MI Effect Research Articles

Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation

The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the effects of MI in promoting smoking cessation. Randomised controlled trials comparing MI counselling sessions with brief advice or usual care in adult smokers (excluding adolescents and pregnant women), published up to April 2009, were identified from the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialised Register. Fourteen studies involving over 10,000 smokers were reviewed. The primary outcome measure was smoking abstinence at six months.

Stimulating Effect of External Myo-Inositol on the Expression of Mutant Forms of Aquaporin 2

Myo-inositol (MI; hexahydroxycyclohexane, C(6)H(6)O(12)) is a small neutral molecule used as a compatible osmolyte in the kidney medulla. At high concentrations, MI appears to act as a chemical chaperone and was shown to promote plasma membrane expression of the impaired cystic fibrosis chloride channel (Delta508-CFTR). In the present study, we measured whether MI could increase expression of two human aquaporin 2 (AQP2) mutants which were recently identified as causing nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). Both proteins (D150E and G196D) were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, but only D150E displayed an increase in oocyte water permeability (P (f)). Adding 5 mM MI to the bathing solution for 24 h produced a 50% increase in the D150E-associated P (f), while it had no effect on noninjected oocytes or on oocytes expressing wt-AQP2 or G196D. Western blots performed on purified plasma membrane preparations confirmed that MI increased the amount of D150E present at the plasma membrane, while G196D was always undetectable. X. laevis oocytes are remarkably impermeable to MI, and the effect of MI on D150E expression does not require the presence of intracellular MI. The effect of external MI was dose-dependent (K (0.5) was 130 microM) and specific with respect to other forms of inositols. Further studies on a second group of AQP2 mutants causing NDI showed that K228E activity was similarly stimulated by MI, while V71M, A70D and S256L were not. It is concluded that physiological concentrations of extracellular MI can stimulate the expression of a specific subgroup of AQP2 mutants.

Optimizing the pharmacoinvasive approach to acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: use of half-dose thrombolytic therapy in combination with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors compared with full-dose thrombolytic therapy in the setting of routine urgent post-thrombolytic percutaneous coronary intervention

presentation, hemodynamics, and in-hospital outcome were compared. A composite of cardiogenic shock or death was considered to equate to hemodynamic status of these patients. Results: COPD patients were older (Pb.001), more of female gender (Pb.001), and smokers (Pb.001). They had higher prevalence of chronic renal insufficiency (Pb.001), hypertension (P=.001), and diabetes mellitus (P=.01). COPD patients had higher rates of in-hospital mortality and cardiogenic shock (Pb.0001). After multivariate analysis, COPD remained the strongest independent predictor of the composite end point of death and cardiogenic shock (Pb.001). Conclusion: COPD is the strongest, independent predictor of hemodynamic compromise resulting in death or cardiogenic shock in patients presenting with acute MI. This observation suggests that the hemodynamic and pulmonary consequences of COPD reduce the capacity of the circulatory system to adjust to the effects of acute MI.

A study of PON1 as a susceptibility gene for hyperlipidaemia and onset of coronary artery disease

The involvement of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene polymorphism in hyperlipidaemia (HPLD) and early onset of coronary artery disease (CAD) remains poorly studied. In a preliminary genome‐wide linkage study of early onset CAD involving two families (22 individuals) with predominant familial hypercholesterolaemia, we identified several peaks, among others, on chromosome (chr) 7 which harbours the PON1 gene using the Affymetrix Gene Chip 250 sty1 mapping array. The present study pursued a population‐based association analysis for 6 selected SNPs rs854560 (1), rs662(3), rs854552 (3), rs3917577 (4) and rs3735590 (5) in the PON1 gene in 3048 individuals (1013 HLPD cases versus 2035 controls) using the Applied Biosystems real‐time PCR procedure. Two of the 6 variants, rs662 [Odds ratio(95% Confidence Interval = 1.13(1.01–1.26); p=0.031] and rs3917577[1.20(1.04–1.38); p=0.013], individually conferred risk for HLPD. While no association was found between any of these variants with CAD (1796 cases versus 1261 controls) per se, classifying the CAD patients as harbouring (n=748) or not harbouring HLPD (n=997) retained the significance of the rs3917577 as a causative factor [1.23(1.03–1.47); p=0.023] for CAD. In contrast, classifying the HPLD patients as having CAD or not, yielded no delineable relationship. On the other hand, the rs854552 was associated with resistance (p=0.007) to developing HPLD among the CAD individuals. No confounding effect of gender, age, MI, T2D, or obesity was observed on these relationships. The results indicate the PON1 gene is a susceptibility locus for HLPD, and harbouring of the rs3917577 variant increases the risk of acquiring CAD among hyperlipidaemic individuals.

