Effect Of Irrigation Levels Research Articles

607 Effects of irrigation levels of corn silage hybrids on nutrient profile and in vitro disappearances

607 Effects of irrigation levels of corn silage hybrids on nutrient profile and in vitro disappearances

Effect of irrigation levels and frequencies on growth, yield and economics of capsicum production under naturally ventilated polyhouse

The present investigation was carried out with the objective to standardize irrigation scheduling for improving capsicum yield for higher benefit: cost ratio under naturally ventilated polyhouse. The experiment was laid down in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) along with seven treatments comprising of three irrigation depths, two intervals and a farmers practice. The data were recorded on days to first flowering, plant height (cm), days to marketable picking, total harvest duration (days), number of fruits per plant and yield (kg/m2). A perusal of the pooled data (2011 and 2012) revealed that different levels and frequencies of irrigationproduced significant differences with regards to different traits under study. The treatment with 0.25 cm irrigation at alternate day (T2) and farmer’s practice resulted in earliest flowering (41.71 days) and days to marketable picking (72.49 days), respectively. However, application of 0.50 cm of irrigation at alternate day (T4) resulted in maximum plant height (142.65 cm), total harvest duration (131.68 days), number of fruits per plant (18.26) and highest yield (12.76 kg/m2) along with maximum benefit: cost ratio (6.53:1). Hence,treatment T4 may be recommended for commercial cultivation of capsicum in the hilly regions of the country under naturally ventilated polyhouse.

Effect of Applying Sewage Effluent with Subsurface Drip Irrigation on Soil Enzyme Activities during the Maize Growing Season

AbstractSubsurface drip irrigation is an appropriate method when using sewage effluent for crop irrigation, but its resultant heterogeneous distribution of water and nutrients in the soil may affect enzyme activities (EAs). Field experiments were designed, with three lateral depths at 0, 15, and 30 cm beneath the soil surface and three irrigation levels of 70, 100, and 130% of evapotranspiration, to investigate the effects of lateral depth, irrigation level, and water quality on the EAs of alkaline phosphatase, urease, and invertase in soil. Over 2 years, a greater lateral depth noticeably enhanced EAs in deeper soils, while EAs at a shallow lateral depth were higher in topsoil. Compared to lateral depth, the effects of irrigation level on EAs were unstable in both years. The correlations between urease activities and NO3‐N content indicated that the character of urease activities in soil N cycling was initially facilitating N mineralization and was subsequently converted to facilitate N uptake and immobilization during the maize growing seasons. Additionally, the EAs with both sewage effluent and groundwater irrigation at harvest, were generally higher than EAs measured prior to sowing. Furthermore, the sewage effluent irrigation imposed no negative effects on nutrient exchange and ecosystem functions in the soil. Our study recommends subsurface drip irrigation as a promising method for applying sewage effluent. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Yield, water use and economics of sugarbeet as influenced by different irrigation levels and nutrient management

A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2007–08 and 2008–09 at Agronomy Farm, College of Agriculture, Parbhani, Maharashtra to evaluate the effect of irrigation levels and nutrient management on root yield and water use of sugarbeet. Sugarbeet irrigated at four levels of IW: CPE ratio i. e. 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 and four doses of nutrient management i. e. 100: 50: 50 NPK kg/ha, 150: 75: 75 NPK kg/ha, NPK on soil test basis and 100: 50: 50 NPK kg/ha+10 t FYM/ha. The results revealed that the irrigation scheduled at 1.2 IW: CPE ratio with application of 150: 75: 75 NPK kg/ha recorded the highest root yield (70.81 t/ha), consumptive use (622 mm), water use efficiency (114 kg/ha mm), net returns (Rs. 62150/ha) and B: C ratio (3.08: 1).

