flow in serpentine microtube was numerically investigated in this study. The study has been carried out in three-dimensional laminar flow (750≤Re≤2000) condition. Al2O3 – water nanofluid with different nanoparticle volume fractions (1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%) have been used as the working fluid in the numerical analyzes. In addition, studies were carried out for blade, platelet and cylindrical nanoparticle shapes. The average Nusselt numbers and the average Darcy friction factors have been used to estimate the flow and heat transfer performance of nanofluid flow in serpentine microtubes. Velocity and temperature distributions inside the microtube were also examined for different cases. Numerical results of the study have been presented as the variation of average Nusselt number and average Darcy friction factor with Reynolds number, nanoparticle shape and nanoparticle volume fraction. As a result, the highest convective heat transfer performance has been obtained for platelet nanoparticle shape of the Al2O3-water nanofluid with 3.0% nanoparticle volume fraction.

The effect of nanoparticle shape on alumina/EG-water (50:50) nanofluids flow within a solar collector: Entropy and exergy investigation

In this paper, the entropy generation (EGen) and exergy of a solar collector (SC) with alumina/ethylene glycol-water (50:50) nanofluid (NFs) flow are calculated. The tubes and the absorber plate of the collector are made of copper and steel, and the results of both materials are compared. Tubes with hexagonal cross section are considered. Nanoparticles (NPs) with four different shapes of platelet, brick, blade, and cylinder are considered, and their effect is evaluated. Volume fraction (ϕ) changes in the range of 0–4%, and mass flow rate varies from 0.25 to 1 kg/s. These parameters as well as the material of collector tubes and the shape of NPs are the variables of this study and their effect on fluid frictional entropy generation (Sg,ff), thermal entropy generation (Sg,th), total entropy generation (Sg,tot), exergy output (Exout), and exergy loss (Exloss) is examined. Proposed relationships and an in-house code in MATLAB software are used for analysis. The results demonstrated that the use of copper tube leads to smaller amounts of Sg,ff, and Sg,tot than steel tube. Besides, the Exout for cooper tubes is higher than that for steel ones. An increment in the flow rate enhances Sg,tot. Increasing the fluid mass flow rate from 0.25 to 1 kg/s increases the values of Sg,tot 7.9 and 8.4 times for the steel and copper collectors, respectively. The addition of NPs reduces Sg,th but enhances Sg,ff at high values of ϕ. The addition of 4% of all shapes NPs intensifies the magnitudes of Exout and Exloss.

Thermal-hydraulic performance of a nanofluid in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger equipped with new trapezoidal inclined baffles: Nanoparticle shape effect

The influences of diverse shapes of nanoparticles on thermal-hydraulic efficacy of a nanofluid having boehmite nanoparticles in a shell and tube heat exchanger (STHE) are analyzed. The shell-side of the STHE is equipped with novel trapezoidal inclined baffles to develop torsional flows. The nanofluid with five different particle shapes is selected as the hot liquid in the tube-side, whereas the pure water is adopted as the cold liquid in the shell-side. When enhancing the cold fluid's Reynolds number, the pressure loss, overall heat transfer cofficient, heat transfer rate, effectiveness, and Number of Transfer Units (NTU) increase, while the performance index decreases. The nanofluid with platelet particles causes the greatest overall heat transfer cofficient, while that with the Os nanoparticles presents the smallest pressure loss. Additionally, the nanofluid with the Os nanoparticles presents the greatest effectiveness, pursued by the nanoparticle suspensions with the brick-, blade-, cylinder-, and platelet-shaped particles, respectively.

Shape effects of gold nanoparticles in photothermal cancer therapy

Gold Nanoparticles based Plasmonic Photothermal Therapy (PPTT) has recently been extensively studied in cancer treatment, based on the local hyperthermia induced by their plasmonic photothermal effect on cancer cells or tissues. Although AuNPs with various morphologies have shown photothermal conversion capabilities, their performance in photothermal therapy is still in debate. To reveal the AuNPs with the most promising PPTT performance, three commonly established gold nanostructures: gold nanospheres (AuNSs), gold nanorods (AuNRs), gold nanostars (AuNSTs), were synthesized in this study with identical mPEG-SH surface modification. The corresponding PTT performance and antitumor effect were evaluated and compared. It was found that all AuNPs can convert 808 nm Near-Infrared (NIR) laser light energy into heat through the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance effect, and AuNSTs showed the highest photothermal conversion efficiency. In vitro cell experiments demonstrated that all PEGylated AuNPs had low cytotoxicity and AuNSTs were the most capable ones in inducing local hyperthermia under an identical condition of 10 min 300 mW/cm2 NIR light irradiation. Therefore, with the same surface modification, AuNSTs should be the most promising agent for PTT therapy among their counterparts.