Influence of demagnetization effect on giant magneto-impedance of soft ferromagnetic metal

The large change in electromagnetic impedance in ferromagnetic state of soft magnetic metals in presence of biasing magnetic field is associated with change in screening of electromagnetic field. The screening depends on the permeability of the metal. Apart from dependence on intrinsic properties of metal the permeability depends on size of the sample. It is observed that the decrease in MI in amorphous ferromagnetic ribbon of Fe40Ni40B20 alloy is large for long sample whereas corresponding change is small for short one with same biasing field. As intrinsic magnetic properties and bias field are same and the demagnetization factor increases with reduction of length of the sample the reduction of MI effect is associated with demagnetization field.

The effects of temperature and frequency on the magnetization switching mode in circular MI sensors

This paper presents results computed using a meshless method in a point collocation formulation to investigate the effects of temperature and frequency on the magnetization switching mode in the circular amorphous magneto-impedance sensor (element). Specifically, the solutions characterizing the MI effect are solved from a set of coupled nonlinear equations consisting of the Maxwell’s equations, the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation, and the thermal diffusion equation. This coupled nonlinear space–time model predicts the formation and propagation of dynamic domain walls in switching and it is shown how they contribute to experimentally observed temperature and frequency effects. Computed results (that agree well with reported experimental data) suggest radial domain walls may play a larger role in the MI effect than originally believed even for the realistic conditions considered here at 1 MHz or more.

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AbstractStudy: Dually Diagnosed May Have Different Paths to RecoveryStudy Examines How to Distinguish Pharmacological Versus Expectancy Effects of MarijuanaDiacetylmorphine More Effective Than Methadone for Treatment‐Refractory Opioid UseControlled Trial Examines Effectiveness of Buspirone Plus MI for Marijuana DependenceVoucher Reinforcement, Medication Efficacious in Opioid UsersBalanced‐Placebo Design Successfully Adapted for Use With Marijuana

Symptom dimensions of post-myocardial infarction depression, disease severity and cardiac prognosis

Individual symptoms of post-myocardial infarction (MI) depression may be differentially associated with cardiac prognosis, in which somatic/affective symptoms appear to be associated with a worse cardiovascular prognosis than cognitive/affective symptoms. These findings hold important implications for treatment but need to be replicated before conclusions regarding treatment can be drawn. We therefore examined the relationship between depressive symptom dimensions following MI and both disease severity and prospective cardiac prognosis. Patients (n=473) were assessed on demographic and clinical variables and completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) within the first week of hospital admission for acute MI. Depressive symptom dimensions were associated with baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and prospective cardiac death and/or recurrent MI. The average follow-up period was 2.8 years. Factor analysis revealed two symptom dimensions--somatic/affective and cognitive/affective--in the underlying structure of the BDI, identical to previous results. There were 49 events attributable to cardiac death (n=23) or recurrent MI (n=26). Somatic/affective (p=0.010) but not cognitive/affective (p=0.153) symptoms were associated with LVEF and cardiac death/recurrent MI. When controlling for the effects of previous MI and LVEF, somatic/affective symptoms remained significantly predictive of cardiac death/recurrent MI (hazard ratio 1.31, 95% confidence interval 1.02-1.69, p=0.038). Previous MI was also an independent predictor of cardiac death/recurrent MI. We confirmed that somatic/affective, rather than cognitive/affective, symptoms of depression are associated with MI severity and cardiovascular prognosis. Interventions to improve cardiovascular prognosis by treating depression should be targeted at somatic aspects of depression.