Effect of Irrigation Levels and Frequencies on Yield, Quality and Water Use Efficiency of Capsicum Grown under Protected Conditions

The present investigation was carried out at Experimental Research Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP), India during spring-summer seasons of year 2010 and 2011 to standardize the irrigation scheduling for improving capsicum yield, quality and water use efficiency under protected conditions. The experiment was laid down in RCBD with seven treatments having three irrigation depths, two intervals and a farmers practice. The data were recorded on fruit length (cm), fruit breadth (cm), average fruit weight (g), number of fruits plant−1, total biomass production (g/plant), yield plot−1 (kg), total soluble solids (°B), ascorbic acid (mg 100 g−1), root rot incidence (%), water productivity (kg m−2 cm−1) and soil moisture (%). The perusal of the pooled data revealed that different levels and frequencies of irrigation produced significant differences with regards to different traits under study. The treatment with 0.50 cm of irrigation at alternate day resulted in maximum fruit breadth (6.53 cm), average fruit weight (95.20 g), number of fruits plant−1 (18.26), total biomass production (165.38 g plant−1) and highest economic yield plot (36.17 kg plot−1) and along with moderate water productivity (0.25 kg m−2 cm−1), may be recommended for commercial cultivation of capsicum in the hilly regions under naturally ventilated polyhouses. However, the treatment with 0.25 cm of irrigation at alternate day recorded maximum water productivity (0.43 kg m−2 cm−1) and total soluble solids (5.30%) with moderate yield (30.58 kg plot−1) and lowest root rot incidence (2.76%), may be suggested for the high water scare areas for the successful cultivation of capsicum under protected conditions.

Kalanchoe crop development under different levels of irrigation

ABSTRACT Despite its importance in the floriculture sector, irrigation management of kalanchoe is characterized by empiricism, being necessary further studies on the use of water by this crop. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the several effects of irrigation levels on the growth of kalanchoe crop conducted in greenhouse in the municipality of Alegrete, state of Rio Grande do Sul. The experiment was conducted in a 7 x 15 m protected environment. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments (irrigation levels corresponding to 40, 60, 80 and 100% of the pot water retention capacity - PC) and four repetitions, totaling sixteen plots. The crop cycle was 224 days after transplanting and the applied average depths were: 451.82; 367.38; 282.94; 198.51 mm for treatments: 100; 80; 60 and 40% of PC, respectively. Canopy area and number of leaves per plant were evaluated over the crop cycle. In the end of the cycle, the canopy diameter, number of inflorescences per plant and the number of flowers per plant were evaluated. No significant differences were found only to the canopy area, by the F test. Irrigation water depths between 40 and 70% of the pot capacity were more appropriate for the crop growth in the study region. The cultivar presented the best development at irrigation levels below the maximum vessel water retention capacity, that is, it is resistant to drought.

Effects of Different Water Supply and Corm Planting Density on Crocin, Picrocrocin and Safranal, Nitrogen Uptake and Water Use Efficiency of Saffron Grown in Semi-Arid Region

Saffron’s color, taste and odor result from the chemicals crocin, picrocrocin and safranal, respectively. Hence, in addition to quantitative yield, secondary metabolites content are known as crucial factors for a successful saffron production. Moreover, enhancing resources efficiency, especially water and nitrogen, is becoming increasingly important for agricultural improvement in arid and semi-arid regions. Thus, the effects of irrigation levels and corm planting on crocin, picrocrocin and safranal content, water use efficiency (WUE) as well as nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of saffron were investigated as a two-year field experiment based on a randomized complete block design arranged in split-plot with three replicates. The irrigation levels (100, 75 and 50% of saffron water requirement) and corm planting pattern (50, 100, 200 and 300 corms m-2) were allocated to main and sub-plots, respectively. Based on the results, crocin and picrocrocin content increased with decreasing irrigation levels. The highest WUES (WUE based on dry stigma yield) was obtained when 50% of saffron water requirement was supplied. However, the lowest WUEC (WUE based on daughter corms yield) and NUEC (NUE based on daughter corms yield) were obtained when 50% of saffron water requirement was applied. Irrespective of irrigation levels, WUES, WUEC and NUEC increased with increasing the planting density. The results demonstrated that although relatively severe water stress increases WUES and secondary metabolites in saffron stigmas, it could decrease WUEC and NUEC through affecting daughter corm growth.

Effect of irrigation levels and agrochemicals on dry matter partitioning in summer maize (<italic>Zea maize</italic> L.)

