Effect Of Green Tea Extract Research Articles

Assessment of the protective effect of green tea extract against ciprofloxacin-induced chondrotoxicity in albino rats (histochemical, and immunohistochemical study)

IntroductionCiprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic which can cause a chondrotoxic effect in the growing condyle. Researchers found that green tea showed significant health benefits for a large number of disorders. The objective of the present research was to investigate the preventive potential of green tea extract against mandibular chondrotoxicity induced by ciprofloxacin in juvenile Wistar rats.Material and methodsTwenty juvenile male rats were used and divided into four equal groups, the saline/water (S/W), saline/green tea (S/G), ciprofloxacin/water (C/W) and ciprofloxacin/green tea (C/G) treated groups. On day 32 of age, all the animals in C/W and C/G treated groups were subcutaneously injected with ciprofloxacin as two subcutaneous injections of 600 mg/kg of body weight, eight hours apart, while the S/W and S/G groups were subcutaneously injected with saline. The S/G and C/G groups were intragastrically gavaged by green tea extract in an oral dose of 300 mg/kg/day, 8 days before the subcutaneous injection of saline or ciprofloxacin. On day 34, all the animals were anaesthetized, and the mandibular condyle samples were taken immediately and processed.ResultsIn comparison with the C/W treated group, the C/G treated group showed a significant increase in the thickness of the mandibular condylar cartilage, cartilage cell number, glycosaminoglycan content, and Bcl-2 immune expression (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThis study provides the first evidence that green tea extract can significantly decrease the chondrotoxic effects of ciprofloxacin in a rat mandibular condyle cartilage model.

Green tea catechins and intracellular calcium dynamics in prostate cancer cells

Perturbations of internal Ca²⁺ ([Ca²⁺]_i) homeostasis play a key role in several pathologies and in neoplastic transformation, where deregulated cell proliferation, together with the suppression of apoptosis, provides the condition for abnormal tissue growth and invasion. Green tea catechins have been shown to affect cancer development by interference with basic cellular functions, most of which are mediated by [Ca²⁺]_i. Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignancy in men in Western countries and the androgen-independent carcinoma is a lethal form for which there is still no effective therapy. Different evidences suggested that consumption of green tea may have beneficial effects against PCa. We have previously described how the main green tea flavonoid, (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), inhibited proliferation and induced dose-dependent peaks of [Ca²⁺]_i in metastatic androgen-insensitive DU145 and PC3 PCa cells, by a mechanism that combined Ca²⁺ entry and Ca²⁺-induced Ca²⁺ release. In the present study, we studied the effect of green tea extract (GTE) on the same cell lines. Proliferation, measured by MTT assay, was inhibited by GTE with IC₅₀ close to 60 µg/ml, a value that is higher than that expected by EGCG effect alone. [Ca²⁺]_i, measured in real time by the fluorescent dye Fura-2, was transiently increased by GTE by a mechanism that resembled that described for EGCG, but was largely independent of external Ca²⁺. These observations suggested that other components, acting in synergy with EGCG, were involved in GTE effect, and confirmed the view that the alleged health benefits of green tea for PCa prevention may be related to [Ca²⁺]_i deregulation in malignant cells. These results may be significant to understand the functional mechanisms by which flavonoids exert their beneficial or toxic actions.

Effect of green tea consumption in treatment of mild to moderate depression in Iranian patients living with HIV: A double-blind randomized clinical trial

