Effect Of Intrauterine Device Research Articles

Effects of intrauterine devices on female sexual function: a cross-sectional study

Objectives: To examine the differences in sexual functions between women using copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) and levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LND-IUS). Methods: A total of 125 women between the ages of 20 and 40 were included in the study. The demographic data of all participants were recorded. Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was performed to all participants. Study participants were divided into 3 groups; 42 Cu-IUD users, 42 LND-IUS users, and 41 control (not use contraceptive) group, then compared. Women with a total score lower than ≤ 26.5 were considered as having sexual dysfunction. Results: The prevalence of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) was 56.8% among the participants. The total FSFI scores of Cu-IUD and LNG-IUS groups were similar. Moreover, the FSFI score of both IUD users was lower than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The presence of Cu-IUD affected arousal more than pain, satisfaction, lubrication and orgasm scores (p = 0.016). Pain score was similar among IUD groups and significantly lower than controls (p < 0.001). Moreover, orgasm and satisfaction scores were found to be significantly higher in the control group than in the both IUD groups (p < 0.001). All of three groups were also similar about desire and lubrication domains of FSFI. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study found that Cu-IUD and LNG-IUS users did not differ in terms of sexual function according to scores calculated by FSFI.

A prospective case-control study on the association of intrauterine devices and cervical cancer risk; data from two educational centers

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer among women all over the world. Objectives: This study was conducted to demonstrate the effect of intrauterine devices (IUDs) on cervical cancer and precancerous lesions development. Patients and Methods: This study was conducted in two different hospitals in Isfahan on 200 samples, since 100 of them had results indicating cervical cancer, and the rest had no abnormal lesions. For both groups, a questionnaire was filled out for IUD users and some related risk factors such as age, parity, abortions, smoking, previous Pap smear results contained sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) infections and the contraception method. Results: In this study, more cases of IUD use were recorded in the control group. We found that the use of natural methods did not prevent the development of precancerous lesions. In the results of the Pap smear, a large number were recorded as having a history of human papillomavirus (HPV). Additionally, a high percentage of cervical cancer patients’ smoking or passive smoking. We also recorded that 53% had more than two children, while the percentages of women at the birth of their first child and who did not have an abortion were almost equal in the two groups. Conclusion: Our analysis demonstrated that IUD use is a contraceptive method with the capability of lowering the risk of cervical cancer progression. There is also an association between HPV infection, smoking, age, the number of parity and the usage of natural birth control methods with the development of cancerous lesion development.

Effects of intrauterine devices on proteins in the uterine lavage fluid of mares

Intrauterine devices block luteolysis in cyclic mares, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. To clarify the mechanisms, the protein profile of the endometrial secretome was analyzed using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). Twenty-seven mares were classified according to whether they were inseminated (AI) or had an intrauterine device (IUD), a water-filled plastic sphere, inserted into the uterus on Day 3 after ovulation. Uterine lavage fluids were collected on Day 15 from pregnant inseminated mares (AI-P; n = 8), non-pregnant inseminated mares (AI-N; n = 4), and mares with IUD (n = 15). The IUD group was further divided into prolonged (IUD-P; n = 7) and normal luteal phase (IUD-N; n = 8) groups on the basis of ultrasound examinations, serum levels of progesterone and PGFM on Days 14 and 15, and COX-2 results on Day 15. Four mares from each group were selected for the 2D-DIGE analyses. Ten proteins had significantly different abundance among the groups, nine of the proteins were identified. Malate dehydrogenase 1, increased sodium tolerance 1, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1, prostaglandin reductase 1, albumin and hemoglobin were highest in pregnant mares; T-complex protein 1 was highest in non-pregnant mares; and annexin A1 and 6-phosphogluconolactonase were highest in IUD mares. The results suggest that the mechanism behind the intrauterine devices is likely related to inflammation.

Intrauterine Contraception and Athletic Performance: Where is the data?

