Effects Of Key Factors Research Articles

Impact of inter-particle collision on elbow erosion based on DSMC-CFD method

In this work, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to study elbow erosion due to a gas–solid two-phase flow. In particular, the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is used to study the impact of inter-particle collision on the erosion behavior. The two-way coupled Euler–Lagrange method is used to solve the gas–solid flow, and the DSMC method is used to consider the collision behavior between particles. The effects of key factors, such as the particle concentration distribution and inter-particle collision, on the erosion ratio are evaluated and discussed. The effectiveness of the method is verified from experimental data. The results show that the inter-particle collision significantly influences the particle movement path and erosion ratio. When the inter-particle collision is considered, the maximum erosion position is offset. The erosion model proposed by Oka et al., who used the DSMC method, agrees best with the experimental data, and the average percentage error decreases from 39.2 to 27.4%.

Matching daily home health-care demands with supply in service-sharing platforms

The availability of innovative technologies (e.g., the Internet of Things, big data analytics, blockchain, the cloud, and applications) has led to a shift in the provision of home health-care (HHC) services from traditional institutions to service-sharing platforms. In the HHC context, one main challenge faced by service-sharing platforms is the matching of demand with supply, while considering the heterogeneity of care requests and service providers. From a centralized perspective of service-sharing platforms regarding three stakeholders (i.e., platform, caregiver, and customer), different matching strategies are used, including the “self-interested”, “customer-first”, “hard-work-happy-life”, and “social-welfare” strategies. When addressing the matching problem at an operational level, the platforms must comply with various requirements and rules, including break requirements, temporal dependencies, and flexible service durations. In this study, mixed-integer linear programming models and a branch-and-price approach are designed to match demand with supply using different matching strategies while satisfying all of the requirements and rules. The effects of key factors on performance indicators (e.g., platform revenue, caregiver profit, and customer surplus) are examined, and the matching strategies are compared. The results indicate that the “customer-first” and “self-interested” strategies benefit more from flexible service durations, however they are more and less negatively affected by break requirements and temporal dependencies, respectively, as compared to the “social-welfare” and “hard-work-happy-life” strategies. A comparison between the “social-welfare” strategy and the other three strategies indicates that the former strategy is beneficial for all three stakeholders of the service-sharing platforms as well as the government. Another comparison between the service-sharing platforms and traditional HHC institutions indicates the sharing economy has a positive impact on caregiver profit and customer surplus.

Parasitism performance of the parasitoid Trichogrammadendrolimi on the plum fruit moth Grapholitha funebrana

The egg parasitoid Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura is one of the most widely used agents in sustainable crop protection to manage many lepidopteran pests in China, especially via inundative releases. It has been used as an important biocontrol agent in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs for the control of the plum fruit moth Grapholitha funebrana Tr. However, accurate knowledge of the parasitoid’s biology and ecology is needed to optimize its practical application in pest management. In the current study, the effect of key factors on T. dendrolimi effectiveness as biocontrol agent, including host age, exposure time, parasitoid density and, host density was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The parasitoid showed a higher parasitism rate on younger over older G. funebrana eggs. When host egg density increased, the number of eggs parasitized by the parasitoid also increased, but parasitism rates decreased. The functional response of T. dendrolimi on G. funebrana eggs fitted the Holling type II Model ( N t = 0.932 N /(1+0.112 N )). When parasitoid density and exposure time of hosts to parasitoids increased, the parasitism rate of T. dendrolimi also increased. In addition, previous exposure of host eggs to ultraviolet (UV) light did not affect parasitism rate. All aforementioned factors did not influence the emergence rate of the parasitoid offspring. Our results would provide references for optimizing the application of T. dendrolimi inundative releases in large-scale management of G. funebrana in orchards.

The Effects of Key Influencing Factors on Unsafe Events in Airport Flight Areas According to Time Series Data.