Application of eight irrigations (seedling, 6 leaf, knee-high, before tasseling, 50% tasseling, 50% silking, grain formation and grain filling stages) where no stress was occurred significantly increased dry matter distribution. Data related to dry matter partitioning in stem, leaves and cobs at 25, 50, 75 and at harvest stage of crop. In general, irrespective of the treatments, crop attained maximum leaf dry weight at flowering stage. This decreased progressively up to harvest stage. While, stem dry weight showed increasing trend up to tasseling and silking stage and than declined slightly towards harvest stage of the crop. Obviously, cobs dry weight increased linearly from flowering up to harvest stage.

Effect of irrigation levels and bed-system of planting on seed fill duration, seed growth rate, yield and yield components of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) under semiarid condition

Effect of irrigation levels and bed-system of planting on seed fill duration, seed growth rate, yield and yield components of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) under semiarid condition

Effect of irrigation levels and planting methods on phenology, growth, biomass and harvest index of spring Wheat under semiarid condition

Effect of irrigation levels and planting methods on phenology, growth, biomass and harvest index of spring Wheat under semiarid condition

The influence of irrigation level on olive tree nutritional status

While modernization of olive cultivation has recently lead to vast expansion of fully irrigated orchards, characterization of olive tree nutritional status remains based on knowledge gleamed from rain-fed orchards. In the present study, the effect of irrigation level on olive tree nutritional status was investigated in Israel over 4 years on two cultivars and in two locations characterized by differences in soil, tree age, management history, fertilizer application and irrigation water quality. Diagnostic leaves, sampled in July, were evaluated as indicators of nutritional status. Leaf nitrogen concentration was not affected by irrigation level. Leaf phosphorous and potassium concentrations increased with increasing irrigation level. Leaf calcium, manganese and iron tended to decrease with irrigation, while magnesium, sodium and zinc concentrations were not generally affected by irrigation level. Leaf boron and chloride concentrations increased with increasing irrigation when their concentration in irrigation water was relatively high. Leaf nutrient concentration was influenced by cultivar. The results presented in this study emphasize a strong link between irrigation level and the nutritional status of olives for some nutrients and no association for others. These findings should aid in developing distinct fertilization recommendations for fully irrigated olives, different from those developed and used for rain-fed or supplemental-irrigated orchards.

Response of Drought Tolerant and Conventional Corn to Limited Irrigation

Summary With declining water levels in the Ogallala aquifer, many wells cannot supply peak irrigation water needs for corn. Emerging drought-tolerant (DT) corn hybrids could help farmers maintain yield with limited capacity wells. A knowledge gap exists com-paring transgenic DT and conventional corn hybrids in yield response to water level. The purpose of this study was to compare yield, yield components, water productivity, and irrigation water use efficiency response of DT corn with cspB (DKC 6267 DGVT-2PRO) transgene trait and conventional corn hybrid (DKC 62-98 VT2PRO) with similar maturity to full and limited irrigation. Preliminary results from the 2014 grow-ing season indicate the effect of irrigation level on corn yield was significant ( P-val-ue<0.001) . The effect of the cspB transgene trait in the DT hybrid did not affect yield ( P-value=0.32) , and there was no effect of the interaction between irrigation level and corn hybrid on yield ( P-value=0.82) . The effect of irrigation and hybrid on 100 kernel weight was significant, with

Irrigation levels and dense planting affect flower yield and phosphorus concentration of saffron corms under semi-arid region of Mashhad, Northeast Iran

In arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, drought and water management are considered as important challenges in developing sustainable agriculture. The effects of irrigation levels and dense corm planting on flower yield, daughter corms behavior and phosphorus uptake of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) were studied as two-year field experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design arranged in split-plot with three replications at Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 growing seasons. The irrigation levels including 50, 75 and 100% of saffron water requirement (SWR) and dense corm planting (50, 100, 200 and 300cormm−2) were allocated to the main and sub-plots, respectively. The lowest yield, minimum number of daughter corms and phosphorus content of saffron were observed by planting 50cormsm−2 and supplying 50% of SWR. In the first year, flower characteristics were not affected by irrigating at 50% of SWR. However, in the second year, flower number, fresh flower and dry stigma yields significantly decreased by irrigating at 50% of SWR compared with 75 or 100% of SWR. In the second year, phosphorous concentration (gkg−1) and content (gm2) in small (0.1–4g), medium (4.1–8g) and large (over 8g) daughter corms were significantly more than the first year. In general, small daughter corms contained less phosphorous compared with large (over 8g) corms.

