Effect Of Molarity Research Articles

Facile preparation of surface-modified polypropylene nanofiber separators with enhanced ionic transport and welding performance for lithium-ion batteries

Nanofiber separators are promising for high-performance lithium-ion batteries due to their high porosity and electrolyte uptake. However, most of them have been criticized for the low mechanical strength, particularly polyolefin nanofiber separators, due to the poor welding performance caused by weak interaction among the fibers. The lack of mass-production techniques is another problem for polyolefin nanofiber separators though polyolefin has the competitive cost and stability. In present study, polypropylene nanofiber separators (PPNFS) prepared via nanolayer coextrusion, a new appeared method suitable for large-scale preparation, are surface modified via a simple dip-coating method. The electrostatic self-assembly on the surface of polypropylene nanofibers is achieved. The incorporation of modified polymers significantly enhances the interaction at the nanofiber overlaps, facilitating in-situ welding of nanofibers and resulting in an 800 % enhancement in separator mechanical properties. Polybenzimidazole (PBI) is a strange polymer with both electron-donating and electron-accepting sites. Experimental characterization and simulation calculations confirm that PBI-modified PPNFS exhibit a distinctive enhanced ionic transport and promote the formation of a more homogeneous solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. Furthermore, PBI coated PPNFS (PPNFS@PBI) separators demonstrate exceptional thermal stability, superior electrolyte uptake, and enhanced fire resistance. Finally, the effect of molar concentration and molecular weight of PBI on battery performance is evaluated. 15 % Molar concentration of PBI with 88,000 molecular weight has been shown to maximize battery performance.

Effect of molar concentration on optoelectronic properties of NiO nanoparticles for p-n junction diode application

In this work, fine nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) were successfully made utilizing a straightforward co-precipitation approach at low temperature. The effects of precursor concentration on the structural, optical, and electrical characteristics of NiO nanoparticles were investigated. All indexed diffraction peaks in XRD demonstrate the production of NiO with cubic structure. An increase in NiO crystallite size above 16.8 nm was observed when the precursor concentration exceeds 2 M, suggesting the presence of nanostructure in the final product. In FT-Raman spectra, the band centered at ∼ 500 cm–1 is due to Ni-O stretching (LO) mode, and two-magnon (2 M) scattering mode causes the band at 1514 cm–1. The synthesized product is composed of almost rod-shaped particles with a size range of 10–20 nm, according to FESEM pictures. The UV absorption studies showed a high absorption at the fundamental absorption edges originating at 332 nm, which gradually shifted to a lower energy region up to 400 nm with increasing precursor concentration, which means a reduction in bandgap values. The effect of precursor concentration associated with the electrical characteristics of the produced NiO nanoparticles has been investigated for the temperature range 30 to 130 °C. The I-V characterization was used to compute the different photo-diode parameters including n, ФB, Io, PS, R, QE, and D* . The remarkable high photosensitivity of 1100% and specific detectivity of 4.324 × 10−10 Jones for the diode evaluated at 120 mW/cm2 was observed in a 2 M fabricated diode. These findings imply that all the fabricated diodes are exceptionally light-sensitive and are well-suited for upcoming UV photodetector applications.

Effect of molar concentration on SnS thin films using chemical spray pyrolysis technique

Effect of molar concentration on SnS thin films using chemical spray pyrolysis technique

Effect of molar concentration and drying methodologies on monodispersed silica sol for synthesis of silica aerogels with temperature-resistant characteristics

A variety of hierarchical nanoporous silica aerogels with diversified particle distributions were synthesized from well-dispersed silica sols by a traditional sol–gel method. Among the six particle sizes of aerogels, the silica aerogel with 0.4 M TEOS/MTMS surface modification and supercritical drying attains 11.61 ± 2.96 nm constituent part with well slender size particle dissemination, high-temperature confrontation and low thermal conductivity. In association with the outmoded two-step acid-base dilution of silica sols, the well-diffused form of silica sols with surface alteration also provides a low thermal conductivity of 0.01865 W.m−1 K−1 with greater thermal resistance. In addition, the drying shrinkage can be minimized with surface modification by properly silylation with TMCS. The concentrations of well-diffused silica sol were adjusted to achieve higher surface area, low density, large pore size and structure, and temperature resilience with the help of controlling the sol–gel reaction. The resilient skeleton structure developed from the assembly of tiny particles can efficiently restrict the glutinous heat dissipation between aerogel networks without collapsing a porous network up to a higher temperature of 900 °C. However, this network retains a similar pattern up to 1000 °C with only 32 % volume contraction after 2hr of heat treatments. At an elevated temperature of 1100–1200 °C, the viscid heat flow between nanoparticles and the porous network cannot be meritoriously suppressed and starts to collapse after a shorter duration. The enormous results of silica aerogels will help design suitable thermal insulation with higher resilience and low thermal conductivity.