This study applied modern econometric models to analyze the factors affecting the number of unsafe events (NUE) in the airport flight area using time series data from 1993 to 2017. Influencing factors considered in this article include gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (GDPPC), household consumption level (HCL), the civil aviation passenger turnover (CAPT), the number of civil aviation transport aircraft (NCATA), the total population of the whole country, and the number of civil aviation employment (NCAE). First, the Johansen cointegration test results demonstrate that HCL, NCATA, and NCAE have long-term effects on unsafe events-namely, a 1% increase in HCL corresponds to an average 0.262% increase in NUE. In addition, a 1% increase in NCATA correlates to an average 2.339% increase, and a 1% increase in NCAE corresponds to an average 2.202% decrease in NUE with fixed variables. The analysis results based on the vector error correction model suggest that CAPT has short-term effects on unsafe events and positively correlates to unsafe events. The results of the impulse response function also indicate that the impact of NUE in the previous period on the change of NUE gradually weakens and finally tends to be stable. Finally, NCATA is found to promote the change of NUE significantly. Similarly, the results of variance decomposition also indicate that NCATA has the greatest contribution to the change of NUE, followed by NUE in the previous period. The findings reveal the effects of key factors on the change of unsafe events in airport flight areas, thus providing a valuable theoretical basis for preventing the occurrence of unsafe incidents.

Integrated Fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS for selecting the best color removal process using carbon-based adsorbent materials: multi-criteria decision making vs. systematic review approaches and modeling of textile wastewater treatment in real conditions

ABSTRACT Here, Fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS methodology proposed for selecting the best colour treatment process using carbon-based adsorbent materials. Cost, safety, accessibility, reuse and adsorption capacity were identified as the main criteria for decision making. The priority of the criteria based on the experts’ opinions ordered as accessibility, reuse, adsorption capacity, environment safety, human safety, material cost, equipment cost with BNP = 0.250, 0.217, 0.172, 0.144, 0.105, 0.070 and 0.049, respectively. The consistency ratio was found 0.7% (less than 10%), which was acceptable to prioritise the criteria results. Fuzzy TOPSIS decision matrix with respect to criteria for evaluating the performance of eight carbon-based adsorbent materials in colour removal was formed and adsorbents ranked according to the NCCi as powder activated carbon>granular activated carbon >carbon nano tube >graphene oxide > graphene >reduced graphene oxide >graphite>coal. Finally, the effect of key factors in the treatment of real textile wastewater using PAC was investigated and optimised with RSM-CCF modelling. The optimal value of the parameters for the best productivity (81.60%) were as follows: pH: 3, PAC dose: 9.99 g L−1 and contact time: 83.19 min, respectively. The adsorption equilibrium and kinetic data were fitted with the Langmuir monolayer isotherm model (qmax: 127.431 ADMI/g, R2: 0.999) and Pseudo-first-order kinetics (R2: 0.998). Thermodynamic parameters, i.e. R2 > 0.995, ΔH°> 0, ΔS°> 0 and ΔG°< 0 also indicated colour adsorption are feasible, spontaneous and endothermic in nature.

Numerical Study on Effects of Key Factors on Performance of CeO2-based Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filter

Catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) combines the functions of the oxidization catalyst and the diesel particulate filter. Due to good redox capacity and oxygen storage capacity, CeO2 is used as the catalyst of CDPF. Since the effects of key factors on the performance of CeO2-based CDPF were rarely reported, it was performed in this study based on a zero-dimensional numerical model using plug flow reactor in which a reaction mechanism was established and validated by the experiment of the thermal gravimetric analyzer. The effects of exhaust gas temperature and three defined parameters including the ratios of NO2 in NOx (α), NOx to soot (β), and catalyst coated amount to carbon loading amount (γ) on catalyst poisoning temperature, N2O concentration, NOx reduction rate and soot regeneration rate were investigated. The results show that the rising exhaust gas temperature causes the reduction of NOx concentration, and the NOx reduction rate comes to 66% when the catalyst poisoning temperature is reached. The soot regeneration rate and the N2O concentration first increase and then decrease as the exhaust gas temperature increases. Meanwhile, the higher exhaust gas temperature suppresses the production of N2O, but raises the possibility of catalyst poisoning. The increasing α and β result in the increase of soot regeneration rate and the decrease of NOx reduction rate. The catalyst poisoning temperature is improved at higher α and lower β. The soot regeneration rate has a fast increase with γ at first and then stabilizes rapidly. The results of this study are valuable to optimize the operation of CDPF.

