Load Reduction Effect Research Articles

居住者の温冷感を考慮した空調負荷計算法に関する研究

Because the current air-conditioning load calculation method does not consider the resident's thermal sensation directly, the relationship between the resident's thermal sensation and the load is not clear at the stage of air conditioning system design. To solve this problem, we have shown a new calculation method which can calculate the load by considering the resident's thermal sensation. So far, we have investigated only the sensible heat load calculation model on this new calculation method, but in this paper, we showed a latent heat load calculation model, and obtained the following results. 1) If the air-conditioning load computed by the current method is processed at the optimum point, indoor temperature and humidity are controlled to their set points, but resident's thermal sensation may not be maintained at comfortable range. However, if the load computed by this new method is removed completely, even if indoor temperature and humidity changes, resident's thermal sensation will be maintained at comfortable range. 2) After maintaining demanded thermal sensation, the rate of sensible heat load and latent heat load can be changed as necessary, and the load reduction effect can also be expected.

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus load reduction on benthic phosphorus release in a riverine lake

The Lower Havel in Berlin is a polymictic riverine lake, thermally stratified for some days or weeks in summer. It is characterized by a relatively high mean total phosphorus concentration (145 µg l−1) and frequent cyanobacteria mass development in summer. We quantified the potentially mobile P pool in sediments, determined P fluxes based on conventional dialysis sampler-, gel probe- and benthic chamber measurements, and combined this with column experiments and P budget calculations to evaluate whether a) a reduction of P loading would be counterbalanced by P release from sediment, and b) release of redox sensitive P would even increase with reduction of nitrogen loading. The potentially mobile P pool was relatively small (228 t) compared to mean annual external load (190 t a−1) and gross P release (1.2–36 mg m−2 day−1), and was thus of little relevance for long-term P availability. Despite 38 % of P in the sediment being redox sensitive, the seasonal course of P gross release was mainly driven by redox independent organic matter mineralization of diagenetically young surface sediment. Under anoxic conditions, P release was higher than under oxic conditions and to some extent controlled by nitrate under laboratory conditions. However, ambient nitrate availability was too low to affect P release which was more dependent on mineralization and Fe availability than on redox. Therefore, the Lower Havel would benefit from P load reduction but internal P loading would be largely unaffected from further N load reduction.

A Study of Industry Environmental Accounting Disclosure Associated with Cost and Benefits─ A Case Study of Japanese Hitachi Group

Within the 1970s, due to the environmental accounting began getting focus throughout the energy crisis. Recently, environmental accounting research has become an attractive area. Several studies have suggested the benefit of facilitative in disclosing company environmental accounting information. The data of this study is collected from Hitachi annual report and Hitachi group corporate social responsibility report over the period 2008-2012. The case study analyzes whether the investment in environmental protection can reduce GHG emissions, waste processing and energy conservation etc. This study mainly explores the relationship between carbon emission and financial investment in Hitachi Company according to the environmental disclosures. Furthermore, this study also observes the indicator of the efficiency of environmental load reduction and environmental economic effects. The results showed that Hitachi invests environmental protection does not definitely get positive efficiency. However, Hitachi still concerned environmental protection issue, for example, Hitachi enhances energy efficiency of their products and reduces CO₂ emissions in energy productions. In conclusion, Hitachi has long-term plans for environment protection, in order to reach the goal that they increase the ratio of eco-products which enhance energy efficiency of their products. Although the study has limitation, it presents some results of cost-benefit analysis of environmental investment through environmental accounting data that could strength the contribution of environmental accounting report..

Pumping Unit Suspension Point Direction Balance Theory Analysis Method and Effect Evaluation

In order to reduce the adverse effect of suspension point dynamic load on pumping unit system, according to the suspension point balance principle of conventional type pumping unit, the suspension point direction balance designing scheme is determined. Take CYJ10-3-37HB pumping unit as research object. Establish the virtual prototype simulation analysis model of conventional pumping unit by suspension point direction balance before and after the balance. Through the contrastive analysis of simulation results, the effect of load reduction and energy saving after the pumping unit by suspension point direction balance is determined. The simulation results show that the reduce rate of pumping unit maximum polished rod load is 29.4%, the reduce rate of RMS torque is 15.8%, the load reduction and energy saving effect of suspension point direction balance is obviously. It laid a theoretical basis for the suspension point direction balance device in engineering practice application.

