Effect Of Maternal Cigarette Smoking Research Articles

Effect of maternal cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy on birth weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in infants, children and adolescents: a systematic review protocol

IntroductionTobacco smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy are particularly prevalent in low socioeconomic status populations, with an adverse association with birth outcomes and cardiometabolic risk factors. However, the direct and...

Maternal prenatal smoking and long-term gastrointestinal morbidity of the offspring: A population-based cohort analysis

Tobacco consumption in the form of cigarette smoking is one of the most prevalent controllable risk factors for adverse health outcomes and is a known reproductive toxin. We aimed to study the effect of maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy on the risk of long-term gastrointestinal (GI) morbidity of their offspring. A population-based cohort analysis was performed comparing long-term GI-related hospitalizations among offspring of smoking mothers compared with offspring of non-smoking mothers up to the age of 18. The analysis included all singletons born between the years 1999–2014 at a single tertiary medical center. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to compare the cumulative GI morbidity, and a Cox proportional hazards model was constructed to adjust for confounders. The study population included 242,342 children who met the inclusion criteria, 2861(1.2 %) of them were born to smokers. Offspring of smoking mothers were found to have higher rates of GI-related hospitalizations (7.2 % vs. 5.4 %, p < 0.01). Furthermore, the cumulative incidence of long-term GI morbidity was higher compared with those born to non-smoking mothers (log-rank p < 0.01). Specifically, an increased risk for inflammatory bowel disease was noted (OR = 1.48, 95 % CI 1.2–1.8, P < 0.01). Using a Cox proportional hazards model, controlling for confounders including maternal age, ethnicity, maternal diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, birth weight, prematurity and mode of delivery, the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and long-term GI morbidity of the offspring remained significant (adjusted HR = 1.54, 95 % CI 1.3–1.8, P < 0.01). In-utero exposure to maternal smoking is associated with an increased risk for long-term GI morbidity of the offspring.

Effect of maternal cigarette smoking on newborn iron stores

Maternal smoking has been known to have a negative impact on the well being of the developing fetus. Prenatal smoking has been associated with premature births, low birth weight and with certain birth defects. Small research studies have also found a negative correlation between maternal smoking and neonatal body iron. To study and compare the relationship between maternal and infants' body iron in smokers and non-smokers in a large matched-pair cohort. This was a prospective cohort study involving 144 mothers - 72 smokers and 72 non-smokers and their respective infants. Samples were obtained from maternal and infants' cord blood at delivery for Serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) and ferritin levels. Serum TfR and ferritin were measured by RAMCO ELISA and RIA assays. Total Body Iron (TBI) was calculated using the sTfR/ferritin ratio in a previously described formula by Cook et al. Women who smoked had lower sTfR, higher ferritin and higher body iron compared to nonsmoking women. In contrast to their respective mothers, we found a small, but statistically significant negative correlation between smoking and infants' total body iron. The number of packs per day smoked was also negatively correlated with infants' ferritin and total body iron. Lower birth weight was noted in babies of smokers compared to nonsmokers (mean /- SD =3270 +/-475 vs. 3393 g +/- 475 g, p=0.03). Women who smoked during pregnancy had higher iron stores but their newborn infants had lower iron stores than those of non-smoking mothers. The more packs per day (PPD) and more days smoked during pregnancy led to lower total body iron of the babies. There may be a negative dose-dependent response between fetal smoke exposure and infant iron stores.

779: The effect of maternal cigarette smoking on pregnancy outcome in FGR

Maternal cigarette smoking is a leading cause of fetal growth restriction (FGR). This global restriction of growth is thought to be due to intrauterine carbon monoxide and nicotine exposure and direct effects of toxins at a cellular level. Smoking is protective against the development of pre-eclampsia (PET). As abnormal UA and MCA Doppler waveforms are independent predictors of morbidity in FGR we aimed to examine the effect of cigarette smoking on Doppler patterns and perinatal outcome in a large cohort of fetuses with EFW <10th centile.

Effect of maternal smoking on cord blood estriol, placental lactogen, chorionic gonadotropin, FSH, LH, and cortisol