Interaction between balancing market design and market behaviour of wind power producers in China

To fulfil a commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promoting renewable energy accommodation is a major goal in establishing a spot market in light of China's 2015 electricity market reform. Eight representative provinces with different power supply structures and generation portfolios carry out simulated operations as initial pilot spot markets. The balancing market, a significant section of the spot market that addresses fair transaction settlements to eliminate system imbalance in real time, is diverse among these pilot spot markets. Therefore, effective methodological support is needed to analyse the interaction between balancing market design and participant behaviour considering the market environment in China. Based on the incentive compatibility of the market design with the actual situation in China, this paper assigns wind power producers as market participants, since wind power integration aggravates real-time imbalances due to its natural uncertainty and fluctuation. This study first summarizes the key elements of balancing market design in China that exert great influence on wind power producers; then, an offering strategy model of wind power producers is proposed embedding into the balancing market clearing model to reveal the interactive effect between balancing market design and the behavioural decisions of market participants and to investigate the adequacy of the entire market. Using an example, the effects of key factors on market adequacy and wind power revenue are discussed, including the tolerance margin, programme time unit (PTU) duration, and imbalance pricing mechanism. Finally, corresponding recommendations for balancing market design in China are put forward.

Experimental study of injection characteristics under diesel’s sub/trans/supercritical conditions with various nozzle diameters and injection pressures

The supercritical fluid combustion technology was expected to enhance fuel-gas mixing and heat exchange management both in the application of automobile and marine engines. Considering the challenge and shortage of relevant researches, the transcritical injection experiment is conducted in a constant volume chamber to obtain the detailed knowledge about the effect of key factors, such as nozzle diameters, injection pressures and critical conditions, on injection and critical characteristics. A total of 216 experimental cases were operated to analyze the effect of three different injector nozzle diameters (100, 300, 350 μm), four injection pressures (60, 100, 140, 180 MPa) and nine ambient conditions, with two optical techniques (backlight illumination, schlieren imaging). The fuel injection characteristics are studied, where the spray structure is recorded, and the liquid length, R-parameter, spray volumes, cone angles as well as relevant empirical correlations are calculated to investigate the axial and radial dispersion. The results show that different critical conditions dominate the fuel spray to behave as different structures. The 350 μm nozzle produces a higher fuel mass flow rate than other nozzles to expand the side periphery region, while the 100 μm nozzle is prone to be dominated by ambient gas entrainment to strength the puffing process. The injection pressure has an insignificant effect on the liquid length, liquid volume and spray cone angles, but an increasing influence on the jet volume with higher pressures. Under supercritical condition, higher injection pressure can promote the fuel-gas mixing and hot gas entrainment in the downstream region.

Numerical investigation on heat extraction performance of an enhanced geothermal system with supercritical N2O as working fluid

A novel supercritical N2O enhanced geothermal system (EGS) is proposed to extract heat from hot dry rock (HDR) in this study. Single phase supercritical N2O is utilized as the working fluid. It has physical properties similar to CO2 and is a typical greenhouse gas, but performs better in viscosity for subsurface heat extraction. The typical doublet layout with an artificial fracture is used. A 3D unsteady-state fluid flow and heat transfer model is established to investigate the heat extraction performance of the N2O-EGS. The effects of key factors on the N2O-EGS performance are studied. The performances of N2O, CO2, and H2O EGS are compared. The results indicate that there exit optimal injection mass flow rate and well spacing to achieve both high and stable output thermal capacity and long enough service-time. Under the conditions, the optimal injection rate and well spacing are approximately 70 kg/s and 400 m, respectively. The low production pressure, high initial reservoir temperature and pressure were beneficial to improve the heat extraction performance of N2O-EGS, while the effect of well diameter on N2O-EGS performance is negligible. Further, N2O-EGS is superior and more stable than H2O-EGS in most aspects, and it has similar performance features to CO2-EGS, but performs better in production pressure difference and output thermal capacity. For instance, N2O-EGS has a service-time about 8 years longer than H2O-EGS and a output power approximately 2 MW higher than CO2-EGS. This work offers good guidance for the design and study of N2O-EGS.