Background: Oral contraceptives (OCs) represent the most popular form of female contraception among the general and athletic populations. In female athletes, OCs are often used therapeutically to treat dysmenorrhea, which is perceived by many to affect training and performance. Recently, copper intrauterine devices (IUDs) and hormonal intrauterine systems (IUSs) have increased in popularity, and are now recommended by the Canadian Paediatric Society as a first-choice contraceptive. IUDs, however, present no therapeutic benefits with respect to dysmenorrhea, and may increase physical side effects associated with the menstrual cycle. Alternatively, IUSs have therapeutic application for dysmenorrhea, and therefore may present an option for athletes looking to reduce menstrual cycle symptoms. Purpose: To review the effects of IUDs and IUSs on exercise and athletic performance. Methods: Databases were searched using MeSH terms and key words in Boolean combinations. Studies were included if they 1) used a validated assessment of exercise performance (i.e., V02 max test, 1-repetition maximum, time to exhaustion), 2) included human participants who were moderately to very physically active (as assessed by a validated tool), and 3) used any copper IUD or hormonal IUS. Results: 245 titles were returned from the literature review; however, no studies met the inclusion criteria. Conclusion: The review returned limited relevant literature, and therefore, focuses on the theoretical bases of why IUDs and IUSs should be examined in the context of exercise and athletic performance. The need for future, experimental data exploring the effects of IUDs and IUSs on exercise and athletic performance is highlighted.

The effect of intrauterine devices on acquisition and clearance of human papillomavirus

Previous studies have shown a decrease in cervical cancer associated with intrauterine device use. It has been hypothesized that intrauterine device use may alter the natural history of human papillomavirus infections, preempting development of precancerous lesions of the cervix and cervical cancer, but the effect of intrauterine devices on the natural history of human papillomavirus infection and subsequent development of cervical cancer is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between intrauterine device use and cervical high-risk human papillomavirus acquisition and clearance. This is a prospective cohort study conducted from October 2000 through June 2014 among 676 sexually active young women and girls enrolled from family planning clinics in San Francisco, CA. Data were analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model, including time-varying indicators of intrauterine device use, and adjusting for fixed and time-dependent predictor variables. A total of 85 women used an intrauterine device at some time during follow-up. Among 14,513 study visits, women reported intrauterine device use at 505 visits. After adjusting for potential behavioral confounders, there was no association between intrauterine device use and human papillomavirus acquisition (hazard ratio, 0.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.20-1.23; P= .13) or clearance of human papillomavirus infection (hazard ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.76-2.72; P=.26). Current intrauterine device use is not associated with acquisition or persistence of human papillomavirus infection. Intrauterine device use is safe among women and girls with human papillomavirus infections and at risk for human papillomavirus acquisition. Intrauterine device use may play a role further downstream in the natural history of cervical cancer by inhibiting the development of precancerous lesions of the cervix in human papillomavirus-infectedwomen, or enhancing clearance of established precancerous lesions.

A survey to assess knowledge and acceptability of the intrauterine device in the Family Planning Services in Cape Town, South Africa

IntroductionDespite reliable evidence of the safety and effectiveness of intrauterine devices (IUDs), this contraceptive method remains under-utilised in many countries due to persistent fears that it causes pelvic infection. The...

Use of intrauterine devices in women with uterine anatomic abnormalities

Objective To examine the evidence regarding the safety and effectiveness of intrauterine devices (IUDs) in women with uterine abnormalities. Methods We searched PubMed for all peer-reviewed articles in any language that had been published on the topic from database inception to September 2009. Primary research articles were included if they addressed the safety or effectiveness of any type of IUD among women with Müllerian anomalies or uterine synechiae. Results In total, 19 case reports or case series met the inclusion criteria. Reported complications included expulsion, pregnancy, bleeding, perforation, and pain. In several case reports, no complications were reported. Conclusion Evidence concerning the safety and effectiveness of IUD use among women with uterine abnormalities is very limited.

The Luteostatic effect of intrauterine devices in mares is associated with endometrial expression of COX-2

The Luteostatic effect of intrauterine devices in mares is associated with endometrial expression of COX-2

The effect of intra-uterine devices on the reproductive physiology and behaviour of pony mares

Spherical (35 mm diameter) glass intra-uterine devices (IUDs) are commonly understood to modify sexual behaviour in performance mares. The effect of IUDs on the endocrinology (luteinising hormone, oestradiol, progesterone, testosterone), ovarian and uterine function, sexual and social behaviours associated with the ovarian cycle were evaluated during the natural breeding season in nine, nuliparous pony mares (4.6±0.5 years old, 230±12 kg bodyweight). Age and weight-matched groups were allocated to sham-treatment (n=5) or IUD-implantation (n=4) groups. Fifty complete ovarian cycles were evaluated, with 26 ovarian cycles monitored for the nine mares prior to treatment and a further 12 cycles were evaluated for mares in each of the groups post-treatment. Detailed characterisation of cyclic reproductive changes in the pony may be of value for controlled breeding programmes. The presence of an IUD was well-tolerated, but failed to modify any recorded aspect of reproductive physiology or behaviour.