ObjectiveDepression affects people living with HIV (PLWH) compliance leading to poor control infection. Previous observational studies showed an anti-depression effect of green tea extract (GTE). The therapeutic effect of GTE on depression were investigated in PLWH receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). MethodsFifty PLWH on ART with diagnose of mild to moderate of depression, participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial and underwent 12 weeks of treatment with either 400 mg GTE capsules or placebo twice daily. The Hamilton depression scale of patients was measured before, 6 weeks and 12 weeks after treatment in two groups. The primary outcome measure was performed to evaluate the efficacy of GTE in improving depressive symptoms. ResultsThe mean of Hamilton score showed a significant difference between the two groups after 12 weeks (P = 0.035). Repeated measures ANOVA test showed a significant effect for time × treatment interaction on the Hamilton mean score between the two groups (P = 0.000). ConclusionIt seems the use of GTE capsules in PLWH on ART is safe and could lead to greater and more rapid improvement in depressive symptoms than placebo. Thus it can be considered as an alternative therapy for mild to moderate depression. Further studies with higher sample size and longer follow-up and comparisons with other antidepressive drugs are warranted.

Amelioration of pulmonary aflatoxicosis by green tea extract: An in vivo study

Aflatoxins (AFB1) are mycotoxins known to be associated with human and animal diseases. The lung is a at risk from AFB1exposure either via inhalation or circulation. Green tea consumption is increasing over time due to widespread popularity as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective agents. Therefore, we attempted to study the lung toxicity caused by AFB1 and the possible ameliorating effect of green tea extract. Forty adult male albino rats were divided into five groups; Group I: Untreated control group, Group II (vehicle): Each rat received 1 ml of olive oil, Group III (GTE): Each rat received Camellia sinensis, green tea extract (30 mg/kg/day), Group IV(AFB1): Each rat received (50 μg/kg/day of AFB1). Group V (AFB1+ GTE): Each rat received the same previously mentioned doses of AFB1 in addition to GTE concomitantly. All treatments were orally gavaged for 8 weeks then rats were sacrificed. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines were measured, lung tissues’ oxidative stress indices were also measured in addition to the histopathological study which was performed by using hematoxylin & eosin and Masson trichrome stains. Morphometric and statistical analyses were also performed. Oral gavage of AFB1 resulted in significant histopathological changes in the lung tissues, in the form of variable degrees of congestion, hemorrhage, interstitial inflammation with infiltration by chronic inflammatory cells, interstitial fibrosis, bronchitis, vasculitis and fibrous thickening of arterial walls. Inflammation was evident by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a declined level of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Also, oxidative stress was evident by increased levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), and decreased levels of total glutathione (tGSH) and Catalase (CAT). The histopathological changes, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress markers were significantly decreased during concomitant administration of green tea extract in (AFB1+ GTE) group. Aflatoxin B1 has deleterious effects on the lung tissue that could be minimized by concomitant administration of Green tea extract owing to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and protective properties.

Monitoring the Diversity and Metabolic Shift of Gut Microbes during Green Tea Feeding in an In Vitro Human Colonic Model.

The human gut microbiome plays an important role in human health, and many factors such as environment, host genetics, age, and diet have been found to influence the microbial composition. Tea, as one of the widely consumed beverages, has been known for centuries to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. To investigate the impact of green tea polyphenol on the diversity and metabolic functions of human gut microbes, we applied an in vitro human colonic model (HCM) in this study to mimic a short-term green tea ingestion event and investigate its related changes to gut microbial composition and their metabolic functions. The pH, temperature, anaerobic environment, feeding nutrient, and time point in each compartment of the HCM were tightly controlled to simulate the intestinal system, and pooled human fecal samples of two healthy volunteers were used for the colon microbiota inoculation within the colonic model. By adding green tea extract (GTE) to the growth medium, the detailed impacts of GTE polyphenol on gut microbial population/diversity, gut microbial metabolites, metabolic pathways, and their associations were investigated via 16 S ribosomal DNA sequencing and liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses. Our data indicated that the treatment of green tea extract applied to gut microbiota can induce a significant decrease in the abundance of Firmicutes and a slight decrease in the abundance of Bacteroidetes, and these changes result in a decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, which can be an effective indicator for successful GTE intervention, which may generate beneficial health effect to human. Meanwhile, the relative abundances of many detected bacteria genera among three HCM vessels changed through the GTE intervention. The overall effects of GTE on gut microbial beta-diversity were observed by multivariate statistical analyses, and the differences in metabolic profiles from different GTE treatment stages were detected. Moreover, we identified several associations between microbial population and microbial metabolites, which may assist us in establishing new hypotheses for future related studies. In summary, our study suggested that the microbial compositional changes induced by GTE also changed their metabolic functions, and consequentially, may change the host metabolism and impact human health.