제강슬래그 기초지진격리장치의 지진하중 저감효과

교량 구조물의 내진성능을 향상하기 위해 Laminated Rubber Bearing(LSB)과 Friction Pendulum System(FPS) 등의 다양한 종류의 지진격리장치가 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 LSB와 FPS와 달리 설치비용과 운반비용을 절약할 수 있는 제강 슬래그를 이용한 기초지진격리장치를 연구하였으며, 1-G 진동대 시험을 이용하여 기초지진격리장치의 지진하중저감효과를 분석하였다. 연구결과, 기반암에서 기초지진격리장치까지 도달하는 동안 연약점토지반에서 상당한 진동 감소가 발생했으며, 기초지진격리장치를 통과하면서 가속도가 추가로 감소되는 효과를 보였다. 진동대 실험과 함께 수행된 수치해석은 실험과 유사한 결과를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과는 기초지진격리장치가 교량구조물의 내진성능을 개선하는 효과가 있다는 것을 보여준다. Seismic isolation systems including Laminated Rubber Bearing(LRB) and Friction Pendulum System(FPS) have been being used to improve the seismic performance of bridge structures. This paper studied the seismic load reduction effect of a steel slag-based seismic foundation isolation system by using 1-G shaking table tests. The result shows that ground acceleration reduces significantly through soft clay ground to the foundation isolation system, and it further reduces through the foundation isolation system. Numerical analyses show similar results. These results show that the seismic foundation isolation system is effective in seismic performance improvement of bridge structure.

풍력발전시스템 개별피치제어설계 및 피로해석에 관한 연구

Structural loading on a wind turbine is due to cyclic loads acting on the blades under turbulence and periodic wind field. The structural loading generates fatigue damage and fatigue failure of the wind turbine. The individual pitch control(IPC) is an efficient control method for reducing structural loading. In this paper, we present an IPC design method using Decentralized LQR(DLQR) and Disturbance accommodating control(DAC). DLQR is used for regulating rotor speed and DAC is used for canceling out disturbances. The performance of the proposed IPC is compared with CPC, which was designed with a gain-scheduled PI controller. We confirm the effect of fatigue load reduction with the use of damage equivalent load(DEL).

居住者の温冷感を考慮した空調負荷計算法に関する研究

Because current load calculation method cannot show the relation between the clothing and the air-conditioning load definitely, the load reduction effect of the WARM BIZ and the COOL BIZ is not analyzed enough. In previous studies, we have presented a new load calculation method called "air-conditioning load calculation method considering thermal sensation of residents" for the load calculation. This paper analyzed the possibility of the quantitative evaluation on load reduction effect of the WARM BIZ and the COOL BIZ using this new load calculation method. The following results were obtained. (1) The new load calculation method is effective in the quantitative evaluation of load reduction effect of the WARM BIZ and the COOL BIZ. (2) Air-conditioning load when the WARM BIZ and the COOL BIZ is performed is 16% lower than the load in case of clothing 1.0clo, and 8% lower than the case of clothing 0.8clo. (3) In order to keep the PMV at zero, required minimum indoor temperature in the case of clothing 1.0clo is about 21°C in summer, but by utilizing the COOL BIZ, the temperature can be risen up to about 25°C. (4) In order to keep the PMV at zero, required maximum indoor temperature in the case of clothing 0.6clo is about 28°C in winter, by utilizing the WARM BIZ, the temperature drops to about 25°C.