Young Pregnant Women’s Knowledge of Modern Intrauterine Devices

Modern intrauterine devices (IUDs) are safe, effective, and reversible, but only 2.1% of U.S. women use IUDs. We aimed to estimate young pregnant women's knowledge of IUDs. We surveyed 190 women, aged 14-25 years, presenting for prenatal or abortion care about their contraceptive history, plans, and knowledge. We asked if they had heard of IUDs and queried them on IUD characteristics. The women were, on average, 20 years old, 27% had education past high school, and 47% had delivered a child. Half were in prenatal care, and 91% had not planned their current pregnancy. Fifty-two percent wished to wait 4 or more years before their next pregnancy, and 27% did not want to be pregnant ever again. Safety and efficacy were the most important factors in choosing a contraceptive method. Fifty percent had heard of IUDs, 71% did not know about IUDs' safety, and 58% did not know about IUDs' efficacy. Respondents who knew of IUDs were older (21 versus 19 years, P<.001) and more likely to be parous (55% versus 39%, P=.04). Young women choosing contraception after a pregnancy would benefit from counseling about the relative safety and effectiveness of IUDs, allowing them to make fully informed contraceptive decisions. II-2.

Uterine factors and risk of pregnancy in IUD users: a nested case-control study

Scarce data are available on the relation between the effectiveness of intrauterine device (IUD) and the gynecologic features of a woman. A nested case-control study was conducted to determine whether the uterine position and hysterometry affect the pregnancy rate of copper IUD. Seventy-one cases (pregnant women with IUD) and 284 matched controls (1:4) were included. Matching criteria were date of IUD insertion and duration of use. Data were analyzed by conditional logistic regression modeling that considered age, parity and copper surface of IUD as potential confounders. When cases were compared to nonpregnant controls with IUD, the results showed that uterine position and hysterometry were not associated with an increased risk of pregnancy. The findings suggest that the gynecological characteristics of the woman analyzed should not be a criterion for the selection of potential IUD users.

Factors affecting the cytology outcome of Pap smears--a brief approach to internal quality control in private cytopathology laboratory practice.

We evaluated the effect of intrauterine device (IUD), patient age and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on cytology outcome in Pap smears together with the important IQC procedures: 1) manual double-screening by cytotechnologists, and 2) retrospective senior pathologist review during 1996-1999. The results from primary double-screening (119 of 87,409 Pap smears) showed an excellent inter-observer correlation. The estimation of hormonal effects showed higher incidence of disagreements (p=0.013) in patients <47 yr. Some individual trends were found in the assessments of both cellular atypia (p=0.012) and Papanicolaou classification (p=0.018). The IUD had no influence on the accuracy when the degree of inflammatory reaction was evaluated (p>0.050), but showed an adverse effect on the estimation of cellular atypia (p=0.001). HRT distinctly equalized the entire sample material, since fewer disagreements were found in the age groups <47 yr and >47 yr when estimating the hormonal effects (p=0.013), inflammatory reaction (p=0.044) or cellular atypia (p=0.006) compared to those without HRT. The continuous cytopathologist supervision had a positive impact on the accuracy of hormonal effect estimation during the 4 years. The senior cytopathologists' reviews (354 of 87,409 Pap smears) showed mutually good interobserver correlation, and diagnostic conclusions of the same specimens differed only slightly between the cytopathologists. We found these state-of-the-art cytopathological IQC procedures to be effective and fit-for-purpose when evaluating hormonal effects, inflammatory reaction and cellular atypia.

The effect of intrauterine devices (stainless steel ring, Copper-T220 and levonorgestrel) on the DNA content in isolated human endometrial cells