Properties of Mn3O4 thin film electrodes prepared using spray pyrolysis for supercapacitor application

Film electrodes are made by depositing a thin layer of an electroactive material onto a conductive substrate. The performance of thin film electrodes in energy storage devices is significantly governed by their preparative conditions, particularly the molar concentration of the initial precursor. In the current study, the preparation of Mn3O4 thin film electrodes utilizing the chemical spray pyrolysis technique is discussed. The effect of molar concentration on the structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties of the thin film electrodes was thoroughly investigated using techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) studies. Additionally, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to gain more insight into the oxidation states of the sample with the best electrochemical performance. Findings suggested that the molar concentration considerably affects the crystallite size, surface area, surface roughness, and wettability, which would directly impact the functionality of the electrode. It was concluded that the electrode deposited using the molar concentration of 0.06 M showed significantly improved performance according to the electrochemical measurements. The areal capacitance of up to 105.3 mF/cm2 in the aqueous electrolyte was recorded from CV measurements at a scan rate of 5 mVs−1. These electrodes could be an option for low-cost, environmentally friendly electrochemical capacitors if prepared under optimal deposition conditions.

Effect of Molar Concentration and Solvent Type on Linear and NLO Properties of Aurintricarboxylic (ATA) Organic Dye for Image Sensor and Optical Limiter Applications

Aurintricarboxylic (ATA) organic dye is a promising chemical compound candidate for several optical and electronic applications. However, this study aims to investigate the impact of molar concentrations and solvent type on the linear/nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of 5,5[Formula: see text]-[(3-carboxy-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene) methylene] bis (2-hydroxybenzoic acid) organic laser dyes. Three molar concentrations of organic dyes ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]) M were respectively dissolved in distilled water and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at room temperature. The samples were investigated using1H-NMR and UV/Visible spectrums. The bandgap ([Formula: see text]) of ([Formula: see text] M) ATA/water is 4.75[Formula: see text]eV, but Eg of ATA/DMSO was 2.93[Formula: see text]eV and 2.65[Formula: see text]eV. The measurements were performed by employing a diode-pumped solid-state laser operating at a 457 nm wavelength and 112[Formula: see text]mW of power. The [Formula: see text]-scan technique was applied to characterize open and close apertures, nonlinear refractive index ([Formula: see text]), and nonlinear absorption coefficient ([Formula: see text]). The obtained results predicted that both the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] coefficients decreased with the reduction of molar concentrations. Additionally, DMSO exhibited better linear/NLO properties than water. The results revealed promising laser dye samples for image sensor and optical limiter applications.

Effect of molar concentration on the structural, linear and nonlinear optical properties of CuS (covellite) thin films

CuS thin films with various molar concentrations at 70 °C temperature were deposited by Chemical Bath Deposition. The effect of molar concentration on the structural, linear optic, nonlinear optic and morphological properties of CuS films were deeply investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis exhibited that CuS films were formed in polycrystal structure and hexagonal phase. The fundamental optical parameters of films such as energy band gap, reflection and extinction coefficient were determined with the results of optical transmission and optical absorption by UV–vis spectrophotometer. The energy band gap values were reduced with increasing films thickness. Moreover, the dependence of the optical dielectric constants, loss tangent, optical conductivity, surface and volume energy loss function values on the molar concentrations were studied. Furthermore, the third order nonlinear optical susceptibility and nonlinear refractive index, which is considered to be the base of the first order optical susceptibility with nonlinear optical properties were discussed in detail.