To determine the effect of maternal cigarette smoking on cord blood concentrations of E3, hPL, beta-hCG, FSH, LH, and cortisol. Hormone concentrations were measured in term neonates of 100 smoking and 100 non-smoking mothers. The median E3, hPL, beta-hCG, FSH, LH and cortisol cord blood concentrations in the non-smoking mothers' offspring were 212 ng/mL, 2.00 microg/mL, 57.5 mIU/mL, 0.10 mIU/mL, 0.20 mIU/mL, and 14.3 microg/mL, respectively; in the smoking they were 163, 1.39, 45.4, 0.10, 0.20, and 25.1, respectively (P=0.008, 0.004, 0.037, 0.498, 0.286, 0.004, respectively). There was a significant but poor negative correlation between number of cigarettes/day and E3 (r=-0.163, P=0.021), hPL (r=-0.191, P=0.007), and beta-hCG (r=-0.143, P=0.044), whereas the correlation with cortisol was positive (r=0.259, P<0.0001). Multiple linear regression analyses showed that maternal smoking is a determinant of cord blood E3, hPL, beta-hCG, FSH, and cortisol concentrations. Tobacco smoking is associated with a reduction in cord blood E3, hPL, and beta-hCG concentrations, whereas it is associated with increased cortisol concentrations. The disturbed endocrine equilibrium of the fetus induced by tobacco smoking could have adverse consequences on the fetus and child since fetal brain is a target organ for hormonal actions.

Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and cognitive performance in adolescence

The incidence of cigarette smoking during pregnancy remains high. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is known to be associated with cognitive and behavioural sequelae in childhood and adolescence. We assessed the relationship between maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and cognitive abilities in adolescent offspring (n = 503, 12- to 18-years old) using an extensive 6-h battery of tests. Non-exposed adolescents (controls) were matched to exposed adolescents (cases) by maternal education and school attended. Cognitive abilities were evaluated using a neuropsychological battery consisting of 33 tasks measuring verbal abilities, visuo-spatial skills, verbal and visual memory, processing speed, resistance to interference and motor dexterity. We found no differences between cases and controls in any of the cognitive domains whether potential confounders were included in the model or not. In addition to maternal smoking during pregnancy, we also evaluated the effect of sex and age on the various cognitive abilities in this large adolescent sample and found that most of the abilities continue to improve during adolescence to the same extent in girls and boys, with several age-independent sex differences. We found no effect of maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy on cognitive abilities of the adolescent offspring when matching cases and controls by maternal education, the most common confounder of maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy.

The influence of maternal cigarette smoking on placental pathology in pregnancies complicated by abruption

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of maternal cigarette smoking on placental histology in women with abruption. Data were derived from the New Jersey-Placental Abruption Study (NJ-PAS)--an ongoing, case-control study, conducted since August 2002 in 2 large hospitals in NJ. Abruption cases were identified based on a clinical diagnosis. Histologic evaluations were performed by 2 perinatal pathologists who were blinded to the abruption status. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was determined based on patient's self-report. Among abruption cases, histologic findings were compared between smokers and nonsmokers, and the association expressed as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). All analyses were adjusted for potential confounders. A total of 189 abruption cases were available for analysis, of which 10.6% (n = 20) were smokers. Intervillous thrombus was more common in women who smoked (20%) than in nonsmokers (3.0%) (OR, 17.5; 95% CI, 3.1-99.4). However, placental infarcts were seen less frequently among smokers than nonsmokers (10.0% vs 32.5%; OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1-0.8). These findings suggest that different pathologic mechanisms may be responsible for the histologic findings between smokers and nonsmokers diagnosed with placental abruption.

Reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and concentration in fetal umbilical veins from maternal cigarette smokers

Objective This study aimed to investigate the effect of maternal cigarette smoking on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity and concentration in the fetal umbilical vein, and subsequently, to relate the findings to the size of the newborn. Study design Forty-four nonsmoking and 30 smoking women were included in the study. Umbilical vein endothelial cells were isolated immediately after delivery. The eNOS activity was determined in the samples by the conversion of 14C- l-arginine to 14C- l-citrulline, and the eNOS concentration was determined by a human eNOS immunoassay. Results Newborns of smokers had a lower weight ( P = .014) and a smaller head circumference ( P = .002) than those newborns of nonsmokers. The eNOS activity in fetal umbilical veins exposed to maternal smoking was 40% lower ( P = .006), and the eNOS concentration 32% lower ( P = .053) in newborns of smokers than in nonsmokers. Conclusion The findings suggest that maternal smoking reduces nitric oxide production in the fetal circulation. This may contribute to retarded fetal growth caused by the subsequent endothelial dysfunction with reduction of dilatory capacity of the vessels.

Does cigarette smoking causes periodic decreases in blood flow to the fetus of mothers with hypertensive disorders and/or impaired fetal growth?