Impact of Green Tea Catechin Ingestion on the Pharmacokinetics of Lisinopril in Healthy Volunteers.

Lisinopril, a highly hydrophilic long‐acting angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor, is frequently prescribed for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. Green tea consumption may reduce the risk of cardiovascular outcomes and total mortality, whereas green tea or its catechin components has been reported to decrease plasma concentrations of a hydrophilic β blocker, nadolol, in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible effects of green tea extract (GTE) on the lisinopril pharmacokinetics. In an open‐label, randomized, single‐center, 2‐phase crossover study, 10 healthy subjects ingested 200 mL of an aqueous solution of GTE containing ~ 300 mg of (–)‐epigallocatechin gallate, a major catechin component in green tea, or water (control) when receiving 10 mg of lisinopril after overnight fasting. The geometric mean ratio (GTE/control) for maximum plasma concentration and the area under the plasma concentration‐time curve of lisinopril were 0.289 (90% confidence interval (CI) 0.226–0.352) and 0.337 (90% CI 0.269–0.405), respectively. In contrast, there were no significant differences in time to reach maximum lisinopril concentration (6 hours in both phases) and renal clearance of lisinopril (57.7 mL/minute in control vs. 56.9 mL/minute in GTE). These results suggest that the extent of intestinal absorption of lisinopril was significantly impaired in the presence of GTE, whereas it had no major effect on the absorption rate and renal excretion of lisinopril. Concomitant use of lisinopril and green tea may decrease oral exposure to lisinopril, and therefore result in reduced therapeutic efficacy.

Anticancer effect of green tea extract (GTE)-Loaded pH-responsive niosome Coated with PEG against different cell lines

Despite its excellent anti-cancer capacity in green tea extract (GTE), its applications are constrained by its low bioavailability solubility and poor bioavailability. This study aimed to design and introduce a new, stable plasma, pH-sensitive niosomal (Nio) formulation of GTE using a thin-film hydration process. Instead of cholesterol, cholesterol hemisuccinate (CHEMS) was added to generate pH-sensitivity properties and, using polyethylene glycol (PEG) (Nio / GTE / PEG / CHEMS), pH-sensitivity and plasma stability properties were integrated simultaneously into one delivery device. GC/MS, UV–vis, DLS, optical microscopy, SEM, and TEM techniques were used for the characterization of formulations. The release of formulations with pH-sensitivity was assessed in vitro in two different buffers (pH 5 and 7.4). In vitro pH-sensitivity cytotoxicity experiment was done on three different MCF-7, HepG2, and HL-60 cancer cell lines and one normal cell line (hGF) to guarantee specificity against cancer cells in the formulation. The GTE’s mass assay with GC shows many anticancer polyphenols are in the sample. The pH-responsive formulation provided positive advantages, including pH-sensitive sustained-release (about 77 percent after 24 h at pH 5) followed Higuchi release kinetics, smooth morphology of the globular surface, high trapping efficiency (81 percent), nanometer diameter (240 nm), and high stability after 3 weeks. Exposure of cancer cells to Nio / GTE / PEG / CHEMS has demonstrated excellent performance against MCF-7, HepG2, and HL-60 cell lines by strong cell internalization and synergistic toxic effect (> 50 percent; compared to free GTE). Interestingly, when treated with the formulations, the viability percentage of the normal cell line (hGF) was higher than the cancer cells, which suggests the higher formulation selectivity against cancer cells. Stable plasma, pH-sensitive niosomes will improve bioavailability and strengthen GTE's cytotoxic effect.

