Effect Of NaNO2 Research Articles

Hepatoprotective effect of Thymus vulgaris extract on sodium nitrite-induced changes in oxidative stress, antioxidant and inflammatory marker expression

The herb thyme (Thymus vulgaris) has multiple therapeutic uses. In this study, we explored how T. vulgaris leaf extract protects liver cells against sodium nitrite-(NaNO2) induced oxidative stress. Mice were divided into four groups; each group received one of the following treatments orally: saline; T. vulgaris extract alone; NaNO2 alone; or T. vulgaris extract + NaNO2. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and total proteins were measured in serum using standard methods. TNF-α, hemooxygenase-1 (HO-1), thioredoxin, SOD, and GSH synthase, all of which are linked to oxidative stress, were measured using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). In mice treated with T. vulgaris extract, the effect of NaNO2 on ALT and AST levels and total proteins was reduced, and its effect on antioxidant levels was reversed. Normally, NaNO2 causes hepatocyte congestion and severe hepatic central vein congestion. Tissues in the mice treated with T. vulgaris were restored to normal conditions. Our results demonstrate that NaNO2-induced hepatic injury is significantly reduced by pretreatment with T. vulgaris extract, which protects against hepatic oxidative stress and its associated genes at the biochemical, molecular, and cellular levels.

Protective characterization of low dose sodium nitrite on yak meat myoglobin in a hydroxy radical oxidation environment: Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and laser Micro-Raman spectroscopy

The effect of NaNO2 in hydroxyl radical-mediated oxidative damage of yak meat myoglobin was investigated. Laser micro-Raman spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy were used to assess protein (carbonyls, total sulfhydryl and Disulfide bonds) oxidation, atomic (or molecular) interactions and secondary structural changes. The addition of NaNO2 during the oxidation of myoglobin significantly reduced the content of carbonyl and disulfide bonds and protected the sulfhydryl groups from hydroxyl radical oxidation (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the secondary structure of myoglobin between the control group and the SN treatment group(P > 0.05). At the same time, NaNO2 had an inhibitory effect on the expansion of the hemoglobin center size and the transition of Fe from a low spin state to a high spin state caused by radical-oxidized. These findings suggest that NaNO2 has potential for treatment effects in a hydroxyl radical-oxidized myoglobin.

The effect of sodium nitrite infusion on renal function, brachial and central blood pressure during enzyme inhibition by allopurinol, enalapril or acetazolamide in healthy subjects: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study

BackgroundSodium nitrite (NaNO2) causes vasodilation, presumably by enzymatic conversion to nitric oxide (NO). Several enzymes with nitrite reducing capabilities have been discovered in vitro, but their relative importance in vivo has not been investigated. We aimed to examine the effects of NaNO2 on blood pressure, fractional sodium excretion (FENa), free water clearance (CH2O) and GFR, after pre-inhibition of xanthine oxidase, carbonic anhydrase, and angiotensin-converting enzyme. The latter as an approach to upregulate endothelial NO synthase activity.MethodsIn a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 16 healthy subjects were treated, in a randomized order, with placebo, allopurinol 150 mg twice daily (TD), enalapril 5 mg TD, or acetazolamide 250 mg TD. After 4 days of treatment and standardized diet, the subjects were examined at our lab. During intravenous infusion of 240 μg NaNO2/kg/hour for 2 h, we measured changes in brachial and central blood pressure (BP), plasma cyclic guanosine monophosphate (P-cGMP), plasma and urine osmolality, GFR by 51Cr-EDTA clearance, FENa and urinary excretion rate of cGMP (U-cGMP) and nitrite and nitrate (U-NOx). Subjects were supine and orally water-loaded throughout the examination day.ResultsIrrespective of pretreatment, we observed an increase in FENa, heart rate, U-NOx, and a decrease in CH2O and brachial systolic BP during NaNO2 infusion. P-cGMP and U-cGMP did not change during infusion. We observed a consistent trend towards a reduction in central systolic BP, which was only significant after allopurinol.ConclusionThis study showed a robust BP lowering, natriuretic and anti-aquaretic effect of intravenous NaNO2 regardless of preceding enzyme inhibition. None of the three enzyme inhibitors used convincingly modified the pharmacological effects of NaNO2. The steady cGMP indicates little or no conversion of nitrite to NO. Thus the effect of NaNO2 may not be mediated by NO generation.Trial registrationEU Clinical Trials Register, 2013-003404-39. Registered December 3 2013.