Magnetoelastic resonance enhancement of giant magnetoimpedance effect for Fe-based nanocrystalline alloy

Longitudinally driven giant magnetoimpedance GMI effect has been measured in Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9 ribbons, and the enhance- ment of GMI effect using magnetoelastic resonance was investigated. The results showed that at a certain driven frequency when magneto- elastic resonance occurred, there was a great enhancement of the im- pedance of the element and MI effect. For the ribbon of 1.0 cm in length annealed at 480°C, the maximum MI ratio of 10 906% was achieved at the frequency of 214 kHz. The maximum sensitivity reached up to 5 155%/Oe, which was almost 40 times higher than that observed in traditional MI measurements. The results demonstrated that the en- hanced magnitude of MI effect mainly depended on magnetoelastic cou- pling coefficient k. © 2009 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

GIANT MAGNETO-IMPEDANCE EFFECT OF MAGNETRON SPUTTERED Ni80Fe20/Cu COMPOSITE WIRES

In this work, Ni 80 Fe 20/ Cu composite wires of length 50 mm, consisting a Cu core of diameter 100 μm, coated with a layer of Ni 80 Fe 20, were produced by RF magnetron sputtering. To obtain a uniform coating, the wires were spun during sputtering by a homemade system. The results showed that the spinning speed might affect the maximum MI ratio and the magnetic properties. The MI ratio of the sputtered wires increases with the wire spinning speed in the magnetron sputtering. The film thickness had a significant effect on the magnitude and the optimum frequency of the giant magneto-impedance effect. The maximum MI ratio can reach about 247.4% for the specimen with a Ni 80 Fe 20 coating thickness of 2.81 μm at 400 kHz. This large MI effect, obtained at such low frequency range, was correlated with the electromagnetic interaction between the inner core and the magnetic coating.

Off‐diagonal magneto‐impedance in amorphous microwires with diameter 6–10 μm and application to linear magnetic sensors

AbstractOff‐diagonal component of magneto‐impedance tensor with pulse excitation is very promising for high sensitivity magnetic field sensor applications. We report novel results on studies of off‐diagonal MI effect and magnetic properties in amorphous glass‐coated microwires with nearly‐zero and negative magnetostriction constant and metallic nucleus diameter ranging between 6 μm and 10 μm. Off‐diagonal impedance tensor ζφz (Hex) has been investigated in ultra‐thin amorphous glass‐coated microwires in as‐cast state and after Joule heating treatment. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Coping with posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbidity after myocardial infarction

Objective Literature on the relationship between coping strategies, posttraumatic stress after myocardial infarction (post-MI PTSD), and comorbidity is limited. This study aimed to fill this gap in literature by investigating this relationship. Method One hundred twenty patients with MI were recruited from 2 general practices and interviewed using the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, the General Health Questionnaire, and the COPE Scale. Results Thirty-one percent had PTSD. Patients used acceptance-focused coping in that most of them accepted that the MI had happened and that it could not be changed. At the same time, some patients used avoidance-focused coping in that they disengaged themselves mentally and behaviorally from the traumatic effects of MI. When the variables of age, bypass surgery, mental health problems before MI, and angioplasty were held constant, the results showed that patients who used maladaptive coping strategies of emotion-focused and avoidance-focused copings tended to report more comorbid symptoms. Patients who underwent medical procedures or interventions such as bypass surgery and angioplasty tended to report more PTSD symptoms. Conclusions The way in which MI patients' coping strategies relate to health outcomes has been shown to be symptom-specific. Using maladaptive coping strategies does not necessarily have a significant impact on PTSD symptoms. On the other hand, medical procedures or interventions for treating MI can play a major role in maintaining PTSD symptoms for patients with MI.

Wide-angle magnetoimpedance field sensor based on two crossed amorphous ribbons

Soft magnetic amorphous ribbons have been exhaustively studied in order to use them as magnetic field sensitive elements based on the magnetoimpedance effect, MI. In comparison with other materials they exhibit some disadvantages like double-peak response for small values of the applied magnetic field due to the peculiarities of the surface anisotropy. In this work, magnetic properties, MI effect, and the angular dependence of the impedance on the applied magnetic field direction have been studied for CoFeMoSiB amorphous ribbon based sensitive elements in two configurations. The first one is a classic MI prototype with one amorphous ribbon sensitive element installed on a printed circuit board. In the second configuration two amorphous ribbons with the same size are placed in the board forming an angle of 15° between them. MI effect is measured in a frequency range from 0.4 to 10 MHz for exciting current amplitudes ranging from 2 to 20 mA. For this prototype of sensor device formed by two crossed amorphous ribbons, it is possible to obtain single-peak MI response and independent on the orientation of the external field output signal in a wide range of the angles from 0 to 45°, in contrast with the double peak and angle dependent response obtained for single ribbon sensitive element.