Optimal CSR and Pricing Decisions With Risk-Averse Providers in a Competitive Shipping System

Logistics shipping is one of the critical activities in business operation. Facing fierce competition and high uncertainty of demands, shipping service providers often take risk-averse (RA) behavior when making decisions. In addition, due to the great impact on environment and society, some logistics shipping companies start engaging in corporate social responsibility (CSR). This article investigates the competition of two RA shipping service providers with one of them committing CSR effort. The conditional-value-at-risk is used to gauge the risk attitude of two players. The aim is to determine the optimal CSR effort and pricing decisions for two players under uncertain demand (UD). The problem is formulated as a Stackelberg game model and the optimal decisions are obtained analytically. The effects of key factors, such as risk attitude, competitive intensity, cost coefficient of CSR effort on the economic outcomes, and social outcomes are analyzed in great detail. Results show that it is possible that one player's CSR effort could benefit both players to achieve a win-win situation. On the other hand, it is also possible that adopting CSR activities may reduce the total social welfare of the system in some situations. This article is among the first to tackle the optimal decision problem for competing logistics shipping providers considering CSR commitment and RA behavior simultaneously. Findings in this article can offer managerial insights for logistics shipping companies and the government into decision making and policy making.

Sequential extraction and enrichment of flavonoids from Euonymus alatus by ultrasonic-assisted polyethylene glycol-based extraction coupled to temperature-induced cloud point extraction.

A green method for simultaneous extraction and enrichment of flavonoids from Euonymus alatus was developed by ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and temperature-induced cloud point extraction (TICPE) using PEG-base aqueous solution as the extractant. Based on screening different molecular weights of PEGs, PEG-400/water was used as the extractant, and the effects of key factors on extraction yields of flavonoids were investigated by single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum conditions of UAE were as follows: PEG-400 concentration of 16% (w/w), particle size of 80 mesh, solvent-to-material ratio of 60:1, extraction temperature of 90°C and extraction time of 15min. The results obtained by validation experiments were consistent with the values predicted by RSM. Temperature-induced formation of the aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) and TICPE process were further investigated by controlling temperature and adding (NH4)2SO4. In the presence of (NH4)2SO4, the ATPS formed at 75℃ and pH 3.5 could effectively improve separation and recovery of flavonoids with enrichment factor of above five times. Gallic acid, catechin, dihydromyricetin and ellagic acid in the extract were identified and confirmed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and the corresponding standards. The UAE-TICPE coupled to HPLC was successfully applied for extraction and determination of flavonoids in two batches of Euonymus alatus. The extraction yields of catechin, dihydromyricetin and total flavonoids were 0.377-0.684mg/g, 1.091-1.353mg/g and 2.612-3.146mg/g, respectively. Compared to conventional extraction methods, PEG-based UAE integrated with TICPE in one-step procedure exhibited higher extraction efficiency and better extraction selectivity.

The effect of key factors in aerobic bioreactor and optimization by different strategies

Abstract In the current study the influence of six operating parameters including impeller numbers, hydraulic retention time (HRT), mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), influent COD concentration, glucose fraction, and diffuser diameter were investigated on organic removal and sludge settleability in an aerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR). Full factorial design (FFD) was used as an initial stage to screen the key parameters. FFD showed that two variables were insignificant and the curvature eliminated the possibility of further implication of this method. In the second stage, response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to model, interpret the effects, and also optimize variable for achieving target conditions. Various tables, plots, and contours validated the model and implied the impact of variables on responses. All considered parameters of the RSM demonstrated a marked effect on COD removal and sludge volume index (SVI) as process responses. And the interaction between influent COD and HRT exerted a significant effect to both dependent variables. Ultimately, several optimization strategies were performed, resulting in diverse optimum conditions for different purposes. For influent COD of 9000 mg/L, MLVSS concentration of 5000 mg/L, HRT of 12 h, glucose fraction of 0.8, maximum COD removal of nearly 93% and SVI of approximately 57 mL/g were obtained. This optimum conditions were further proved using synthetic and real wastewater.

Efficient enzymatic synthesis of cephalexin in suspension aqueous solution system.