Aim: To evaluate the acute effect of maternal cigarette smoking on umbilical and middle cerebral artery blood flow in the fetus of women with and without pre‐eclampsia and/or intrauterine growth restriction.Methods: Pregnant women and ≥24 weeks gestation were recruited from the antenatal ward at Tygerberg Hospital, South Africa. Doppler studies of the umbilical and middle cerebral arteries were performed before and at 10, 20 and 30 min after the mother had smoked a cigarette. The same studies were performed in the non‐smoking controls.Results: There were 13 smoking mothers with hypertension and/or a fetus with growth restriction (group A), 15 non‐smoking mothers with hypertension and/or a growth restricted fetus (group C) and 24 normotensive smoking mothers and an appropriately grown fetus (group B). There was a significant difference in the mean umbilical artery RI and PI values in group A vs. group C (P = 0.03 and 0.004, respectively). There was a significant difference in the mean middle cerebral artery PI between group B and group C (P = 0.004).Conclusions: Smoking significantly reduces the feto‐placental perfusion in pregnancies compromised by hypertension and/or intrauterine growth restriction and should be actively discouraged in these patients.

A biosocial interaction in predicting early onset of offending.

Research has shown several factors increase the likelihood of early onset of offending; however, interactions among prenatal risk factors and sociological factors in predicting early onset have been a neglected area of research. The purpose of this study was to test the interactive effect of material cigarette smoking during pregnancy and the absence of the father from the household in predicting early onset of offending. The longitudinal data utilized for this study of 215 inner-city, African-American youth offenders were taken from the Philadelphia portion of the Collaborative Perinatal Project. A logistic regression analysis indicated that the combined effect of maternal cigarette smoking and absence of father from the household had a significant influence in predicting early onset of offending beyond the direct effects of the independent variables while controlling for sex of youth.

Interaction between maternal cigarette smoking and Apgar scores in predicting offending behavior.

Research has shown that various perinatal conditions increase the likelihood of offending behavior; however, results have been mixed, but interactions among perinatal risk factors in predicting offending behavior have been neglected. The purpose was to examine the interaction of maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and 1-min. Apgar scores at birth in predicting individuals' later offending behavior. The longitudinal data set was taken from the Philadelphia portion of the Collaborative Perinatal Project and consisted of 832 inner-city, African-American youths. A logistic regression analysis indicated that the combined effect of maternal cigarette smoking and low Apgar scores had a significant influence in predicting offending behavior, whereas the independent effects of the component variables did not.

Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and the Risk of Congenital Urinary Tract Anomalies

Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with several adverse reproductive outcomes, including spontaneous abortion, low birthweight, perinatal mortality, and sudden infant death syndrome.1-5 Its relation to the risk of overall birth defects in offspring is uncertain,412 and associations with specific malformations have not been well studied. As part of a case-control study of congenital urinary tract anomalies, we sought to assess the possible effect of maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy.

The Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Neonatal Anthropometric Measurements

To estimate the effect of maternal cigarette smoking on birth weight, crown-heel length, and ten other neonatal anthropometric measurements. Data are from a cohort study on risk factors for fetal growth retardation (FGR) in multiparous women conducted from December 1985 through October 1988. Information on smoking status was collected four times during pregnancy. Data analysis included 1205 singleton infants of women delivering at term. Neonatal anthropometric measurements were obtained within 48 hours of birth, including birth weight, crown-heel length, ponderal index, head and abdominal circumferences, arm length and circumference, femur length and thigh circumference, and triceps, thigh, and subscapular skinfold measurements. Analysis of covariance models were used to assess the independent effect of smoking on each neonatal measurement. Neonates born to women who reported smoking during the first trimester had a 0.6-1.9% reduction in most neonatal anthropometric measurements, resulting in an overall reduction of birth weight of 130 g (4%). Neonates born to women who continued to smoke throughout pregnancy had an average adjusted reduction in birth weight of 189 g (5.9%), compared with a 55 g (1.7%) reduction for neonates born to women who stopped smoking after the first trimester. For women who continued to smoke throughout pregnancy, an increased number of cigarettes smoked was associated with increased reductions in birth weight and neonatal chest and abdominal circumferences. For women who stopped smoking after the first trimester, stopping was a better predictor of neonatal anthropometric measurements than the number of cigarettes smoked early in pregnancy. Except for the ponderal index, all neonatal anthropometric measurements studied showed some negative effect of maternal cigarette smoking. Head circumference is the measurement least reduced. Smoking cessation is a better predictor of infant size than the number of cigarettes smoked in the first trimester.

Effect of Maternal Cigarette Smoking on Pregnancy Complications and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

(1995). Effect of Maternal Cigarette Smoking on Pregnancy Complications and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. European Journal of General Practice: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 117-117.

65 The Effect of Maternal Cigarette Smoking on Maternal and Neonatal Pregnancy Outcomes

65 The Effect of Maternal Cigarette Smoking on Maternal and Neonatal Pregnancy Outcomes

7-Alkoxyquinoline O-dealkylation by microsomes from human liver and placenta.