Effect of Sputtered Seed Layer on Electrodeposited NiFe/Cu Composite Wires

In this paper, a seed-layer approach to electrodeposition of Ni 80Fe20 on Cu wires was developed. First, different thicknesses of Ni80Fe20 were directly deposited onto the Cu wires by sputtering as a seed layer. A rotation L-holder fixture was used to hold the Cu wire during sputtering. Second, a relatively thick Ni80Fe20 layer was deposited by electrodeposition onto the Cu wire with the seed layer by sputtering. The results of surface characterization on the composite wires with a seed layer showed that the surface uniformity was greatly improved, as compared to the surfaces of electrodeposited wires without a seed layer. A low coercivity of 0.5 Oe for the composite wire with a seed layer was achieved. The electrodeposited wires with seed layers performed an enhanced MI effect of 250%, in contrast to the MI effect of 160% as achieved by electrodeposited wires without a seed layer

Soft magnetic behaviour in amorphous and nanocrystalline Fe 73.5−xMn xSi 13.5B 9Nb 3Cu 1 ( x=1, 3, 5) alloys

Amorphous ribbons Fe 73.5− x Mn x Si 13.5Nb 3Cu 1 ( x=1, 3, 5) were prepared by rapid quenching on a single rotated copper wheel. The X-ray patterns show that the as-cast samples are amorphous. The measurements of thermomagnetic curves indicated that the Curie temperature of the amorphous phase of the samples decreased with increasing Mn content. The optimal heat treatment was performed at T a=535 °C for 1 h and showed that the ultrasoft magnetic properties of nanocomposite materials were obtained. The frequency dependence of magnetoimpedance was measured in the frequency range of 1–10 MHz and at a fixed current of 10 mA. The correlation between the MI effect and the soft magnetic properties is discussed.

There's nothing more practical than a good theory: Integrating motivational interviewing and self‐determination theory

In this article we compare and integrate two well-established approaches to motivating therapeutic change, namely self-determination theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985, ) and motivational interviewing (MI; Miller & Rollnick, 1991, ). We show that SDT's theoretical focus on the internalization of therapeutic change and on the issue of need-satisfaction is fully compatible with key principles and clinical strategies within MI. We further suggest that basic need-satisfaction might be an important mechanism accounting for the positive effects of MI. Conversely, MI principles may provide SDT researchers with new insight into the application of SDT's theoretical concept of autonomy-support, and suggest new ways of testing and developing SDT. In short, the applied approach of MI and the theoretical approach of SDT might be fruitfully married, to the benefit of both.

Analysis of current-density distribution and giant magnetoimpedance effect in composite wires

The current-density distribution and giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) properties are theoretically described for the homogenous ferromagnetic wires and composite wi res consisting of an inner conductive core covered by an outer ferromagnetic coa ting. The numerical simulation shows that the current is distributed much close r to the surface for the Cu/FeCoNi composite wires than for FeCoNi homogenous f erromagnetic wires at the same frequency and with the same geometric size and m agnetic structure. When obvious MI effect can be observed, the skin effect has a lready been strong in its ferromagnetic coating. The skin effect is still an imp ortant factor for the GMI effect in composite wires. Above a certain frequency o f about 4MHz, the driving current will flow through the ferromagnetic coating ma inly and the electromagnetic interactions become weaker, the MI behavior in the composite wire becomes similar to that in the homogenous ferromagnetic wire.

Biological Responses of Antiprogestins in Mammary Gland, Uterus and Seminal Vesicles of Prepubertal Intact and Adult Gonadectomized Mice