Comparative study on the effect of NaNO2 in corrosion inhibition of micro-alloyed and API-5L X65 steels in E20 simulated FGE

The effect of sodium nitrite (NaNO2) in the corrosion inhibition of micro-alloyed and API-5L X65 steels in E20 simulated fuel grade ethanol (SFGE) have been investigated via gravimetric method and morphological examination. While NaNO2 addition may positively slow down corrosion rate, its concentration within the tested range of 0.2 – 1.0 g/L plays an insignificant role in improving the corrosion resistance of API-5L X65 and micro-alloyed steels. Morphological examination of both steels after immersion tests in the presence and absence of the inhibitor showed pitting corrosion mechanism. Furthermore, statistical analysis confirms with 90 % confidence, that there is no significant difference between the corrosion behaviour of the two steels in E20 SFGE with and without NaNO2 inhibitor. Highest protection of the metal surface was achieved at 62.63 % with 0.2 g/L NaNO2 for API-5L X65 in E20.

PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF GRAPE SEEDS EXTRACT AGAINST SODIUM NITRITE-INDUCED TOXICITY AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN ALBINO RATS

Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) is important antimicrobial, flavoring, coloring and preservative agent in meat and fish product. However, nitrite may cause methemoglobinemia and other illness, and may react with certain amines to form carcinogenic nitrosamines. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of grape seeds extract (GSE) as a potential novel and useful strategy for the modulation of oxidative stress and toxicity induced by NaNo2 in male rats. Sodium nitrite was used at two dose levels 1 and 2g/L and orally administrated to rats in drinking water for 4 and 8 weeks. Ingestion of NaNO2, resulted in significant time and dose- dependent reduction in RBCs count, WBCs count, hemoglobin (Hb) content, serum albumin and total protein (TP), plasma reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione -S- transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) contents in the treated rats. whereas, blood methemoglobin (MetHb), serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), creatinine, urea, triglycerides, total cholesterol and lipid peroxidation product (malondialdehyde, MDA) were significantly increased in dose and time dependant manner after implication of this preservative. Hyperglycemia was observed in NaNO2 ingested rats. Moreover, histopathological examination of NaNO2 treated rats at the end of experiment revealed marked alterations in liver, kidneys, brain, heart, lung and testes. The degree of severity of noted lesions increased with increase of administrated dose. Fortunately, synergistic administration of ethanolic GSE (150 mg/kg body weight (B.W)/day) and NaNO2 resulted in significant amelioration of negative effect of NaNO2 on the investigated biochemical parameters and improvement of investigated antioxidant especially with low NaNO2 dose and longer time. Moreover, GSE administration was able to protect most of tested organs against low NaNO2 dose and minimize the damage induced by high NaNO2 dose. It was concluded that GSE supplementation could be considered as a promising antioxidant in reducing oxidative stress and toxicity of NaNO2.

Peculiarities of myocardial electrogenesis in laboratory rats under conditions of acute nitrite intoxication