The Effect of Acidic and Alkaline pH on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Surimi-Based Edible Films Incorporated with Green Tea Extract.

The effects of green tea extract (GTE) at acidic and alkaline pH (pH 3 and 11, respectively) on the physico-mechanical, thermal, and water transmission properties of silver carp surimi-based edible films were investigated. Incorporation of GTE significantly (p < 0.05) reduced elongation at break (EAB) but improved tensile strength (TS). Significant (p < 0.05) decreases in the solubility of films and water vapor permeability (WVP) were also perceived in GTE-containing films. Transparency and color were also affected, depending upon the concentration and pH. Films prepared at an acidic pH demonstrated significantly (p < 0.05) improved WVP, transparency, solubility, and thermal stability compared to those prepared at an alkaline pH. The protein pattern of films revealed a strong interaction between phenolic compounds of GTE and surimi proteins as evidenced by the presence of a myosin heavy chain (MCH) at the top of the gel. Generally, the addition of GTE at an acidic pH had significantly (p < 0.05) greater impact on film properties than at an alkaline pH and could offer great potential for surimi protein-based edible films with improved properties.

A META-ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF GREEN TEA COMBINED WITH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON BLOOD LIPIDS IN HUMANS

ABSTRACT Introduction: Most studies of green tea extract (GTE) combined with physical activity have reported a preventative effect for cardiovascular disease; however, the findings regarding the effects on serum lipids are controversial. Objective: This meta-analysis aimed to examine the evidence of the effects of GTE combined with physical activity on the serum lipid content in humans. Methods: In June 2017, we conducted electronic searches of PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library to identify pertinent studies: those with an experiment period exceeding two weeks, human randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and those that only assessed GTE with physical activity were included. A random effects model meta-analysis was used in this review. Results: A total of 271 citations were retrieved in our search of the electronic literature, and 7 RCTs, which included 608 individuals, were identified. Overall, there was no significant decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (SMD:-0.169; 95% confidence interval [CI]:-0.414 to 0.076; I2=22.7%; p=0.177) or total cholesterol (TC) levels between the GTE and placebo combined with the physical activity group. Similar results were also observed for high density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). In the subgroup and sensitivity analyses of the five studies, the TC levels of the subjects who received a lower dose of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) together with performing physical activity were significantly decreased. Conclusion: Current evidence suggests that green tea combined with physical activity does not improve the lipid and lipoprotein levels in humans. Level of evidence I; Systematic review.

Re-establishment of the epigenetic state and rescue of kinome deregulation in Ts65Dn mice upon treatment with green tea extract and environmental enrichment

Down syndrome (DS) is the main genetic cause of intellectual disability due to triplication of human chromosome 21 (HSA21). Although there is no treatment for intellectual disability, environmental enrichment (EE) and the administration of green tea extracts containing epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) improve cognition in mouse models and individuals with DS. Using proteome, and phosphoproteome analysis in the hippocampi of a DS mouse model (Ts65Dn), we investigated the possible mechanisms underlying the effects of green tea extracts, EE and their combination. Our results revealed disturbances in cognitive-related (synaptic proteins, neuronal projection, neuron development, microtubule), GTPase/kinase activity and chromatin proteins. Green tea extracts, EE, and their combination restored more than 70% of the phosphoprotein deregulation in Ts65Dn, and induced possible compensatory effects. Our downstream analyses indicate that re-establishment of a proper epigenetic state and rescue of the kinome deregulation may contribute to the cognitive rescue induced by green tea extracts.