The present study tested and compared the antiproliferative and proliferative activities of three antiprogestins on four separate mouse model systems: prepubertal intact and adult ovariectomized (OVX) females, prepubertal intact and adult castrated males. In prepubertal intact males and females and adult castrated males, norethindrone acetate (NA; a synthetic steroid exhibiting progestational and estrogenic activities)- stimulated mammary growth was decreased by antiprogestins: more by RU 46556 (RU) than RU 38486 (MI) and onapristone (ON). In adult OVX females the inhibitory effect of RU and MI was lower than that of ON. Uterine weights were not significantly decreased by MI, were significantly decreased by RU at a lower daily dose (50 μg) but not affected by a high (500 μg) dose. Seminal vesicle weights were increased by RU but not affected by MI in both NA-treated prepubertal and adult castrated males. In adult castrated but not in prepubertal males ON decreased seminal vesicle weights. In 17β-estradiol (E) plus progesterone (Prog)-treated animals of all four model systems, RU (100 μg/d) acted additively with a submaximal daily dose (10 μg) of antiestrogen ICI 182, 780 (ICI) to produce a lower mammary gland growth rate than ICI alone. In uterus, however, no significant effect of a combination of ICI plus RU was noted when compared with ICI alone. In general, our assay could serve as an in vivo tool for the detection of steroid hormone agonist and antagonist activities of newly synthesized analogs of steroid hormones, and natural and man-made chemicals and extracts of environmental samples.

Current density effect on magnetic properties of nanocrystalline electroplated Ni 80Fe 20/Cu composite wires

In developing high-sensitivity micro sensors for very weak magnetic field, extremely high permeability magnetic material is essential for the sensing element. In this study, the effect of plating current density in nanocrystalline electrodeposition of permalloy on the crystal grain size and consequently on the soft magnetic properties of the deposited layer of Ni 80Fe 20/Cu composite wire is investigated. It is found that the coercivity of the deposited Ni 80Fe 20 increases and the MI effect ratio of the Ni 80Fe 20/Cu wire decreases with increasing current density in the lower range of current density (0.6–2 A/dm 2) while the opposite trend is observed as the current density range increases in a higher range (2–8 A/dm 2). It seems that increasing plating current density has the effect of decreasing the crystal grain size of the plated material, resulting in lower coercivity of the plated material. This effect, due to decreased grain size, is dominating in the higher range of plating current density. However, it also has the effect of increasing residual stresses in the plated material, which is dominating in the lower range of plating current density, resulting in higher coercivity of the plated materials.

Preimplantation development and viability of in vitro cultured rabbit embryos derived from in vivo fertilized gene-microinjected eggs: apoptosis and ultrastructure analyses

Microinjection (Mi) of gene constructs into pronuclei of fertilized eggs is a widely used method to generate transgenic animals. However, the efficiency of gene integration and expression is very low because of the low viability of reconstructed embryos resulting from cell fragmentation and cleavage arrest. As a consequence, only a few viable embryos integrate and express transgene. Since cellular fragmentation and cleavage stage arrest in embryos may be associated with apoptosis, we aimed to test the hypothesis that the low viability of Mi-derived eggs is caused by a high rate of apoptosis in embryos, as a result of the detrimental effect of Mi. Pronuclear stage eggs (19-20 hours post-coitum, hpc) were microinjected with several picolitres of DNA construct into the male pronucleus (gene-Mi); the intact eggs (non-Mi) or eggs microinjected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS-Mi) served as controls. Epidermal growth factor (EGF; 0, 20 and 200 ng/ml) was added to the culture medium and the embryos were cultured up to 94-96 hpc. Apoptosis was detected using the TUNEL assay, and the ultrastructure was analysed using electron microscopy of Durcupan ACM thin sections of the embryo. Gene-Mi embryos had significantly lower (p < 0.05) blastocyst yields and a higher percentage of cleavage-arrested embryos than those in the non-Mi group. In gene-Mi groups, approximately 40% of all cleavage-stage-arrested embryos had fragmented blastomeres. Both gene-Mi- and PBS-Mi-derived blastocysts had a significantly higher TUNEL index (p < 0.001) and lower total cell number (p < 0.05) than the non-Mi embryos. Comparison of the quality of gene-Mi embryos with that of PBS-Mi embryos indicated that the deleterious effect of Mi on the embryo was caused by the Mi procedure itself, rather than DNA. EGF (at 20 ng/ml) had beneficial effects on the quality of gene-Mi-derived embryos, eliminating the influence of the Mi procedure on apoptosis and embryo cell number. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed a higher occurrence of apoptotic signs (nuclear membrane blebbing, areas with electron-dense material, numerous apoptotic bodies) in Mi-derived cleavage-arrested embryos compared with untreated or Mi-derived normal-looking embryos. These findings suggest an association between embryo cleavage arrest and apoptosis in Mi-derived embryos. Inclusion of EGF in the embryo culture medium can eliminate the detrimental effect of Mi on embryo quality.