Effect of Molar Concentration on the Structural and Optical Properties of the Cd2SnO4 Thin Films

In this paper, cadmium stannate (Cd2SnO4) thin films at four different molar concentrations (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1) were prepared at a temperature of (400 oC) using a chemical spray pyrolysis technique and have a thickness of about 400±10 nm. XRD patterns of the prepared thin films showed that the thin films have both a polycrystalline and a cubic structure. FE-SEM and AFM were used to investigate the surface morphology of Cd2SnO4 thin films. The measurement of absorbance and transmittance spectra for films in the range of 300–900 nm was part of the optical properties research. The effect of various molar concentrations of these films on transmittance was investigated, and the results revealed a decrease in transmittance. The allowed direct electronic transmission optical energy gap was calculated, and it was discovered that it decreases as the molar concentrations increase, with a value ranging between (2.61-2.91) eV.

Effect of molar concentration on the crystallite structures and electrochemical properties of cobalt fluoride hydroxide for hybrid supercapacitors

Cobalt fluoride hydroxide (Co(OH)F) crystallite structures with various cobalt concentrations (20, 40, 60, and 80 mM) were grown on nickel foam (NF) substrate using a traditional hydrothermal method and potentially applied as an electrode material for battery-type supercapacitors. Physicochemical analyses showed that the optimal Co(OH)F–60/NF electrode had orthorhombic crystalline phase and comprised of several rhombohedral, octahedral, and decahedral crystallite structures. The electrochemical double-layer capacitance and impedance spectroscopy analyses confirmed that the Co(OH)F–60/NF sample had high active sites and lower equivalent series resistance, respectively. Owing to the more electroactive sites, the Co(OH)F–60/NF electrode delivered a high specific capacity (389.9 C g−1 at 1 A g−1), and remarkable long-term stability (90.02% capacity retention after 10000 cycles) compared to the other Co(OH)F/NF electrodes assessed. A hybrid supercapacitor device (HSC) was designed using the optimized Co(OH)F–60/NF as a positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as a negative electrode, which delivered a reasonable specific capacity of 130.0 C g−1 and an outstanding stability (92.74% capacitance retention after 8000 continuous cycles). The Co(OH)F–60/NF//AC HSC device provided a maximum energy density of 28.89 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 800.0 W kg−1.

Effect of cobalt on the photovoltaic properties of zinc selenide thin film deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) via electrochemical deposition technique

This paper provides a detailed report on the effect of molar concentration on structural, optical and electrical properties of cobalt doped zinc selenide (ZnSe:Co) thin film. The molar concentration Co dopant was varied within 0%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%. ZnSe:Co was synthesized using the electrodeposition method. Different characterization techniques such as X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscope and four-point probe were used to study the optical, surface morphology and electrical properties of ZnSe:Co. The XRD analysis revealed that both Co-doped and undoped ZnSe are crystalline materials. The crystalline structure of ZnSe is cubic but changes to a face-centred cubic structure upon introduction of Co dopant. ZnSe:Co showed excellent absorbance, optical conductivity and refractive index. The energy bandgap was observed to decrease from 2.2 to 2.0 ​eV as the molar percentage increased from 0.1 to 0.3%. The conductivity of the cobalt doped Zinc selenide was observed to be 1.4244 ​× ​1011, 1.6655 ​× ​1011, 1.6655 ​× ​1011, and 2.4929 ​× ​1011 (S/m) for film grown with 0%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% Co dopant respectively.

Effect of Molar Concentration on the Structural, Linear and Non-Linear Optical Properties of Cus (Covellite) Thin Films

Effect of Molar Concentration on the Structural, Linear and Non-Linear Optical Properties of Cus (Covellite) Thin Films

Effect of molar concentration on the properties of SnS2 thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis

SnS2 thin films have been fabricated using spray pyrolysis method. SnS2 were deposited from aqueous solution containing SnCl4(2H2O) and CS(NH2)2 at various molar concentrations. Structural, morphological and optical properties of the obtained films were investigated. XRD analysis and SEM data suggest that good quality is obtained at 0.08 M. Optical analyses show that films prepared at 0.08 M present the highest transmittance in the visible region. The obtained results confirm that SnS2 thin films can be good candidates for solar cells devices. These results are of great importance in the prediction of the good application of SnS2 thin films in solar cells.