An efficient method for the enzymatic synthesis of cephalexin (CEX) from 7-amino-3-deacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) and d-phenylglycine methyl ester (PGME) using immobilized penicillin G acylase (IPGA) as catalyst in a suspension aqueous solution system was developed, where the reactant 7-ADCA and product CEX are mainly present as solid particles. The effects of key factors on the enzymatic synthesis were investigated. Results showed that continuous feeding of PGME was more efficient for the synthesis of CEX than the batch mode. Under the optimized conditions, the maximum 7-ADCA conversion ratio of 99.3% and productivity of 200 mmol/L/H were achieved, both of which are much superior to the homogeneous aqueous solution system. Besides, IPGA still retained 95.4% of its initial activity after 10 cycles of enzymatic synthesis, indicating the excellent stability of this approach. The developed approach shows great potential for the industrial production of CEX via an enzyme-based route.

Estimating marginal effects of key factors that influence wholesale electricity demand and price distributions in Texas via quantile variable selection methods

Understanding the key drivers of prices and energy consumption is an important issue, which is complicated because the distributions of prices and consumption are asymmetric and fat-tailed. That is, the sets of relevant covariates can vary depending on the segment of interest in the conditional distributions of price and demand. Using a large data set from the Electric Reliability Council of Texas, this study uses quantile regressions and attendant variable selection methods to choose the most important factors that influence demand and price distributions; subsequently, the marginal effects of these factors are studied. Among the many findings, two critical ones are that the marginal effects of the covariates change throughout the distributions of demand and price, and that the number of relevant variables selected using mean regressions generally exceeds the number selected using quantile regressions. Related consequences for maintaining a reliable electricity market are discussed.

Performance Comparison of Enthalpy Recovery Devices Using Liquid Desiccant and Desiccant Wheel

Abstract Heat recovery between outdoor air and indoor exhaust air is an effective approach for energy-saving in the air-conditioning system. Performances of enthalpy recovery devices using liquid desiccant (LD) and desiccant wheel (DW) are compared in the present study. Effects of key factors including desiccant flow rate, number of transfer units (NTUm), and air inlet parameters on recovery performance are analyzed. There exists the same ideal recovery efficiency with a given NTUm for these two kinds of devices. However, an optimal solution flow rate could be achieved for enthalpy recovery device using LD, while a higher rotation speed leads to a higher recovery efficiency for that using DW. Recovery efficiencies of the two devices increase with the increase in NTUm, while they have different ranges of NTUm. NTUm of the DW is usually superior to that of the LD, due to the material difference. Then, the optimum methods to improve recovery efficiency of the two devices are clarified, i.e., increasing NTUm for an enthalpy recovery device using LD and choosing a reasonable rotation speed for that using DW, respectively. The present research will be beneficial to cast light on the relation between enthalpy recovery devices using LD and DW.

Performance study of multi-hop coherent OFDM FSO system over M distribution model

The performance of multi-hop coherent orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) free space optical (FSO) system is studied by using quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation in this paper. A generalized model called M distribution is selected, which is suitable for all categories of turbulence ranging from weak to strong and characterizes other existing statistical models of atmospheric turbulence induced fading as its special case. The system uses decode and forward (DF) relay protocol between the transmitter and receiver of the relay auxiliary link. Considering the joint attenuation effects of atmospheric turbulence, path loss and pointing error on the atmospheric channel fading model, we derive the Meijer G closed-form expressions of outage probability and symbol error rate (SER). Furthermore, the effects of key factors, such as relay link length, the number of relay nodes and subcarriers on the outage and SER performance of OFDM FSO system are analyzed through simulations. This work lays a theoretical foundation for the practical application of the relay system.

Assessment of critical materials and cell design factors for high performance lithium-sulfur batteries using machine learning

In lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, as a consequence of the highly complex reaction and degradation mechanisms, materials and cell design have a critical impact on the performance. Subsequently, Li-S batteries receive significant research attention. In this report, a comprehensive analysis on the effect of key factors on the battery performance, namely the peak discharge capacity and the cycle life, is conducted using machine learning. Data for 1660 cells from 353 papers in the literature are collected and analyzed via association rule mining. The analysis concludes that encapsulation material type and amount are critical for high capacities and enhanced cycle life. The use of structured carbons such as porous carbons or carbon nanotubes in encapsulated cathodes leads to superior battery performance. Likewise, electrolyte design has a key influence on the battery performance, particularly in electrolyte starved cells. The results confirm that the most promising pathway forward in Li-S batteries is materials design, predominantly design of encapsulation cathodes and electrolytes that succeed at low electrolyte-to-sulfur ratios and high sulfur loadings.

