Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with several adverse reproductive outcomes, including spontaneous abortion, low birthweight, perinatal mortality, and sudden infant death syndrome.1-5 Its relation to the risk of overall birth defects in offspring is uncertain,412 and associations with specific malformations have not been well studied. As part of a case-control study of congenital urinary tract anomalies, we sought to assess the possible effect of maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy.
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