Effect of molar concentration on the structural, optical and electrical properties of the MnS thin film prepared by spray pyrolysis

In the study, manganese sulfide (MnS) thin films were deposited glass and silicon substrates at 350°C at different molar concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2M) by using chemical spray pyrolysis technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed the existence of two phases of MnS namely; β-MnS and ɣ-MnS. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the films have no cracks, compact, uniform, and the grains are homogeneously distributed over the film. The optical properties studies that the optical band gap value of MnS films changed from 2.76 eV to 2.64 eV as molar concentration increased from 0.05 to 0.2M. Raman study revealed that the crystallinity of the film improved after increasing the molar concentration and the Raman peaks are belonged to2M magnon scattering. The AFM investigation exhibited that all the films show homogenous surface with and the surface roughness was a function of molar concentration. Hall effect measurement confirmed that the deposited MnS films were n-type.

Effect of Molar Concentration on the Flow Behavior of Micellar Solutions Passing through Small Slits

The flow behavior of three types of surfactant solution (namely, Lipoquad C-50, Lipothoquad O/12, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide [CTAB] with an NaSal counterion) passing through a slit was investigated by means of birefringence correlated with the degree of micelle orientation. With Lipoquad C-50, a high birefringence appeared in the slit section and upstream. With Lipothoquad O/12, the birefringence was low. With CTAB, the birefringence varied considerably with elapsed time. Different experimental results were thus obtained depending on the type of surfactant solution. To discuss the experimental results in depth, concentrations of 0.1× and 10× (2×) were used. With 0.1× concentration of all surfactant solutions, no birefringence appeared. With 10× concentration of Lipoquad C-50, there was no sign of the birefringence that was present with 1× concentration. With 10× concentration of Lipothoquad O/12, a birefringence was present that was not present with 1× concentration, and the distribution of the birefringence was almost the same as that with 1× concentration of Lipoquad C-50. The case with 2× concentration of CTAB was similar to that with 1× concentration. Moreover, the aforementioned results depended on the slit width or contraction ratio. To organize the experimental results systematically,the degree of spatial constraint (DSC) was defined, corresponding to the number of micelles occupying a unit volume. The DSC estimations showed that the birefringence appeared only when the DSC was between 5.9 × 10−6 and 1.2 × 10−5 mol (Lipoquad C-50 and Lipothoquad O/12) and between 1.8 × 10−6 and 7.3 × 10−6 mol (CTAB). Thus, the flow-induced structure generated by flow through an abrupt contraction and expansion was found to depend on a certain degree of micelle constraint.

Effect of molar concentration on the physical properties of NiS thin film prepared by spray pyrolysis method for supercapacitors

The present study reports on the deposition of Nickel sulfide (NiS) thin films on glass substrates by spray-pyrolysis at 300 ± 5 °C with different concentrations of nickel precursor (0.03, 0.05, and 0.07 M). The precursor aqueous solutions were synthesized using hexahydrated nickel nitrates and thiourea with a stabilization ratio nickel/sulfur of 1/3. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) study revealed a polycrystalline character with a hexagonal crystal structure. The crystallites size varied from 23.9 to 42.7 nm with an increase in the precursor’s concentration. Furthermore, the optical band gap decreases from 1.07 to 0.96 eV. The elementary composition analysis confirmed the presence of Ni and S elements in the samples. Both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), revealed a homogenous crack-free and compact appearance in all scanned areas with spherical grains. In addition, the roughness of the films significantly increases with the increase of the precursor’s concentration. On the other hand, the film prepared with 0.05 M exhibits a high electrical conductivity and capacitance ca. 1.97 × 103 S/cm and 115 µF/cm2, respectively, at room temperature. The above results showed that the films prepared in this study are very attractive as an electrode material for application in supercapacitors.

Effect of molar concentration on the optical and structural properties of ZnO thin films prepared by chemical bath deposition method

This research included the preparation of (ZnO) thin films by CBD technique for the deposition of chemical bath thickness (150 ± 20nm). X-ray diffraction was analyzed and showed that the films crystallize in a polycrystalline hexagonal structure, with a preferred direction along the level (100). Increased volume of calculated crystals for deposited films was found by increasing molar concentration. The surface morphology of films was studied by SEM, and the surface morphology of ZnO films is a heterogeneous distribution. The optical properties of all deposited ZnO films contained a spectral permeability and absorption spectrum in the wavelength range (300-1100nm), and the transmittance decreased with increasing molar concentration, it was found that the value of the light energy gap (Eg) increases with increasing molecular concentration band gap between 3.1 and 3.2 eV.