1. The O-dealkylation of seven 7-alkoxyquinoline derivatives by human hepatic and placental microsomes and the effect of maternal cigarette smoking on placental 7-alkoxyquinoline metabolism was studied. 2. None of several monoclonal antibodies to isoenzymes of cytochrome P450 had a clear effect on metabolism of the compounds by liver microsomes. 3. Maternal cigarette smoking induced the O-dealkylation of all of the 7-alkoxyquinoline derivatives, being greatest for 7-butoxy- and 7-benzyloxyquinoline. 4. Placental 7-alkoxyquinoline metabolism induced by smoking was partially inhibited by the monoclonal antibody 1-7-1 raised against 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rat liver P450. 5. None of the 7-alkoxyquinoline O-dealkylations could be assigned specifically to any known P450 isoenzyme in human liver or placenta.

Chronic Fetal Hypoxia and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

To investigate the hypothesis that chronic fetal hypoxia contributes to the etiology of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), a possible interaction between the effect of maternal cigarette smoking and low hematocrit during pregnancy on the risk of SIDS was studied using the US Collaborative Perinatal Project cohort. The 193 SIDS cases identified in the cohort were analyzed with 1930 controls randomly selected from infants who survived the first year of life. After adjustment for maternal age, infants born to mothers who smoked 10 or more cigarettes per day and who were anemic (hematocrit less than 30%) during pregnancy were at a much higher risk of SIDS than infants born to mothers who did not smoke and were not anemic (odds ratio = 4.0; 95% confidence limits, 2.1 and 7.4). Smoking 10 or more cigarettes per day vs none increased the risk of SIDS by 70% among women with hematocrit at or above 30% but increased risk threefold among women with hematocrit below 30%. After adjustment for more potential confounders in a logistic regression model, the effect of smoking on SIDS continued to increase with lower levels of hematocrit during pregnancy. Birth weight accounted for very little of these associations. Low hematocrit was not a risk factor for SIDS among nonsmokers but became an important predictor among heavy smokers. These findings are in agreement with the hypothesis that chronic fetal hypoxia may predispose to SIDS, possibly by impairing the normal development of the fetal central nervous system.

Chronic Fetal Hypoxia and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Interaction Between Maternal Smoking and Low Hematocrit During Pregnancy

To investigate the hypothesis that chronic fetal hypoxia contributes to the etiology of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), a possible interaction between the effect of maternal cigarette smoking and low hematocrit during pregnancy on the risk of SIDS was studied using the US Collaborative Perinatal Project cohort. The 193 SIDS cases identified in the cohort were analyzed with 1930 controls randomly selected from infants who survived the first year of life. After adjustment for maternal age, infants born to mothers who smoked 10 or more cigarettes per day and who were anemic (hematocrit less than 30%) during pregnancy were at a much higher risk of SIDS than infants born to mothers who did not smoke and were not anemic (odds ratio = 4.0; 95% confidence limits, 2.1 and 7.4). Smoking 10 or more cigarettes per day vs none increased the risk of SIDS by 70% among women with hematocrit at or above 30% but increased risk threefold among women with hematocrit below 30%. After adjustment for more potential confounders in a logistic regression model, the effect of smoking on SIDS continued to increase with lower levels of hematocrit during pregnancy. Birth weight accounted for very little of these associations. Low hematocrit was not a risk factor for SIDS among nonsmokers but became an important predictor among heavy smokers. These findings are in agreement with the hypothesis that chronic fetal hypoxia may predispose to SIDS, possibly by impairing the normal development of the fetal central nervous system.

Effects of maternal cigarette smoking on fetal trunk movements, fetal breathing movements and the fetal heart rate

The acute effect of maternal cigarette smoking was studied in 10 patients between 37 and 40 weeks gestation. There was a significant reduction in the percentage of time the fetus spent moving during the first 16 min of smoking (P less than 0.02). No significant changes were seen in the proportion of time the fetus spent breathing or the number of times the fetus changed from high or intermediate to low heart period variability. There were significant reductions in the number of accelerations (P less than 0.01), beat-to-beat variation (P less than 0.01) and root-mean-square of the deviation around the mean (P less than 0.02).

Maternal Smoking and Fetal Growth Retardation

To determine whether the fetal growth-retarding effect of maternal cigarette smoking could be due to lower dietary intake in smokers than in nonsmokers, the pediatric group of the Children's Hospital of Winnipeg assessed the energy and nutrient intake of 302 smoking and 234 nonsmoking women toward the end of the last trimester of pregnancy. The smokers had significantly smaller infants, but pregnancy weight gain was not different. Daily dietary intake of the smokers was not less than that of the nonsmokers; in fact, for some nutrients it was significantly greater. Therefore, the authors concluded that fetal growth retardation due to smoking is not caused by the mother's diminished intake of food.