Effects Of Gender Inequality Research Articles

Education, Gender and Income Inequalities. Comparative Study Between Algeria, Egypt, Lebanon and Tunisia

The aim of this article is to identify and compare the impact of human capital investment, gender and labour market characteristics on income inequality in the different categories of young employed people in four Arab countries (Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt and Lebanon). We are supported by the results of the SAHWA Youth Survey 2015. The main results show a significant impact of human capital investment on incomes in the countries studied. It is greatest in Lebanon and Tunisia. Additionally, when levels of human capital are equal, young Lebanese are the best paid. Educational inequalities linked to social origin have a confirmed effect on the investment in education, above all in Egypt and Lebanon. What is more, the effects of gender inequalities are clearly evident despite women investing more than men in human capital: with equivalent levels of education and experience women’s income is 54% lower on average than men’s. This differential is still more pronounced in Algeria and Egypt. For Algeria, though the impact of social origin on education inequalities is modest compared to the other countries, the study shows that it is at the lower end of the scale when it comes to the return on human capital and income equality between men and women. The difficulty of incorporating the best educated into the labour market, the social management of employment and the absence of a clear wage policy in the private sector may explain these income inequalities.

The difference that gender makes to international peace and security

Over the last twenty years understanding the effects of gender inequality on inter-national peace and security has led to much study and data collection. This feminist-informed scholarship has deepened collective understanding of the preconditions for lasting peace and security. However, the impact of efforts to reduce gender inequality on sustaining peace and security has received less feminist scholarly attention. The argu-ment that gender equality is not an optional extra but essential for the maintenance of international peace and security still needs to be made.

Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Zimbabwe.

The present study examines intimate partner violence (IPV) reported by a sample of women in Zimbabwe to explore factors associated with the problem. Findings from the study indicate an important role of gender relationships in violence against women. The effects of gender inequalities on the likelihood of IPV vary with types of violence, but husband's patriarchal behaviors increase the likelihood of all forms of violence. The study suggests the importance of improving gender equality through public education on gender relationships, increasing women's education and economic opportunities, and eliminating customary laws that sustain gender inequality as necessary steps to combat IPV against women in Zimbabwe.

Gender, Sexual Health Seeking Behavior, and HIV/AIDS Among Tarok Women in North-Central Nigeria

In this study, which was part of a larger project I undertook in North-central Nigeria, I explored the differences in the sexual health seeking behavior of Tarok women and men and how these differences affect the spread of HIV. With the help of three research assistants, I conducted 16 in-depth interviews and 24 focus group discussions in four Tarok communities in North-central Nigeria. I found certain negative effects of gender inequality on women's sexual health seeking behavior in particular, a situation that has adverse implications for HIV acquisition and transmission. I therefore concluded that addressing the challenges of gender inequality is imperative for a sustained fight against HIV and AIDS in Nigeria.

The Effect of Gender Inequality on Women Entrepreneurship in Guilan

The Effect of Gender Inequality on Women Entrepreneurship in Guilan

NEA Presidential Address: Gender Inequality and Human Development in Sub- Saharan Africa

This Presidential Address considers the effects of gender inequality on human development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Parameter estimates from quantile and ordinal categorical latent variable specifications of the relationship between components of the Human Development Index and measures of gender inequality suggests that human development in Sub-Saharan Africa increases with respect to improvements in several measures of gender inequality. The results suggest that inegalitarian laws, norms, traditions and codes of conduct toward women constrain both human and economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa.

2087 – Gender inequality, depression and job opportunities

In most traditional and in-transition societies, the superstition of superiority of men to women has been a great barrier for women's progress in social life. As women have limited job opportunities in these societies, they are always under stress and anxiety get a job to be independent or to keep it in a tight competition with men. The presence of negative competitions at work causes the women to transfer their problems to the house and express their anger form inequality to their husbands and sons. The phrases such as “Men are always the same” or “Men can do but prejudice” at home refer to the negative interactions they have had at work. On the other hand gender inequality for women has a negative feedback and they try to percolate it to the system. The experienced women always make fun of the novice and increase their anxiety. The hierarchy of depression for these novice women became wider and wider at the bottom. This depression and anxiety from losing the job result in different reactions. They don’t mention their mother's status at work as an important thing or the sign of superiority. This paper investigates the psychological effects of gender inequality for women at work and home.

KETIMPANGAN GENDER DALAM PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI

The objective of this research is to analyze the gender inequality in 14 districts/ cities in Central Kalimantan Province by using the Gender Inequality Index (GII), which introduced by UNDP, to analyze the effect of gender inequality with economic growth and compare the use of the GII with the Gender Development Index and Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) in relation to economic growth. This research uses panel data from 14 districts/cities during 2004-2007, the analytical methods used were descriptive statistics in analyzing gender inequality and statistical inference to explain the influence of gender inequality on economic growth. Descriptive analysis results showed that there are sharp gender inequality in every district/city. The results of regression analysis shows that there are negative and significant effect of gender inequality to economic growth. Gender inequality is statistically represented by a proxy of the GII is not as strong compared to a proxy of the two others.