Shape effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles on mild traumatic brain injury

The catalytic performance and therapeutic effect of nanoparticles varies with shape. Here, we investigated and compared the therapeutic outcomes of ceria nanospheres (Ceria NSs) and ceria nanorods (Ceria NRs) in an in vivo study of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). In vivo TBI was induced in a mouse model of open head injury using a stereotaxic impactor. Outcomes including cytoprotective effects, cognitive function, and cerebral edema were investigated after retro-orbital injection of 11.6 mM of ceria nanoparticles. Ceria nanoparticles significantly reduced fluoro-jade B (FJB)-positive cells and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, and restored mRNA levels of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and SOD2. They also decreased the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression compared with the untreated control group. Comparing the two nanomaterials, Ceria NRs showed less stable and high-energy (100) and (110) planes, which increased the number of active sites. The Ce3+/Ce4+ molar ratio of Ceria NRs (0.40) was greater than that of Ceria NSs (0.27). Ceria NRs (0.059 ± 0.021) appeared to exhibit better anti-inflammatory effect than Ceria NSs (0.133 ± 0.024), but the effect was statistically insignificant (p = 0.190). Ceria nanoparticles also improved cognitive impairment following mTBI compared with the control group, but the effect did not differ significantly according to the nanoshape. However, Ceria NRs (70.1 ± 0.5%) significantly decreased brain water content compared with Ceria NSs (73.7 ± 0.4%; p = 0.0015), indicating a more effective reduction in brain edema (p = 0.0015). Compared with Ceria NSs, the Ceria NRs are more effective in alleviating cerebral edema following in vivo mTBI.

Effects of flow separation and shape factor of nanoparticles in heat transfer fluid for convection thorough phase change material (PCM) installed cylinder for energy technology applications

In this study, flow separation effects on the performance of PCM embedded thermo-fluid system is numerically analyzed by using the finite element method. In the heat transfer fluid, shape effects of nanoparticles are considered. Spherical, blade, brick and cylindrical shaped alumina nanoparticles are used in water. The numerical work is performed for different values of Reynolds number (between 100 and 300), expansion ratio of the channel (0.35 and 1), nanoparticle volume fraction (between 0 and 2%) and different shape of particles. The PCM material is paraffin wax with spherical shaped capsules of 20 mm in diameter. There is significant impact of channel expansion and flow separation zone on the performance of the system. When the area expansion is introduced in the straight channel, the configuration with the highest Reynolds number resulted in performance degradation due to flow recirculation extended in the PCM region. The charging time for a straight channel is reduced by about 84% when comparison is made with the channel having an expansion ratio of 0.35. The shape factor of the alumina nanoparticles significantly affects the flow recirculations and thermal exchange between the PCM and heat transfer fluid. Among various particles, cylindrical shaped one performs best while 23.8% reduction in charging time is obtained at the highest solid volume fraction when comparison is made with pure water as heat transfer fluid.

Shape effect of nanoparticles on MHD nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet in the presence of heat source/sink with entropy generation