Evaluation of green tea extract and epigallocatechin gallate effects on bisphenol A-induced vascular toxicity in isolated rat aorta and cytotoxicity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

This study was designed to assess bisphenol A (BPA)-induced vascular toxicity, the effectiveness of green tea extract and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) against BPA toxicity, and possible underlying mechanisms. In isolated rat aorta, contractile and relaxant responses as well as malondialdehyde levels were evaluated. Cell viability and effects on the protein levels of apoptotic (bax, bcl2, and caspase-3), autophagic (LC3), and cell adhesion molecules were calculated using the MTT method and western blotting in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). BPA increased aorta MDA levels (p < .0001) and decreased vascular responses to KCl [20 and 40 mM (p < .0001), 80 mM (p < .001)], phenylephrine [10-8 , 10-6 , and 10-5 M (p < .001), 10-7 and 10-4 M (p < .0001)], and acetylcholine [10-6 M (p < .01), 10-5 and 10-4 M (p < .0001)]. In HUVECs, BPA enhanced the levels of LC3A/B, bax/bcl2 ratio, cleaved caspase-3, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Green tea extract, EGCG, and vitamin E co-treatment with BPA diminished the toxic effects of BPA. These findings provide evidence that green tea extract and EGCG possess beneficial effects in preventing BPA-induced vascular toxicity through increasing the antioxidant activities and the regulation of signaling pathways.

Anti-Tumor Effect of Green Tea Extract, Simvastatin and Gamma Radiation on Solid Tumor in Mice

The current study was conducted of six groups (n=12) to define the efficacy of epigallocatechin gallate, simvastatin and gamma radiation individually or combined together to reduce solid tumor size induced by intramuscular injection of EC cells in the right thigh of the targeted mice. Magnetic resonance imaging device 1.5 Tesla used for radiology imaging of the normal and ascites-bearing mice under anesthesia. The animals with solid tumor were followed up daily for recording deaths, tumor size, rate of inflammation and gangrene in the tumor area of hind limb. Magnetic resonance imaging showed the intraperitoneal ascites and the soft organs (liver, kidney and intestine) which were bright in the case of ascites-bearing mouse than the normal control. Triple therapy regimen significantly reduced the tumor size (662.6±12.5) compared to the positive control (825±21.8) and increased survival rate to 66.7% compared to 25% in the positive control. Triple therapy reduced the inflammation of tumor area, preventing the gangrene incidence, and showed the best value of T/C=142, ILS=42.11 and TIR %=19.6 compared to the positive control and single treatments, so it is considered as an anti-tumor regimen according to the National Cancer Institute criteria.

Evidence-based P-glycoprotein inhibition by green tea extract enhanced the oral bioavailability of atorvastatin: from animal and human experimental studies

Background: The study aimed to explore the beneficial effects of green tea extract (GTE) on the permeability and absorption kinetics of atorvastatin in rats and healthy human volunteers. Methods: Wistar rats for both in situ and in vivo studies. In in situ Single pass intestinal perfusion study, three groups (n = 6), wherein Group 1 perfused with atorvastatin as control, Group 2 coperfused with verapamil, and Group 3 coperfused with GTE then the effective permeability of atorvastatin was determined. In in vivo study, three groups (n = 6), wherein Group 1 is treated with atorvastatin as control, Group 2 pre-treatment with verapamil for 7 days and Group 3 pretreatment with GTE for 7 days and on 8th day atorvastatin was repeated and subjected to pharmacokinetic study. These results were confirmed on 24 healthy human volunteers, the randomized crossover trial was carried with atorvastatin for 11 days to check the bioavailability of atorvastatin by pre-treatment with GTE. Blood samples collected between 0.5 and 24 h on day-1, following administration of atorvastatin. Blood sampling was repeated using similarly specified time intervals on day-11, after treating human volunteers with GTE capsule 400 mg for 10 days. Results: Effective permeability of atorvastatin has been increased by GTE in in situ studies. The clearance of atorvastatin was decreased by 17.5% (P

Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Teh Hijau (Camellia sinensis L.) terhadap Penurunan Kadar Kolesterol Total Tikus Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) Diabetes Induksi Aloksan