保水性建材を設置した建物の表面温度及び熱負荷に関する検討

We conducted an outdoor experiment and numerical analysis to clarify the mitigation effects on the surface temperatures and reduction of the air-conditioning loads of buildings equipped with water-retentive building materials. In the outdoor experiment using two housing units in the daytime during summer, the cooling effects of the water-retentive building material were demonstrated by decreases in the roof surface temperature by 20℃, and in the room air temperature by 1.2-1.7℃. Next, a building heat load model was coupled with a simultaneous heat and mass transfer model to confirm whether simulation results were consistent with the observed data for surface temperature and room air temperature. We then implemented case studies using assumptions for standard buildings, and found that the use of water-retentive building material had a cooling load reduction effect of by 9.8-15.1% in the case of a factory and, 9.0-13.8% in the case of an office.

The influence of short-term memory on standard discrimination and cued identification olfactory tasks

Amongst the techniques to assess olfactory functions, discrimination and cued identification are those most prone to the influence of odour short-term memory (STM). Discrimination task requires participants to detect the odd one out of three presented odourants. As re-smelling is not permitted, an un-intended STM load may generate, even though the task purports to assess discrimination ability. Analogously, cued identification task requires participants to smell an odour, and then select a label from three or four alternatives. As the interval between smelling and reading each label increases this too imposes a STM load, even though the task aims to measure identification ability. We tested whether modifying task design to reduce STM load improve performance on these tests. We examined five age-groups of participants (Adolescents, Young adults, Middle-aged, Elderly, very Elderly), some of whom should be more prone to the effects of STM load than others, on standard and modified tests of discrimination and identification. We found that using a technique to reduce STM load improved performance, especially for the very Elderly and Adolescent groups. Sources of error are now prevented. Findings indicate that STM load can adversely affect performance in groups vulnerable from memory impairment (i.e., very Elderly) and in those who may still be acquiring memory-based representations of familiar odours (i.e., Adolescents). It may be that adults in general would be even more sensitive to the effects of olfactory STM load reduction, if the odour-related task was more difficult.

Cooling load reduction effect and its mechanism in between-glass cavity and venetian blind operation during the summer season

The proper operation of venetian blinds in between-glass cavity airspaces is one of the most commonly used passive control techniques and can significantly reduce the cooling load and energy use in buildings. This study investigated the cooling load reduction effect of the blind integrated with the cavity operation. A full heat balance analysis was performed using EnergyPlus to provide a detailed understanding of the heat transfer mechanism that takes place around the blind and between-glass cavity. A sensitivity analysis was also carried out to evaluate the effects of different slat angles and blind operation hours. The results show that integration of the blind and between-glass cavity operations can significantly reduce the cooling load in buildings. The cooling load reduction effect of the cavity operation (by approximately 50%) was greater than that of the blind operation (by 5% to 40%, depending on slat angle and operating hours). It was found that the interzone heat transfers between the cavity and the room space and convection heat fluxes from each surface mainly contribute to the total cooling load reduction. In addition, the double-sided blind had a greater potential to reduce the cooling load compared with a conventional single-sided blind due to its greater capability of reflecting direct solar radiation and preventing diffuse solar radiation from penetrating the room space. The results of the study show that the largest reduction of cooling load can be achieved by the cavity operation, followed by the blind operation and the proper selection of operating hours for the blinds.

Analysis on the Optical Performances of Window Film in Korea

Recently, high efforts have been exerted all over the world to reduce energy used in buildings and to prevent environmental pollution. However, despite the fact that windows on buildings cause the greatest amount of heat energy loss, the area of windows on buildings is increasing due to the preference of high buildings, increasing demand of comfort, extended balcony based on the maximum use of indoor area, view, lighting, etc. The increase in window area is causing a major social issue, as the cooling load in summer season increased significantly due to the solar heat gain. The Window Film maximally permits the penetration ratio of visible light inflow and blocks UV and infrared rays. In the summer time, it blocks the inflow of solar energy and in the winter time the warm indoor temperature is maintained to enhance heating efficiency. Consequently, this study will examine the current recognition standards of window films within and outside the nation and analyze the insulation performance and the cooling load reduction effects of window films distributed in the nation so as to develop a recognition standard for high-efficiency constructional window films.