Comparision of some models for estimation of reflectance of hypericum leaves under stress conditions

Abstract Lack of water resources and high water salinity levels are among the most important growth-restricting factors for plants species of the world. This research investigates the effect of irrigation levels and salinity on reflectance of Saint John’s wort leaves (Hypericum perforatum L.) under stress conditions (water and salt stress) by multiple linear regression (MLR), artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Empirical and heuristics modeling methods were employed in this study to relate stress conditions to leaf reflectance. It was found that the constructed ANN model exhibited a high performance than multiple regression and ANFIS in estimating leaf reflectance accurately.

Growth, phenological and yield responses of a bambara groundnut (&lt;i&gt;Vigna subterranea&lt;/i&gt; L. Verdc) landrace to imposed water stress: II. Rain shelter conditions

Bambara groundnut is a protein-rich legume, with food-security potential. Effects of irrigation levels and seed coat colour on growth, development, yield and water-use efficiency of local bambara groundnut landrace selections were evaluated under a rain shelter. Emergence was slow, although variation was indicated between landraces. Limited water availability was shown to lower stomatal conductance, although chlorophyll content index was shown to be unaffected. Additionally, growth indices of plant height, leaf number and leaf area index were shown to be lower in response to decreasing water availability. Furthermore, landraces generally flowered and matured earlier while also demonstrating higher water-use efficiency at lower water availability. Seed yield was lower under limited water availability resulting from lower pod mass and pod number. Drought tolerance in bambara groundnut landraces was achieved by reduced canopy size, early flowering and maturity, and maintaining high water use efficiency under stress. ‘Brown’ and ‘Red’ landraces responded to water stress better than the ‘Light-brown’ landrace, suggesting an effect of seed colour on possible drought tolerance.

Effect of Irrigation Levels on Growth and Yield of Mungbean

The research was carried out to investigate the effects of different irrigation levels on growth and yield of mungbean at the Agricultural Research Institute, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The results revealed that application of 5 irrigations i.e. 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 Days After Sowing (DAS) gave significantly better performance than 3, 4 and 6 applied at different time intervals. However, the number of seeds/pod was not increased by irrigation levels. It was also noted that water stress reduced mungbean yield regardless of whether the stress was imposed when plant were in vegetative or reproductive stage. However, water stress that occurred at the reproductive stages, specially flowering and pod formation, affected seed yield more severely than its occurrence at other stages. Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that 5 irrigations should be applied to mungbean crop to get the maximum grain yield under the agro-ecology of Dera Ismail Khan or similar environmental conditions prevailing in other parts of the country.

Optimum Water Use in Conservation Tillage for Wheat Cultivation

Conservation tillage system offers numerous benefits over intensive tillage system. This experiment was conducted on conservation tillage using zero tilldrill, power tiller operated seeder (PTOS) and bed planter along with farmer’s practice of tillage by rotary tiller under different irrigation levels at Wheat Research Centre (WRC), Nashipur, Dinajpur. Irrigation water was applied by 5 irrigation levels at different growth stages of the crop. The irrigation levels were I0 (No irrigation), I1 (17-21 DAS), I2 (17-21 DAS + 50-55 DAS). I3 (17-21 DAS+ 50-55 DAS + 75-80 DAS), and I4 (17-21 DAS + 35-40 DAS + 50-55 DAS + 75 – 80 DAS). It was observed that the sowing cost was reasonably reduced than that of the farmer's practice. Seasonal water use was less in PTOS than other tillage methods. Grain yield was significantly affected by tillage methods. The higher grain yield was found from PTOS, bed planting, and zero tillage than that of farmer's practice. There was no significant difference within the interaction effect of tillage methods and irrigations. The effect of irrigation level was found highly significant on grain yield. Water use efficiency increased with decrease of irrigation water use and decreased with increase of irrigation. Average yields in all tillage methods under I1, I2, I3, and I4 irrigation levels were found to increase by 33, 43, 52, and 51 percent, respectively, compared to that of I0. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v37i1.11172 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 37(1): 27-37, March 2012