Green Tea works as an anti-dyslipidemia due to chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes through its flavonoid content. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of green tea extracts on reducing the total cholesterol levels of alloxan-induced diabetes Wistar rats. The study design uses true experimental. Samples were 30 Wistar strain male white rats, aged 8-12 weeks, weighing ±200 grams. Green tea extract doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg body weight, and negative controls were given alloxan, and positive controls were given simvastatin. The treatment group except the normal group was injected with a dose of 125 mg/kg alloxan intraperitoneally and a high-fat feed. After 3 days blood from the tail was measured glucose using a glucometer and cholesterol with a spectrophotometer λ=546 nm, giving green tea extract for 16 days orally, then re-measuring blood cholesterol from the tail. The One Way Anova Test results show the effectiveness of green tea extract on reducing total cholesterol (p=0,000). The results of the Post-Hoc Bonferroni test giving green tea extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg were comparable to simvastatin (p=0.453) which best decreased total cholesterol levels close to normal values.

Efektivitas Ekstrak Teh Hijau (Camellia sinensis L.) terhadap Penurunan Kadar Glukosa Darah Puasa Tikus Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) yang diInduksi Aloksan

The sufferers of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in Indonesia is the highest with fourth number in the world, with a mortality rate of 1.2 million in 2012. Because of it, DM research using antihyperglycemic green tea is needed. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of green tea extracts on decreasing fasting blood glucose (KGDP) levels in alloxan-induced white male Wistar rats. Samples were 30 male rats, aged 8-12 weeks, weight ± 200 grams. Rats were grouped into 6 groups with the first group (K1) as a control, the second group (K2) induced alloxan, the third group (K3) induced alloxan with glibenclamide, the fourth group (K4), the fifth group (K5), and the sixth group (K6) induced alloxan with green tea extract as the treatment with dose of green tea extract, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 800 mg/kg. The first, FBG level examination is done 3 days after induction of alloxan using a glucometer. Giving green tea extract was given for 16 days orally, then FBG level re-examined from the tail of rats. One Way ANOVA Test Results, there is the effectiveness of green tea extract on reducing FBG level (p = 0,000). The post hoc Bonferroni test showed that giving 800 mg/kg of green tea extract was the best dose in reducing KGDP close to normal (p = 0,000).

The influence of green tea extract as the steeping solution on nutritional and microbial characteristics of germinated wheat.

This study examined the effect of green tea extract at 10 (GWG1%) and 50 (GWG5%) g/L as the steeping solution on the chemical, nutritional, and microbial quality of wheat grain during 14days of germination. Fat, dry matter, and ash contents in the control was higher than GWG treatments due to the faster growth of control germs. Moisture, phenolic compounds, thiamin, niacin, and tocopherols decreased, whereas, fat, dry matter, carbohydrate, protein, crude fiber, ash, folic acid, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn increased significantly in all samples during germination. GWG5% showed the highest values in total phenols, vitamins, minerals, and carbohydrate, followed by GWG1% and then the control. No significant differences in protein and crude fiber content were detected among treatments. GWG decreased the growth of total bacterial, yeast, and mold in germinated seeds. Overall, GWG improved the microbial and nutritional quality of wheat germ during 14days of germination.

Effect of Green Tea Extract on Diabetic Dyslipidemia in Rats

Effect of Green Tea Extract on Diabetic Dyslipidemia in Rats

Effect of green tea extract on gelatin-based films incorporated with lemon essential oil.

The use of natural polymers, such as gelatin and other proteins, has increased in an attempt to replace part of the consumption of petroleum-based packaging. This study evaluated the influence of green tea extract and lemon nanoemulsion on mechanical, thermal and permeability properties of gelatin matrix. The results showed that green tea increased the gelatin tensile strength (TS) from 86 ± 7MPa to 101 ± 5MPa, on the other hand, the nanoemulsion decreases to 78 ± 8MPa. The incorporation of green tea and nanoemulsion enhanced the water vapor permeability of gelatin film; this could be due to the interacting with the hydrophobic domains of gelatin. This was indicated by melting point (Tm) in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and degradation temperatures in the thermogravimetric analysis (TG), respectively. Changes in FTIR spectra of gelatin film were observed when the green tea and nanoemulsion were incorporated. Therefore, this study showed a new characterization and formulation of gelatin films incorporated by green tea extract and lemon nanoemulsion and their potential for edible film.