Development of Load Reduction Technology by Swing-Type Forging and Lubrication for Large-Deformation Forging by High-Speed Large-Reduction Forging — Production Technology for Fine Grained Steel by Large Deformation Forging II —

To reduce the forging load of the proposed large deformation forging technology, a new type of forging system is proposed. In this forging system, the contact length between forging dies and a work can be reduced by adjusting the swing motion of the dies during forging. This swing motion results in load reduction because contact length is a dominant factor of the load for this type of forging. Also, this forging technology is relatively stable when using lubrication because of its basic up-and-down motion. In this study, load reduction effect with the newly proposed forging system and lubrication are examined by laboratory-scale experiments and FE analysis. It appears that a nearly 30% load reduction can be achieved by the swing-type forging compared with the flying-type forging under the condition of a large thickness reduction. Width spread is also reduced by the swing type forging because contact length has a large influence on a material’s lateral flow. Moreover, another 20 to 30% load reduction is confirmed and seizure on the forging dies was prevented by lubrication.

The Load Reduction Effect of a Cyclic Irrigation System after Dredging Sediment in a Bank-Based Water Canal in Paddy Fields along Lake Kasumigaura

The Load Reduction Effect of a Cyclic Irrigation System after Dredging Sediment in a Bank-Based Water Canal in Paddy Fields along Lake Kasumigaura

공동주택 전용 갱폼 인양 자동화 기술의 개발 - 구조적 안정성 및 타워크레인 양중부하 분석 -

갱폼(Gangform)은 기준층 설치 후 반복사용이 가능하여 기존 합판 거푸집에 비해 공기단축이 가능하고 높은 경제성을 확보할 수 있는 시스템 거푸집이다. 또한 거푸집의 처짐량이 작고 외력에 대한 안정성이 높은 장점을 지니고 있다. 그러나 갱폼의 운반 및 인양작업은 타워크레인의 동력에 전적으로 의존하고 있으며, 갱폼 인양작업을 위해 공동주택 골조공사 6~7일 사이클 중 1일의 공기를 차지하는 등 전체 골조 공기에 있어 큰 비중을 차지하고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 국내외 관련 업계를 중심으로 갱폼 인양과 관련된 다양한 연구 및 기술개발 노력이 수행되어 왔다. 특히, '공동주택 전용 갱폼 인양 자동화 기술 개발에 관한 연구'는 타워크레인의 동력원에 의존하지 않고 별도의 인양장치에 의해 갱폼의 인양작업을 가능할 수 있도록 하는 개념 디자인을 제안하였다. 이에 대한 후속 연구로써 본 연구에서는 구조해석 프로그램을 활용하여 선행 연구를 통해 제안된 갱폼 인양 자동화 기술의 구조적 안정성을 해석하고, 실제 공동주택 건설현장의 공정데이터를 적용하여 갱폼 인양 자동화 기술 적용 시 기존 타워크레인의 양중부하 감소 효과를 분석함으로써 제안된 공동주택 전용 갱폼 인양 자동화 기술의 기술적 타당성을 제시하고자 한다. Gangform, compared to the traditional forms, is a systemized form which can reduce construction duration and cost by the advantage of using it repeatedly. However, transportation and climbing process of the Gangform is highly dependant on the performance of tower crane. Gangform climbing process takes one day out of six to seven days of a structural work cycle. Tower cranes can not be used in other lifting works when they lift the Gangform during the structural work cycle, causing the delay in the construction project. Numerous efforts and researches have been done in domestic and international industry to solve such limitations of Gangform climbing process. Especially, "A Study on the Development of Automatic Gangform Climbing System for Apartment Housing Construction"has suggested a conceptual model which can climb the Gangform system without a tower crane. In this paper, the technical and economical feasibilities of previously proposed Automatic Gangform climbing system are examined by evaluating its structural stability and lifting load reduction effect.