Efficient removal of perfluorooctanoic acid by persulfate advanced oxidative degradation: inherent roles of iron-porphyrin and persistent free radicals

Abstract Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a persistent and bioaccumulative refractory organic pollutant, which has aroused great concern on its environmental fate. Herein, inspired by biomimetic materials, a preeminent heterogeneous catalyst, iron-porphyrin loaded biochar (Fe(TPFPP)/BC) was constructed to activate persulfate (PS) for PFOA degradation. Moreover, the existence of persistent free radicals (PFRs) on biochar could transfer electrons to iron-porphyrin and PS to directly or indirectly speed up the generation of SO4−· and OH·. By introducing ascorbic acid (AA) as an electronic circulation agent to maintain the concentration of PFRs, the Fe(TPFPP)/BC-PS-AA system could degrade 75.90% PFOA in 30 min, even reaching 90.88% with increasing reaction time. The effects of key factors on PFOA degradation were investigated. The reaction mechanism and degradation pathway were proposed as well. This work not only provides insights into the catalytic field by integrating biomimetic thought, but also provides an efficient method to degrade perfluorinated compounds (PFCs).

Auction-Based Secondary Relay Selection on Overlay Spectrum Sharing in Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Sensor Networks.

In this paper, we investigate the auction-based secondary relay selection on overlay spectrum sharing in hybrid satellite–terrestrial sensor networks (HSTSNs), where both the decode-and-forward (DF) and amplify-and-forward (AF) relay protocols are analyzed based on time division multiple access (TDMA). As both the primary and secondary networks are rational, honest but with incomplete network information, they prefer to obtain maximum possibility payoffs by the cooperation between the primary and secondary networks, and the competition among secondary networks. Hence, Vickery auction is introduced to achieve the effective and efficient secondary relay selection by distinct sub-time slot allocation for one shot in terms of a distributed manner. Finally, numerical simulations are provided to validate the effectiveness of the auction mechanism on cooperative spectrum sharing in HSTSNs for secondary relay selection. Besides, the effect of key factors on the performance of the auction mechanism are analyzed in details.

Multifunctional modified polyvinyl alcohol: A powerful biomaterial for enhancing bioreactor performance in nitrate, Mn(II) and Cd(II) removal

The co-existence of multiple pollutants in wastewater such as nitrate and heavy metal, is of high concern due to the potential environmental impact. In this study, a novel biomaterial PPy@Fe3O4/PVA was synthesized as a multifunctional bacteria immobilized carrier, to enhance simultaneous denitrification, Cd(II) and Mn(II) removal efficiency in bioreactor environments. The morphology and main components of the PPy@Fe3O4/PVA material were characterized by SEM and XRD. Using PPy@Fe3O4/PVA as a carrier, the maximum removal efficiencies for nitrate (0.207 mg L−1·h−1), Mn(II) (90.98%) and Cd(II) (98.78%) were increased by 27.05%, 30.27%, and 16.48%, respectively, compared to in the absence of PPy@Fe3O4/PVA. Regeneration experiments were performed, demonstrating the excellent stability and reusability of the PPy@Fe3O4/PVA material. Furthermore, effects of key factors were investigated on the performance of the PPy@Fe3O4/PVA bioreactor in simultaneous denitrification, Mn(II) and Cd(II) removal. Experimental results indicate that the highest nitrate, Mn(II) and Cd(II) removal efficiencies were obtained under the conditions of HRT of 10 h, initial Mn(II) concentration of 40 mg/L and initial Cd(II) concentration of 10 mg/L. Gas chromatography analysis indicated that N2 was the mainly final gaseous product. Moreover, the bioreactor community diversity was markedly influenced by the initial concentration of Cd(II) and Pseudomonas sp. H117 played a primary role in the process of simultaneous denitrification, Mn(II) and Cd(II) removal.