Polymerization of Glutenin during Grain Development and Quality Expression in Winter Wheat in Response to Irrigation Levels

ABSTRACTChanges in the content and size distribution of glutenin were monitored using size‐exclusion‐high performance liquid chromatography (SE‐HPLC) during grain filling under field conditions in two seasons. Effects of irrigation levels on the constituent polypeptides (high molecular weight and low molecular weight glutenin unit), polymerization index (the percentage of sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS]‐insoluble glutenins in total glutenins) of glutenin, glutenin macropolymer (GMP) particle size, dough mixing properties, and baking quality were examined. Drought or excess watering led to a reduced polymerization index at maturity resulting from modification of grain desiccation and accumulation of SDS‐insoluble glutenin. Glutenin particle size at maturity decreased under drought or excess watering and was associated with reduced ratio of a high molecular weight glutenin subunit to a low molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW‐GS:LMW‐GS). The polymerization index of glutenin and GMP particle size were significantly positively correlated to dough stability times and loaf volume whereas no significant correlation existed among flour protein content, wet gluten content, dough stability times, and loaf volume. Therefore, dough mixing properties and baking quality were affected by irrigation levels mainly through changing the polymerization index of glutenin and GMP particle size in flour.

The study on the effect of irrigation levels and mulch application on growth indices and essential oil content of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)

In order to study the effects of different irrigation regime and mulch types on growth indices and, essential oil content of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) in 2010 in research field of Agricultural college of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad as factorial randomized complete block design was performed in four replicates. Irrigation treatments included three levels (100, 80 and 60 percent of water requirements calculated by evaporation pan class A and two types of mulch (black plastic and wood chips) and the uncoated control. Traits include inter-node distance, number of flowers/plant, branch number/plant, plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content, leaf relative water content, leaf area, essential oil percentage and yield were evaluated during full flowering. The results showed that the effect of irrigation on fresh weight, dry weight, leaf relative water content and leaf area was significant (at 0.05 level). The effect of mulch on fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area, inter-node distance, number of branch and leaf relative water content was significant (at 0.05 level). Interaction between irrigation and mulch on inter-node distance, number of branches, fresh weight, dry weight, relative water content of leaves and leaf area and height were significant (at a 0.05 level). The effect of irrigation, mulch and interaction effects on traits such as flower number, chlorophyll content, percentage essential oil (at 0.05 level) was not significant.

Seed, Oil, and Protein Yields of Canola under Combinations of Irrigation and Nitrogen Application

Canola (Brassica napus L.), an important oilseed crop in Iran, is intensively managed with high inputs of N and irrigation water. Understanding N and water use characteristics of canola will help improve N and water use efficiency (WUE) and reduce production costs. Here, the effects of irrigation levels (IL1, 750; IL2, 450; and IL3, 300 mm water ha−1) and N rates (NR1, 0; NR2, 40; NR3, 80; NR4, 120; and NR5, 160 kg N ha−1) on canola production are evaluated during 2006 and 2007 growing seasons. Data showed that irrigation levels and N rates and their interaction had significant effects on WUE for seed, oil, and protein as well as seed, oil, and protein yields/ha. The maximum values of seed, oil, and protein yields ha−1, WUE for these traits and seed weight plant−1 were achieved at IL2 × NR4 treatment. The highest values of seed N concentration and seed N uptake were produced at IL2 treatment. Among N rates, maximum averages of seed and straw N concentration were observed at 160 kg N/ha. The highest significant value of straw N uptake was observed at IL1 treatment. Also, maximum N uptake for both seed and straw was the same at 120 and 160 kg N ha−1. Total N uptake achieved significantly in IL2 × NR4 treatment. With decreasing irrigation water and increasing N rates, N use efficiency decreased significantly. In general, consumption of 450 mm water ha−1 season−1 and supplying 120 kg N ha−1 can produce the highest seed, oil, and protein yields ha−1, while increasing WUE and decreasing N leaching.