PurposeIn heat transfer, fluids and nanoparticles can provide new innovative technologies with potential to adapt the heat transfer fluid’s thermal properties through control over particle size, shape and others. This paper aims to examine the effects of spherical and non-spherical (cylinder, disk, platelets, etc.) shapes of silver (Ag) nanoparticles on heat transfer enhancement and inherent irreversibility in hydromagnetic water base nanoliquid flow over a convectively heated stretching sheet with heat generation/absorption.Design/methodology/approachApplying suitable similarity constraints, the model partial differential equations are transformed into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Solutions are obtained analytically via optimal homotopy asymptotic method (OHAM) and numerically via shooting technique coupled with the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg (RK-F) method.FindingsThe impact of Ag nanoparticle’s shape along with other germane factors, such as Biot number, magnetic field, solid volume fraction and heat source/sink on velocity and thermal profiles, Nusselt number, skin friction coefficient, heat transfer enhancement, rate of entropy generation and irreversibility ratio, are scrutinized via graphical simulations and discussed. This study revealed that cylindrical shape Ag nanoparticles generate high entropy and fluid friction irreversibility, whereas disk shape Ag nanoparticles exhibit high transfer enhancement rate. Moreover, a boost in magnetic field intensity, volume-fraction parameter and Biot number enhances the thermal boundary layer thickness.Originality/valueThe main objective of this work is to examine the different Ag nanoparticles shape effects on the heat transfer enhancement and inherent irreversibility owing to hydromagnetic nanoliquid flow past a convectively heated stretching sheet with heat source/sink, which has not been yet studied. It is hope that this study will bridge the gap in the present literature and serve as impetus to scholars, engineers and industries for more exploration in this direction. The intrinsic nonlinearity of the model equations precludes its exact solution; hence, OHAM and shooting technique coupled with the RK-F method have been used to numerically tackle the problem. Pertinent results are discussed quantitatively and displayed graphically and in tabular form.

Impact of nanoparticles shape and radiation on the behavior of nanofluid under the Lorentz forces

The hydrothermal features of (Al2O3 + H2O) nanofluid motion through a porous enclosure are examined in the ambient magnetic field environment. The effects of nanoparticles shape and radiations are investigated over the Darcy nanofluid flow. The developed model equations are converted to non-dimensional form using certain appropriate transformation relations. The dynamics of the nanofluid Darcy motion is simulated by using the innovative simulation technique of CVFEM. The impacts of different shapes of nanoparticles, radiation, magnetic force strength, and buoyancy over the Darcy nanofluid migration are investigated by depicting contour and 3 dimensional plots. The analysis shows that convective thermal energy transportation enhances with augmenting buoyancy forces, radiation parameter and nanoparticles shape factor. The increasing magnetic force strength mitigates the convective thermal energy flow and enhances the nanofluid temperature. The results of the current investigation find its applications in improving the convective thermal transport characteristics of the existing ordinary fluids. The agreement of the present and published work validates the accuracy of CVFEM.

Significance of multiple slip and nanoparticle shape on stagnation point flow of silver-blood nanofluid in the presence of induced magnetic field

Non-spherical nanoparticles have gained popularity for their ability in changing the thermophysical properties of a nanofluid. The current work focuses on studying the significance of multiple slip and nanoparticle shape on stagnation point flow of blood-based silver nanofluid considering chemical reaction, induced magnetic field, thermal radiation, and linear heat source which is beneficial in cancer therapy, biomedical imaging, hyperthermia, and tumor therapy. Relevant similarity transformations are effectuated in converting the mathematically modeled governing equations into a system of ODEs and are then numerically resolved in MATLAB employing the adaptive Runge-Kutta method and the Newton Raphson method. Observations on the consequence of differing parameters on varying attributes are achieved via tables and graphs. Additionally, the shape effect of nanoparticles on various attributes is also evaluated. Linear heat source and thermal radiation parameters exhibit a constructive effect whereas the thermal slip parameter exhibits a destructive effect on temperature. Further, it is observed that the blade-shaped nanoparticle exhibits the greatest heat transfer rate followed by platelet, cylinder, and spherical-shaped nanoparticles, respectively.