The Effect of Load Reductions on Repetition Performance for Commonly Performed Multijoint Resistance Exercises

The purpose of this study was to compare 4 different loading schemes for the free weight bench press, wide grip front lat pull-down, and free weight back squat to determine the extent of progressive load reductions necessary to maintain repetition performance. Thirty-two recreationally trained women (age = 29.34 ± 4.58 years, body mass = 59.61 ± 4.72 kg, height = 162.06 ± 4.04 cm) performed 4 resistance exercise sessions that involved 3 sets of the free weight bench press, wide grip front lat pull-down, and free weight back squat, performed in this exercise order during all 4 sessions. Each of the 4 sessions was conducted under different randomly ordered loading schemes, including (a) a constant 10 repetition maximum (RM) load for all 3 sets and for all 3 exercises, (b) a 5% reduction after the first and second sets for all the 3 exercises, (c) a 10% reduction after the first and second sets for all the 3 exercises, and (d) a 15% reduction after the first and second sets for all the 3 exercises. The results indicated that for the wide grip front lat pull-down and free weight back squat, a 10% load reduction was necessary after the first and second sets to accomplish 10 repetitions on all the 3 sets. For the free weight bench press, a load reduction between 10 and 15% was necessary; specifically, a 10% reduction was insufficient and a 15% reduction was excessive, as evidenced by significantly >10 repetitions on the second and third sets for this exercise (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that a resistance training prescription that involves 1-minute rest intervals between multiple 10RM sets does require load reductions to maintain repetition performance. Practitioners might apply these results by considering an approximate 10% load reduction after the first and second sets for the exercises examined, when training women of similar characteristics as in this study.

315 傾斜角度の変化に伴うノルディックウォーキングの負荷特性評価(歩行・転倒・姿勢制御)

There are few studies focused on the various joint loads for NW. Therefore, as for examining having joint load reduction effect or not of the NW, it is with an important element judging the right or wrong of the application to everyday life of the NW for patients with joint disease and young people.The purpose of this study is to compare the joint load (lumbar spine, hip, knee and ankle joints) for NW to ordinary walking (OW) on a level surface and for going up and down hill. Standard 3D inverse dynamics was used to calculate joint force and joint moment in the lower limb joints. On level ground, NW had a load reduction effect on the hip compression and shear force, the knee compression and shear force, ankle shear force. Going up hill, NW had a load reduction effect on the hip compression force and knee shear force, ankle shear force. Going down hill, NW had a load reduction effect on the hip compression and shear force, the knee compression and shear force, ankle shear force.

伊勢湾での陸域負荷削減が一次生産量と貧酸素水塊の規模に与える影響

Ise Bay is still suffering from eutrophication and hypoxia frequently occurs in the hypolimnion, whereas discoloration of cultivated laver has been repeatedly found in recent years. In this paper, sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the effect of riverine load reduction on primary productivity and occurrence of hypoxia in Ise Bay using a numerical model. Although riverine load reduction caused a local decrease in primary productivity around river mouths and a delay of hypoxia development, the bay-scale improvement was hardly found from the analytical results. Moreover, internal load of phosphorus, which was equivalent to 58% of riverine load, was hardly affected by the reduction. To summarize, riverine load reduction was considered to be less effective regarding primary production and hypoxia in Ise Bay.

地域特性からみた一戸建て住宅における雨水活用装置の環境負荷削減効果

地域特性からみた一戸建て住宅における雨水活用装置の環境負荷削減効果

企業間ペーパーレスシステムによる環境負荷低減効果の事例評価

企業間ペーパーレスシステムによる環境負荷低減効果の事例評価

Performance of Soil Pressure on the Culvert under High-Backfill Reinforced with Geosynthetics

Finite element model of culvert under high-backfill reinforced with Geosynthetics was set up to calculate the soil pressures on culvert and the effects of load reduction by reinforcement were analyzed in the paper. Results showed that the soil load on culvert under embankment reinforced with geosynthetics was reduced significantly compared with the one under unreinforced embankment, the reduction effects were related with reinforcement layers and space. With increasing layers the soil load reduced, but the amount of reduction seemed out of proportion to the layer increasing, to some extent the layers will contributed only a little to the load reduction. Comparatively, the reduction effects enhanced remarkably with space of reinforcement. Results will benefit to design and construction of engineering.