In anesthetized male rats the arterial blood pressure in femoral artery and electrocardiogram in standard leads were recorded uninterruptedly for 1–1.5 h under conditions of acute nitrite intoxication produced by a subcutaneous injection of water solution of sodium nitrite (donor of nitric oxide) at concentrations of 10, 30, and 50 mg/kg body mass. Results of the study have shown dose-dependent changes of arterial pressure as well as of time and amplitude characteristics of electrocardiogram under effect of NaNO2. At the threshold hypoxic dose, an increase of amplitude of R and S waves was observed by the 30–45th min, while at the maximal NaNO2 dose, amplitude of all waves rose by the 15th min of intoxication. High nitrite doses often caused an elevation of the ST segment above the isoelectric line and a rise of the amplitude of the T wave, on which a notch appeared in some cases. The change of the ECG time parameters was expressed in the dose-dependent development of bradycardia for the first 4–7 min; its level correlated with the progressively decreasing arterial pressure in the beginning (the 2–4th min) of nitrite intoxication. Variation analysis of the heart rate spectral characteristics by Baevskii’s method has revealed a rise of the total spectral power of pulse oscillations. Under effect of nitrite, in the specter of cardiointervals, the slower oscillations have been revealed with frequency of 0.15–0.2 Hz in the LF diapason with subsequent recovery of the normal ECG specter at the end of the experimental period. The maximal nitrite dose produced more pronounced shifts of the heart rate specter towards the LF and VLF diapasons that were not restored for 1 h of experiment. Transitory processes of readjustment of the cardiac rhythm had discrete character. The nitrite dose of 100 mg/kg body mass increased the RR-interval after 4–7 min with amplitude steps of 3–5 imp/s and the time constant of 20–40 s. The revealed ECG changes had the reflex (enhancement of parasympathetic tonus) and metabolic (the hypoxic and histotoxic damage of myocardium) nature.

Effect of NaNO2, a donor of nitric oxide, on the energy metabolism of plant cells

Effect of NaNO2, a donor of nitric oxide, on the energy metabolism of plant cells

Effect of Sodium Nitrite and Sodium Chloride on Growth of Lactic Acid Bacteria

The effect of NaNO2 and NaCl on the growth of 24 lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from vacuum-packed cooked ring sausages were examined by analyzing different growth parameters with Bioscreen. NaNO2 had a very limited effect on the growth of lactic acid bacteria at 50 and 100 mg/l but at 400 mg/l a more pronounced inhibitory effect was found. Bacterial growth was enhanced by 1-2% (w/v) of added NaCl, while NaCl concentrations above 3% (w/v) had a clear inhibitory effect. Leuconostoc isolates seemed to be more sensitive to sodium nitrite and sodium chloride than homofermentative lactobacilli strains. Among homofermentative lactobacilli, the strains resembling Lactobacillus curvatus were more sensitive to NaCl than those resembling Lactobacillus sake.

Effect of Nitrite as a Corrosion Inhibitor in Contaminated and Chloride-Free Carbonated Mortar

This paper studies and quantifies the effect of NaNO2 as a corrosion inhibitor when added to the mix of mortar specimens made with varied cement types. A set of specimens was also fabricated with 2 % of CaCl2. All of the specimens were hastily carbonated. When carbonation was the sole aggressor, and depending on the type of cement and the NaNO2 proportions employed, it was found that the attack was reduced and even completely avoided. In the case of chlorides and carbonation acting together, however, the proportions of NaNO2 used (2 and 3%) were not enough to reduce the attack, and the reinforcing steel corroded at a rate similar to that when no nitirites are present in the mix. Polarization resistance and electrochemical impedance measurements were the techniques used to track the corrosion process.

Low Temperature Growth of Type E Clostridium botulinum Spores. 1. Effects of Sodium Chloride, Sodium Nitrite and pH

SUMMARY— The effects of pH and the addition of sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium nitrite (NaNO2) to trypticase‐peptone‐glucose (TPGI and trypticase‐peptone‐sucrose‐yeast extract (TPSY) media upon spore outgrowth were investigated using seven Type E Clostridium botulinum strains. An inoculum of 1.0 × 105 spores/ml was used and the pH was adjusted with hydrochloric acid to cover the range of 5.2 to 6.6. To define salt tolerance, NaCl was added to the media at intervals of 0.5% in the range of 2.0 to 5.0% and at 0.1% intervals in the 4.5 to 5.0% range. The effect of NaNO2 was investigated with the addition of 100 and 200 ppm NaNO2 to the media. Samples were incubated at 30, 15.6, 10, 7.2, 5.0 and 3.4°C. Outgrowth of all strains tested was inhibited at pH 5.2 at 15.6°C. Inhibition occurred at higher pH at lower temperatures. None of the strains showed outgrowth with 4.87% NaCl in the media at any of the incubation temperatures used. Addition of 100 and 200 ppm NaNO2 to the media inhibited the outgrowth of the Minneapolis, 517, 26080 and A6247 strains but not the Kalamazoo and Seattle Forks strains.