Domınance of materıal composıtıon on mechanıcal propertıes of normal and hıgh strength grade bınary blended geopolymer concrete

The utilisation of pozzolanic materials as the replacement to conventional cement material have the potentiality to mitigate the pollution caused by the émission of carbon based green house gases which are a main source for global warming problem. For every production of 1 ton of cement it was approximated that the emission of carbon based green house gases are about 1 ton. Keeping this in view, a new material called Geopolymer which was first coined by Davidovits has gained a lot of interest by the researchers. In this study, different molarity variations of NaOH in the order of 4M, 6M, 8M, 10M, 12M and 14M and also the blending of mineral admixtures like Fly Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag with percentages (50%+50%) and the mechanical properties of normal M30 and high strength grade M70 binary blended Geopolymer concrete were studied after 28 days of ambient curing and were reported. The test results revealed that the effect of molar concentration of NaOH at 12 M is effective and the optimum replacement of mineral composition of source materials is (50%+50%) fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag.
 
 

Effect of molar concentration on structural, magnetic domain and optical properties of BiFeO3 thin films

Pure crystalline bismuth ferrite BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films have been deposited on the cleaned glass substrate by sol–gel spin-coating technique with different molar concentrations (from 0.1 to 0.5 M) of the precursor solution. The influence of molar concentrations on the structural, magnetic and optical properties has been investigated by different advanced techniques. The X-ray diffraction patterns of BFO films revealed that the increase of the molar concentration from 0.1 to 0.5 M induced the structural transformation from distorted orthorhombic to single orthorhombic phase. The average crystallite size of BFO thin films was calculated using Scherrer formula and found to be in the range of 15–28 nm. The elemental composition of Bi, Fe and O was confirmed using energy-dispersive spectroscopy of X-rays. The atomic force microscopic images revealed that shape of particles are changing from ellipsoid to nanorods with increasing the molar concentration from 0.3 to 0.5 M. The root means square roughness of BFO films was also varying from 6.34 to 29.88 nm. The stripe-like structure of domain was explored through magnetic force microscopy. The films prepared from the precursor of molar concentration of 0.5 M revealed the microscopic remnant magnetization of 0.19 emu/cm3 and coercivity of 443.06 Oe from the M–H measurements. This enhancement of ferromagnetic properties may be due to the formation of nanorods resulted by destroying the cycloid spin structure. The optical bandgaps were also tuned from 2.58 to 2.49 eV due to increase of the crystallite size from 15 to 28 nm.

Effect of molar concentration on physical properties of spraydeposited SnO2 thin films using nebulizer

In the present paper, tin dioxide (SnO2) thin films had been fabricated with different precursor concentration in the range of 0.01–0.09 M onto amorphous glass substrates utilizing nebulizer spray method. The effect of precursor concentration on electrical, morphological, structural, optical, and photoluminescence properties has been investigated. XRD spectrum revealed that the polycrystalline nature of SnO2 thin films with tetragonal structure in the range of precursor concentration 0.03–0.09 M, which are having a favorable growth orientation along (110) direction. The estimated average crystallite size varied between 22 and 53 nm. UV-Visible spectrum exposes the transmittance of SnO2 thin films lies between 90 and 78% in the visible range. The direct band gap energy reduced from 3.83 to 3.71 eV on increasing precursor concentration upto 0.07 M and then it was further increased. Photoluminescence spectra at room temperature exhibited a strong peak at 362 nm with shoulder peak at 376 nm and two broad peaks are 493 nm and 518 nm. SEM analysis illustrated that the polyhedron-like grains were homogeneously arranged over the film surface. The film prepared at 0.07 M precursor concentration shows the least resistivity 2.41 × 10−3 Ω-cm and good figure of merit 16.41 × 10−3 (Ω/sq)−1.

Environmental benign synthesis of novel double layered nano catalyst and their catalytic activity in synthesis of 2-substituted benzoxazoles

Synthesis of Cu-Al hydrotalcite by co precipitation method is being described. Synthesized nano catalyst has been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, FT-IR and thermogravimetric analyses which confirm hydrotalcite-like structure. Effect of molar concentration, catalyst loading, reaction time and catalytic activity have been investigated in the synthesis of benzoxazoles under solvent free conditions using 2-amino phenol and benzoyl chloride. The influence of the hydrotalcite and their different amounts on reactivity was studied. Catalyst can be recycle and used for further reaction without losing its activity.