Effect of green tea extract in extender of Simmental bull semen on pregnancy rate of recipients.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to ascertain the effects of adding green tea extract (GTE) to skim milk-egg yolk (SM-EY) extender on both the quality of post-thawed bull semen and the pregnancy rates of the recipient cows.MethodsTwelve ejaculates from four Simmental bulls, aged 3 to 5 years and weighing 900 to 950 kg, were diluted SM-EY extender, added with 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 mg GTE/100 mL extender and then frozen. After four weeks storage in liquid nitrogen, the sperm were thawed and evaluated for viability, motility, intact plasma membrane (IPM), and DNA fragmentation. Meanwhile, the estrus cycles of 48 recipient cows were synchronized by intramuscular administration of a single injection of 5 mg prostaglandin F2α. Estrus cows were divided into four equal groups and inseminated artificially 18 to 20 h after the onset of estrus by using semen from each extender group. Pregnancy was diagnosed by measuring serum progesterone levels at 21 days, followed by transrectal palpation 90 days after insemination.ResultsThe findings revealed that adding 0.1 mg of GTE/100 mL extender produced the highest percentages of sperm viability (70.67%±1.75%), motility (69.17%±1.47%), and IPM (69.23%±1.21%) and the lowest percentage of DNA fragmentation (3.00%±0.50%). The pregnancy diagnosis revealed that all cows (36/36) inseminated using frozen semen in GTE addition extender were pregnant (pregnancy rate 100%), whereas the pregnancy rate of the control group was 83.33% (10/12).ConclusionIt may be concluded that 0.1 mg GTE/100 mL extender yields the best quality of spermatozoa and that all variants doses of GTE in extender produce a higher pregnancy rate among recipient cows.

The Protective Role of Green Tea against Ethanol-mediated Bone Alterations in Adult Male Rabbits: Biochemical, Histological and Morphometrical Study

Background: Chronic alcohol abuse is a widespread clinical disorder. It leads to bone alterations, mainly osteoporosis. Next to water, tea (green or black) is the most widely consumed beverage in the world. Bone mineral density is affected by several compounds contained in tea extracts.Aim of the Work: Our work aimed to investigate the effects of alcohol on adult male rabbit's compact bone and the possible protective effect of green tea extract. (GTE)Material and Methods: Twenty-four young adult male rabbits were used. They were divided into equal 4 groups: normal control, green tea, ethanol (EtOH) and EtOH – green tea. After 120 days of treatment, all animals were anaesthetized and sacrificed. Blood ethanol and serum ionized calcium (iCa), phosphorus (P) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were estimated. Serum creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were estimated to determine renal and hepatic integrity. Femurs of each rabbit were processed for histological and morphometrical study.Results: Chronic alcohol ingestion resulted in a non_significant decrease in serum iCa level and a significant decrease in serum ALP activity. EtOH -treated rabbits did not differ from the controls in mean serum levels of ALT, AST, creatinine or phosphorus. Bone sections from EtOH- treated rabbits revealed multiple areas of degeneration in the thin cartilaginous plate. The trabeculae were thinner, shorter and fewer than those from controls. There was a significant decrease in osteoblast surface and a significant increase in osteoclast surface. Green tea supplementation resulted in marked improving of biochemical, histological and all histomorphometric parameters under investigation.Conclusion: From the foregoing, dangerous effects of alcohol on the bone became clear. So it is better to restrict its consumption. Natural products as green tea are able to protect against bone deterioration.