Modeling of magnetization dynamics and thermal magnetic moment fluctuations in nanoparticle-enhanced magnetic resonance detection

This study presents a systematic numerical modeling investigation of magnetization dynamics and thermal magnetic moment fluctuations of single magnetic domain nanoparticles in a configuration applicable to enhancing inductive magnetic resonance detection signal to noise ratio (SNR). Previous proposals for oriented anisotropic single magnetic domain nanoparticle amplification of magnetic flux in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coil focused only on the coil pick-up voltage signal enhancement. In this study, the numerical evaluation of the SNR has been extended by modeling the inherent thermal magnetic noise introduced into the detection coil by the insertion of such anisotropic nanoparticle-filled coil core. The Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation under the Stoner–Wohlfarth single magnetic domain (macrospin) assumption was utilized to simulate the magnetization dynamics due to AC drive field as well as thermal noise. These simulations are used to evaluate the nanoparticle configurations and shape effects on enhancing SNR. Finally, we explore the effect of narrow band filtering of the broadband magnetic moment thermal fluctuation noise on the SNR. It was observed that for a particular shape of a single nanoparticle, the SNR could be increased up to ∼8 and the choice of an appropriate number of the nanoparticles increases the SNR by several orders of magnitude and could consequently lead to the detectability of a very small field of ∼10 pT. These results could provide an impetus for relatively simple modifications to existing MRI systems for achieving enhanced detection SNR in scanners with modest polarizing magnetic fields.

CFD modeling and analysis of effect of nanoparticle shape on heat transfer of confined slot-jet impingement with nanofluid

CFD modeling and analysis of effect of nanoparticle shape on heat transfer of confined slot-jet impingement with nanofluid

Thermal process enhancement of HNCPCM filled heat sink: Effect of hybrid nanoparticles ratio and shape

The present study based on the numerical investigation of a hybrid nanocomposite phase change material (HNCPCM) filled heat sink for passive cooling of electronic devices. The combination of graphene oxide (GO) and silver (Ag) hybrid nanoparticles are added inside the RT-28HC to enhance thermal performance. The volume fraction ratios of Ag:GO are varied from 0:0, 0:4, 1:3, 2:2, 3:1 and 4:0. Four different shape factor values of 3.7, 4.9, 5.7 and 16.1 of Ag-GO are varied. The transient simulations are carried out to solve the governing equations using the finite volume method scheme. The results depicted that employing HNCPCM has better heat transfer enhancement compared to the pure PCM because of the addition of nanoparticles. The results showed that adding the Ag-GO inside the RT-28HC improved the thermal conductivity and uniformity in the melting process compared to the RT-28HC based heat sink. With the addition of Ag-GO, melting time of HNCPCM filled heat sink is reduced and heat transfer rate in increased. The optimum ratio of 1:3 of Ag:GO nanoparticles and shape factor value of 16.1 show the higher thermal conductivity of 0.348 W/m.K, 12.93% reduction in melting time, 8.65% enhancement in heat storage capacity and rate of heat transfer.

Nanofluids Characterization for Spray Cooling Applications

In this paper the mathematical and physical correlation between fundamental thermophysical properties of materials, with their structure, for nanofluid thermal performance in spray cooling applications is presented. The present work aims at clarifying the nanofluid characteristics, especially the geometry of their nanoparticles, leading to heat transfer enhancement at low particle concentration. The base fluid considered is distilled water with the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Alumina and silver are used as nanoparticles. A systematic analysis addresses the effect of nanoparticles concentration and shape in spray hydrodynamics and heat transfer. Spray dynamics is mainly characterized using phase Doppler interferometry. Then, an extensive processing procedure is performed to thermal and spacetime symmetry images obtained with a high-speed thermographic camera to analyze the spray impact on a heated, smooth stainless-steel foil. There is some effect on the nanoparticles’ shape, which is nevertheless minor when compared to the effect of the nanoparticles concentration and to the change in the fluid properties caused by the addition of the surfactant. Hence, increasing the nanoparticles concentration results in lower surface temperatures and high removed heat fluxes. In terms of the effect of the resulting thermophysical properties, increasing the nanofluids concentration resulted in the increase in the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of the nanofluids, which in turn led to a decrease in the heat transfer coefficients. On the other hand, nanofluids specific heat capacity is increased which correlates positively with the spray cooling capacity. The analysis of the parameters that determine the structure, evolution, physics and both spatial and temporal symmetry of the spray is interesting and fundamental to shed light to the fact that only knowledge based in experimental data can guarantee a correct setting of the model numbers.