The effect of three different intrauterine devices on the DNA content in human endometrial cells has been studied in 29 women before and after the insertion of an IUD; a stainless steel ring (9 subjects), Copper-T220 (11 subjects) and a medicated IUD releasing levonorgestrel at a rate of 2 μg/day (9 subjects). The material was grouped into “bleeders” (having more than 8 days of bleeding and spotting per month) and “non-bleeders” (having less than 8 days of bleeding and spotting per month). The DNA content was assessed on isolated endometrial cells smeared from thin biopsies and the amount of DNA per cell nucleus was measured by means of a Feulgen microspectrophotometric method. No significant difference was found between the “bleeders” and the “nonbleeders” as to the DNA content. Nevertheless, when the total number of subjects were pooled together, a significant increase in the DNA content was found in the post-insertion specimens in the groups of women using the SS and the T-Cu IUDs. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the DNA content was also found when the specimens obtained after the insertion of the LNG IUD were compared with those obtained after 24 months' use of the stainless steel ring and the Copper-T220 device ( p<0.01 and p<0.002, respectively). It is concluded that the insertion of an inert IUD or an T-Cu IUD, induces significant alterations in the DNA content of the human endometrium adjacent to the device, whereas the use of the LNG device does not significantly modify the DNA synthesis when used for 3–10 months. No correlation was found between the DNA content per cell and the number of days of bleeding and spotting.

The effect of intrauterine devices, the stainless steel ring, the Copper T220, and releasing levonorgestrel, on the bleeding profile and the morphological structure of the hunan endometrium — a comparative study of three IUDs a morphometric study of 96 cases

Thirty-four women using the stainless steel ring (SS), 43 women using the Copper T220 (TCu), and 19 women using levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices (LNG) were admitted to the study. The light microscopic biopsy material was subjected to morphometric studies including 8 indices of endometrial activity before (Control) and after 24 months of exposure to the SS and TCu device and 3–10 months of exposure to the LNG device. The women were grouped into subjects with and without intermenstrual and prolonged bleeding. The results revealed that there were highly significant differences between the IUDs at the endometrial level as displayed by morphometry. However, the difference between bleeders and non-bleeders was not significant in any of the three types of IUDs. Although the mode of action of these IUDs at the endometrial level is different, the mechanism responsible for the irregular endometrial bleeding needs to be further investigated.

Effect of intrauterine device on ovarian function in goats

The effect of a polyethylene intrauterine device on oestrous cycle length and ovulation has been studied in goats. Insertion of intrauterine device in nine goats shortened the oestrous cycle length to an average of 10.44 days as compared to the average oestrous cycle length of 17.55 days in nine sham-operated control animals. The oestrous cycle length was reduced irrespective of the fact whether the IUD was ipsilateral or contralateral to the corpus luteum, indicating a systemic effect rather than local effect of the IUD, as seen in other animals such as the sheep, cow and guinea pig. There was no effect on ovulation, which occurred normally despite the presence of the IUD.

Side effects of intrauterine devices.

Problems in determining and quantifying side effects of intrauterine device (IUD) use are reviewed. The types and incidences of major side effects are discussed, as well as methods of treatment. The author concludes that IUD use remains a safe and effective method of family planning.

Effects of Intrauterine Devices on Nuclear Deoxyribonucleic Acid Metabolism in Rabbit Blastocysts: An Autoradiographic Study

A metabolic parameter, DNA synthesis, was measured in rabbit blastocysts exposed to Silastic intrauterine devices (IUDs) and compared with those without IUD exposure. Autoradiographic detection of 3H-thymidine uptake showed that the IUD-exposed blastocysts contained fewer labeled cells than their IUD-free equivalents. The depressed DNA synthesis may be caused by either a block in the cell cycle or a block in DNA synthesis itself. Either way, the result could be consistent with the observation that embryo deaths occur at all growth stages, preimplantation, during implantation, and postimplantation.

Local and Systemic Effects of Intrauterine Devices

Local and Systemic Effects of Intrauterine Devices

Effect of intrauterine devices on sperm transport in the human being: Preliminary report

This investigation was designed to determine the effect of the intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) on the early phase of sperm transport. Previously we have shown that in normal midcycle subjects the maximal number of sperm recovered from the oviducts occurred between ten and 45 minutes after vaginal insemination. Four normal subjects, three of whom had IUD's in situ for at least eight months (copper T, Dalkon shield, and loop) and one a loop for one month, were studied in a similar manner. All subjects were inseminated at midcycle and had bilateral abdominal salpingectomies 15 to 30 minutes after insemination. No sperm were present in the oviducts of any of the subjects. The results of this study indicate that the IUD interferes with sperm transport in the human being. Additional subjects are now being studied at different time intervals after insemination in order to determine the entire effect of the IUD upon sperm transport.

Possible effect of intrauterine device on galactorrhea in women

Two patients are described in whom onset of galactorrhea occurred after insertion of an intrauterine device. In both cases, lactation ceased following the removal of the device. Serum prolactin, which was increased in both patients when the IUD remained inserted, returned promptly to normal values following its removal.