HIV/AIDS vaccine: An update

The global HIV/AIDS epidemic continues to take its toll of human lives. In 2007 there were 33 million people living with HIV/AIDS, with 2.7 million new HIV infections and two million HIV-related deaths.(1) With a total of 2.5 million people living with HIV/AIDS, India too is in the grip of the HIV/AIDS epidemic.(2) According to the HIV Sentinel Surveillance data 2004–2006, there are 156 Category A districts (where there is more than one per cent antenatal prevalence at any given time, in any of the sites, in the last three years).(3) Despite the recent progress in increasing access to treatment and prevention programs, the epidemic continues to outpace the global prevention efforts. In countries that are most heavily affected, the epidemic has led to a significant increase in household poverty and reduction in the life expectancy by more than 20 years.(4,5) The effects of gender inequality leave women and girls more at risk of exposure to HIV. In India, women are becoming increasingly vulnerable to HIV/AIDS and account for around one million cases.(6) Moreover, they have fewer and rather unfeasible options available to protect themselves such as abstinence and use of condom. The best hope of ending the epidemic lies in the development of a suitable vaccine.(7) Vaccines are one of the most effective public health interventions ever known. An HIV vaccine could either prevent disease onset or progression to AIDS. According to mathematical estimates by the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) - provided that other programs for treatment and prevention have been scaled up — an HIV vaccine with an efficacy as low as 30% and coverage as low as 20% could avert as many as 5.5 million new infections between the years 2015 and 2030.(8) The development of an effective vaccine has posed a wide range of challenges, as HIV has proven to be a uniquely complex virus.

A RETROSPECTIVE INVESTIGATION OF GENDER INEQUALITY AND FEMALE HOMICIDE VICTIMIZATION

ABSTRACT For the period 1981 to 1993 women represented 21 to 26 percent of homicide victims in the United States annually (Smith and Kuchta 1993). During this same time period sex-specific homicide rates have been among the forms of disaggregation researchers have used to test the utility of traditional correlates of homicide in predicting rates across various population subgroups and units of analysis. Based upon earlier research of the effects of gender inequality upon rates of lethal violence against women, and by applying a feminist theoretical perspective, it is hypothesized that the effect of general social structural characteristics of cities upon women's risk of homicide is mediated by levels of gender inequality. Specifically, this study examines the effects of gender, socioeconomic, legislative, political and extra-legal inequality upon female homicide victimization among 217 U.S. central cities for the period of 1989–1991. Using structural equation modeling results indicate that, among traditional social structural factors, economic deprivation, population size, divorce rate, and the sex ratio all have significant, positive effects on female homicide rates. However, in subsequent models testing the mediating effects of measures of gender inequality on the association between social structural variables and female homicide rates the divorce rate is the only social structural factor that continues to have a significant, positive effect upon homicide rates. Among the four measures of gender inequality, and in support of an ameliorative feminist argument, socioeconomic inequality has a significant, positive influence on rates of female homicide victimizaton. There is also a significant, negative effect of gender legislative inequality upon these rates. That is, the more laws or acts favorable to women, the lower their rates of homicide victimization. Implications of these findings are discussed.

The political economy of urban homicide: assessing the relative impact of gender inequality on sex-specific victimization.

This research examines the ways in which the changing political economy of urban areas has contributed differently to the homicide victimization rates of females and males across US cities. Recent research, while relatively limited, has presented disparate results regarding the effect of gender inequality on urban sex-specific victimization. Our work further explores this relationship by taking into account relative gender disparities in income, education, labor market opportunities, and politics in an examination of sex-specific homicide victimization in 1990. Key to this current investigation is the evaluation of feminist and lifestyle arguments that suggest that structural gender inequality has a unique effect on female victimization. Overall, our findings reveal gender inequality to be a significant predictor of both male and female urban homicide. While these findings suggest mixed support for theoretical arguments regarding gender inequality, further analyses reveal significant differences in specific types of gender inequality on victimization patterns across genders. These additional results highlight the need for greater attention toward both methodological and theoretical issues when examining the interconnections between gender, political economy, and violence in research.

Gender Effects of Social Security Reform in Chile

In 1981 Chile replaced a mature government‐run social security system that operated on a pay‐as‐you‐go basis with a privately managed system based on individual retirement accounts. The new system is more fiscally sustainable because pension benefits are defined by contributions. The minimum pension guaranteed to beneficiaries with at least 20 years is funded from general taxes, preserving the tight matching between contributions and benefits. The new system also eliminates several cross‐subsidies. Men and women with less than secondary education gain under the new system, but single women with more education lose. Comparison of the old and the new systems reveals a complex set of factors that cause gender effects given constant behavior or change behavior across genders.

Low Schooling for Girls, Slower Growth for All? Cross-Country Evidence on the Effect of Gender Inequality in Education on Economic Development

Using cross-country and panel regressions, this article investigates how gender inequality in education affects long-term economic growth. Such inequality is found to have an effect on economic growth that is robust to changes in specifications and controls for potential endogeneities. The results suggest that gender inequality in education directly affects economic growth by lowering the average level of human capital. In addition, growth is indirectly affected through the impact of gender inequality on investment and population growth. Some 0.4-0.9 percentage points of differences in annual per capita growth rates between East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and the Middle East can be accounted for by differences in gender gaps in education between these regions.