Nanoparticle shape effect on the natural-convection heat transfer of hybrid nanofluid inside a U-shaped enclosure

The effect of nanoparticle shape on the natural-convection heat transfer of Cu-Al2O3-water hybrid nanofluid inside a U-shaped enclosure is presented in this paper. The governing equations are transformed into the dimensionless form using dimensionless variables. A three-node triangular finite element method is used with the Newton-Raphson method to solve the problem numerically. The streamlines and isotherms as well as the local and average Nusselt numbers are presented for the fluid-flow with Rayleigh number of 104 to 106. It is found that blade nanoparticle shape produces the highest heat transfer rate while sphere is the lowest.

Computational study on nanoparticle shape effects of [formula omitted]-silicon oil nanofluid flow over a radially stretching rotating disk

This paper examines the shape effect of nanoparticles in the flow of Al2O3− silicon oil nanofluid around a rotating disk which extends radially. Magnetic field and radiation energy results are also added. In this research, five distinct shaped Al2O3 nanoparticles, sphere, brick, cylinder, platelet and blade have been used. All five distinct shaped nanoparticles are assumed to have equal diameter dp=45nm. Each form is suspended in equal volume. The related non-linear equations have been implied and reformatted by Von Karman transformations out under boundary layer conditions. The aforementioned non-linear differential equations is evaluated more by shooting testing method, including the Iterative Power Series (IPS) methodology. The progress of flow patterns with potential consequences for control parameters is mathematically dealt and presented graphically. The present analysis is validated comparing with the earlier described research. In fact, the nanofluid containing platelet-shaped nanoparticles seems to have the maximum dynamic viscosity and nanoparticles that are blade-shaped has the strongest thermal conductivity. Friction coefficient is found to be higher in the strength of magnetic field and when disk is radially stretched. Heat transfer rate is greatly enhanced on neglecting the magnetic field and radiation effects.

Single phase based study of Ag-Cu/EO Williamson hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching surface with shape factor

Hybrid nanofluids is the suspension of two different types of nanoparticles in the base fluid. This enhances the heat transfer capabilities of the ordinary fluids and prove to better heat exponent as compare to the nanofluids. In this research, we investigate the nanofluid for its flow and heat transport features by subjecting it to a slippery surface. The fluid motion disturbance is achieved by with the utilization of non-linear, uniform horizontal porous stretching of the surface with in a Darcy type porous media. The effect of nanoparticle shapes, porous medium, variable thermal conductivity and thermal radiation are also included in this analysis. A numerical method, Keller box is used to find the self-similar solution of equations. Two different types of nanoparticles, Copper(Cu) and Silver(Ag) with non-Newtonian Engine Oil (EO) based fluid have been taken into consideration for our analysis. The valuable finding of this study is that the comparative heat transfer rate of Williamson hybrid nanofluids (Ag − Cu/EO) gradually more increases as compared to conventional nanofluids (Cu − EO). Moreover, Lamina-shaped particles result in the most significant temperature in the boundary layer, while the lowest temperature is observed in spherical-shaped nanoparticles. Finally entropy of the system exaggerates with the incorporation of nanoparticle percentage by volume, thermal radiation, variable thermal conductivity and Williamson variable.

Effect of alumina nanoparticle shape in a triangular porous array of heated periodic pin-fins

Forced convective flow of alumina-water nanofluid with different shapes of nanoparticles through pin-fins of circular cross-section aligned in an equilateral triangular array was analyzed using finite volume methodology. The effect of the shape of alumina nanoparticles on heat transfer across the periodic equilateral triangular array has never been studied in the past. Four different shapes of nanoparticles were considered: spherical, cylindrical, bricks, and platelets. Using non-spherical (cylindrical, bricks, and platelets) nanoparticles resulted in a thinning thermal boundary layer, which resulted in a significant enhancement in heat transfer rates across the array. The mean Nusselt number was augmented by 22% when platelet shaped nanoparticles were utilized in place of spherical shaped nanoparticles. Likewise, the mean Nusselt number was augmented by 17% when cylindrical nanoparticles were used, in place of spherical nanoparticles, at the highest values of other parameters. The increment in effective viscosity of the nanofluid was the highest for platelet-shaped nanoparticles, which resulted in a greater pressure drop compared to other shapes of nanoparticles such as cylindrical, bricks, and spherical for all values of particle concentration. The results in the present article are validated extensively with accessible experimental and numerical studies.